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Reassessing American Democracy: The Enduring Challenge of Racial Exclusion 重新评估美国民主:种族排斥的持久挑战
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 2020-06-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3270909
Johanna Kalb, Didi Kuo
{"title":"Reassessing American Democracy: The Enduring Challenge of Racial Exclusion","authors":"Johanna Kalb, Didi Kuo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3270909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3270909","url":null,"abstract":"American democracy is in trouble. Since the 2016 election, a sizable literature has developed that focuses on diagnosing and assessing the state of American democracy, most of which concludes that our system of government is in decline.[2] These authors point to the rise in party polarization, the increasingly bipartisan abandonment of the norms of the democratic process, the rise of populism, the degradation of the public sphere, and the proliferation of gerrymandered districts and voting restrictions to illustrate the breakdown. And while attributing varying levels of significance to these factors, a common theme is that American democracy, once stable, is now threatened. On closer observation, however, it is unclear that American democracy was ever really as healthy as it may have appeared. This Essay argues that the stability of the American system has always been built and dependent upon racial exclusion; over the course of our history, each major movement toward a more fully representative participatory democracy has prompted a backlash that was resolved only by the adoption of policies that worked to undermine the full citizenship of communities of color. The point of this reframing is not to suggest that the United States has made no progress over its history. Nor does it diminish the accomplishments of those who have advocated for equality over the course of our history or minimize the importance of working to repair our democratic institutions. Rather, this reframing is necessary to avoid romanticizing our democratic history and to inform the choices in this moment as we seek to stabilize our country.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131476672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Progressive Textualism in Administrative Law 行政法中的进步文本主义
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 2020-01-18 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.118.progressive
K. Kovacs
{"title":"Progressive Textualism in Administrative Law","authors":"K. Kovacs","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.118.progressive","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.118.progressive","url":null,"abstract":"Nicholas Bagley’s article The Procedure Fetish is destined to be a classic. In it, Bagley systematically dismantles administrative law’s obsession with procedure. He decimates the arguments that procedure is necessary to legit-imize the administrative state and avoid agency capture. He nullifies the con-tention that administrative law is neutral by showing how proceduralism inhibits regulation and “favors a libertarian agenda over a progressive one.” Bagley urges progressives to abandon “gauzy claims about legitimacy and accountability” and approach procedure with skepticism.\u0000\u0000The Procedure Fetish addresses the normative question of what adminis-trative law ought to require. Bagley writes about how progressives should solve the “optimization problem: [w]hich set of procedures will best balance the competing goals of efficiency, the protection of legal rights, and public accountability.” Bagley does not, however, provide an answer to the ques-tion of where progressives should find currently binding administrative law. The answer is simple: the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Progressive textualism provides the missing piece for Bagley’s analysis.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132216363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Prudential Take on a Prudential Takings Doctrine 审慎对待审慎征收原则
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 2018-10-05 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.117.prudential
K. Crocker
{"title":"A Prudential Take on a Prudential Takings Doctrine","authors":"K. Crocker","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.117.prudential","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.117.prudential","url":null,"abstract":"The Supreme Court is set to decide a case requesting reconsideration of a doctrine that has long bedeviled constitutional litigants and commentators. The case is Knick v. Township of Scott, and the doctrine is the “ripeness” rule from Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank that plaintiffs seeking to raise takings claims under the Fifth Amendment must pursue state-created remedies first—the so-called “compensation prong” (as distinguished from a separate “takings prong”). This Essay argues that to put the compensation prong in the best light possible, the Court should view the requirement as a “prudential” rule rather than (as it has previously done) a constitutional one. It then argues that the Court should reject this doctrine not because it is a prudential rule, which would follow a larger trend in recent case discussions, but because it is a bad prudential rule. This path is the prudential one because casting doubt on prudential rules more generally could cause a significant set of additional doctrines to suffer unintended and unwelcome consequences.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"376 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117109822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Republic in Long-Term Perspective 长期视角下的共和国
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3189033
Richard A. Primus
{"title":"The Republic in Long-Term Perspective","authors":"Richard A. Primus","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3189033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3189033","url":null,"abstract":"Every system of government eventually passes away. That's a feature of the human condition. The United States has been an unusually stable polity by the standards of world civilizations, and for that stability Americans should be deeply grateful. But no nation is exempt from the basic forces of history. It is not reasonable to think that the constitutional republic we know will last forever. The question is when it will meet its end-in our lifetimes, or in our grandchildren's, or centuries later. Given the stable conditions that living Americans were socialized to expect, the dominant intuition is probably something like \"A very long time from now, long enough that we can't imagine what life will be like then.\" That was my own confident view until recently, and it may still turn out to be right. But the recognition that no system of government lasts forever should make us realize that this one, too, will one day run its course. Once we face that reality, we can perhaps think with open minds about the possibility that the end will come sooner than we expected.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122044338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Hernandez, Bivens, and the Supreme Court’s Expanding Theory of Judicial Abdication Hernandez, Bivens,和最高法院的司法退位扩展理论
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.119.hernandez
W. Aceves
{"title":"Hernandez, Bivens, and the Supreme Court’s Expanding Theory of Judicial Abdication","authors":"W. Aceves","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.119.hernandez","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.119.hernandez","url":null,"abstract":"This Essay examines the Hernandez decision and critiques the Court’s expanding theory of judicial abdication, an approach with profound implications for civil rights and the future of the judiciary. While Hernandez involved a cross-border shooting, the Court’s reasoning extends to all facets of civil litigation. Accordingly, this Essay proposes a new theory of judicial engagement that would empower federal courts to grant relief for constitutional claims against federal officials. It is a theory founded in extant constitutional jurisprudence that the Court has used for over a century to apply the Bill of Rights to state and local governments—an approach that examines whether a constitutional right is fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty and has deep roots in our history and tradition. This Essay proposes that a similar methodology be used to assess whether a civil remedy exists for violations of constitutional rights by federal officials.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115408558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climate Change Litigation in the Federal Courts: Jurisdictional Lessons from California v. BP 联邦法院的气候变化诉讼:加州诉BP案的司法教训
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.117.climate
Gil Seinfeld
{"title":"Climate Change Litigation in the Federal Courts: Jurisdictional Lessons from California v. BP","authors":"Gil Seinfeld","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.117.climate","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.117.climate","url":null,"abstract":"On March 21 of this year, something unusual took place at a U.S. courthouse in San Francisco: a group of scientists and attorneys provided Federal District Judge William H. Alsup with a crash course in climate science. The five-hour tutorial was ordered by Judge Alsup in connection with a lawsuit that had been filed by the cities of Oakland and San Francisco (“the Cities”) against the world’s five largest producers of fossil fuels. The central issue in the case is whether the energy companies can be held liable for continuing to market fossil fuels long after they learned that such fuels contribute to climate change. As you might expect, the lawsuit has attracted a great deal of attention. There are billions of dollars at stake in this case alone, and if the Cities secure a favorable verdict, hordes of public and private plaintiffs will surely follow suit. The case thus carries the potential to reallocate some of the massive social costs associated with climate change.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132118146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Wolf We Feed: Democracy, Caste, and Legitimacy 《我们喂养的狼:民主、种姓和合法性
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.119.95.wolf
Benjamin Justice, T. Meares
{"title":"The Wolf We Feed: Democracy, Caste, and Legitimacy","authors":"Benjamin Justice, T. Meares","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.119.95.wolf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.119.95.wolf","url":null,"abstract":"Procedure is central to American public legal discourse. From the soaring rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the American legal tradition rests on the principle that law must be both derived and applied according to fair process. Consider that in the 2020 election the Trump Administration resorted to fervent and false allegations of widespread voter fraud—that the election process was fundamentally unfair—in order to weaponize Republican voters’ ostensible commitments to fairness against what was, objectively, one of the least procedurally unfair elections in history. Yet the four-year period of the Trump Administration (2017–2021) also saw the rise of overt and deliberate racist politics and mounting evidence that a universal commitment by all to fairness for all across the United States is a mythical framing of the American creed. One can look from the apparent lack of justice for unarmed Black civilians killed by police officers to a sitting President’s affirmative support for white supremacist groups to observe the doublespeak associated with fascist regimes: claiming to be restoring law and order while backing away from commitments to due process and equal protection. And yet, simultaneously, we have also seen the mainstreaming of a successful oppositional politics, including Black Lives Matter, which in June 2020 enjoyed a peak 67 percent approval rating among American adults in a national survey. Even as white nationalism flourished under the Trump Administration, polls indicate that increasing numbers of Americans acknowledge that our society is unfair to racial minorities. As Americans stand at the perpetual racial crossroads of the twenty-first century, how much does the legitimacy that they accord their government depend on the procedural justice it delivers to all?","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"44 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133566075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
In Defense of (Circuit) Court-Packing 为(巡回)法院打包辩护
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.119.22.defense
Xiao Wang
{"title":"In Defense of (Circuit) Court-Packing","authors":"Xiao Wang","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.119.22.defense","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.119.22.defense","url":null,"abstract":"Proposals to pack the Supreme Court have gained steam recently. Presidential candidate Pete Buttigieg endorsed a court-packing plan at the start of his campaign, and several other candidates also indicated a willingness to consider such a plan, including Senators Elizabeth Warren and Amy Klobuchar. Legal scholars have similarly called upon Congress to increase the size of the Supreme Court, particularly following the heated confirmations of Justices Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh. These suggestions for Court reform have only gotten more pronounced with the recent passing of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the subsequent nomination of Judge Amy Coney Barrett, and the approach of November’s general election.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"478 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116190846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Messy History of Michigan’s “Purity Clause” 密歇根州“纯度条款”的混乱历史
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.120.24.messy
Joshua Perry
{"title":"The Messy History of Michigan’s “Purity Clause”","authors":"Joshua Perry","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.120.24.messy","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.120.24.messy","url":null,"abstract":"So it’s worth asking: What does the Purity Clause actually mean? Can contemporary courts properly invoke it to justify restrictions purportedly aimed at controlling “voter fraud”? Should they?\u0000\u0000Part I diagnoses the problem: Recently, Michigan courts have invoked the Purity Clause to legitimize voting rights restrictions without applying their usual tools of constitutional interpretation or scrutinizing the Clause’s complex history. As a result, voting restrictions have been justified by reference to a badly underexamined constitutional provision.\u0000\u0000Part II examines the Clause with the tools that Michigan courts use to interpret the state constitution. This Part argues that neither the original public meaning nor the framers’ intent justifies a narrow reading of the Clause as entirely about laws restricting “voter fraud” in the contemporary, politicized sense of the term. In fact, the Clause seems to have been intended to bar voting not by facially unqualified people but by otherwise qualified voters who were ostensibly infected by the “wrong” motives—and it was likely originally understood as a racial restriction.\u0000\u0000Part III looks at the Clause’s evolution since 1850—in its 1908 and 1963 reenactments and as applied by the courts—and argues that, to the extent the Clause is still relevant, it demands a broader understanding than recent court decisions have allowed. I conclude that the Purity Clause should no longer be applied to counterbalance or outweigh the federal and state constitutions’ guarantee of the right to vote.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132739606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Because of Bostock 因为Bostock
Michigan Law Review Online Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36644/mlr.online.119.61.because
Noelle Wyman
{"title":"Because of Bostock","authors":"Noelle Wyman","doi":"10.36644/mlr.online.119.61.because","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.online.119.61.because","url":null,"abstract":"On a below-freezing January morning, Jennifer Chavez, an automobile technician, sat in a car that she was repairing to keep warm while waiting for delayed auto parts to arrive. Without intending to, she nodded off. Her employer promptly fired her for sleeping on the job. At least, that is the justification her employer gave. But Chavez had reason to believe that her coming out as transgender motivated the termination. In the months leading up to the January incident, Chavez’s supervisor had told her to “tone things down” when she talked about her gender transition. The repair-shop owner said that the transition made him “nervous” and could “impact his business,” claiming that it had prompted a prospective employee to decline a job offer. The owner had also instructed Chavez not to wear “a dress or miniskirt” or “too feminine attire” to and from work.\u0000\u0000Before coming out as transgender, Chavez was an “excellent employee” with a spotless disciplinary history. After coming out, things changed. The repair-shop management acted on advice from an attorney to begin writing up Chavez for issues “one at a time” with a “focus on work and performance.” The accidental nap may have been exactly the opportunity they needed.","PeriodicalId":393000,"journal":{"name":"Michigan Law Review Online","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126244578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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