Quebec Journal of International Law最新文献

{"title":"Socialization Trouble. European Populist States and Compliance with Human Rights Norms","authors":"Przemysław Tacik","doi":"10.7202/1079422ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1079422ar","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to reconceptualize the theoretical frameworks that underpin paradigms of the theory of socialization in international and European law. The somewhat carefree optimist approach to the compliance with international human rights norms, based on the assumption that within the European Union (EU) the victory of the liberal paradigm of human rights is unquestionable and self-evident, dominated the previous decade. Socialization paradigms applied to Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European countries understood this process as mostly unidirectional and based on a clear “teacher-student” relationship. However, with the rise to power of Hungarian Fidesz, this uplifting conviction was shadowed by first doubts. Hungarian populism at power demonstrated the first traits of the future complex set of strategies applied, among others, in Poland, Romania and Italy. The independence of the law as a human rights guarantee was challenged not only practically, by pursuing political goals through violation or circumvention of valid norms, but also theoretically, by the doctrine of the “illiberal state” first heralded by the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban. Even though these transformations encountered responses from European institutions, it was neither prompt nor effective. Soon enough Hungary as the enfant terrible of the EU was joined by further countries of the EU. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) reacted to the increase of human rights violations, but they are deprived of an entitlement to address “illiberal democracy” in a systemic manner. Consequently, the populist revolt against the very concept of human rights requires a much broader and complex assessment. Its strength consists in the focus of effective state (and party) power coupled with rhetorical strategies against human rights and its mechanisms of protection. In this paper, I confront socialization paradigms with the crisis of human rights protection brought about by the populist wave. I argue that in order to address this crisis adequately, the blind spots of previous socialization paradigms need to be recognized and overcome.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71211408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Non-Ratification of the 1951 Convention on Refugees: An Indian Paradoxical Approach to Human Rights","authors":"Indira Boutier","doi":"10.7202/1079425ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1079425ar","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper explores the position of India on refugees and its resistance to signing the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. It first revisits the colonial frame in which a refugee policy was thrust upon the country. Secondly, it analyzes the geopolitical and internal constraints that determined India’s approach to the refugee question in the 1950s. Finally, it focuses on the current moment to discuss the implications of the recent amendment of the Citizenship Act for refugees in India. Such a long-term approach can open the door to a process of accommodation both by international organizations and by national governments around some universal humanitarian principles that must govern refugee policies. States remain sovereign in their international commitments. They choose to ratify a treaty or not, and to denounce it or not. In addition, human rights institutions are regularly criticized and attacked by States while their legitimacy is often questioned. It is this sovereign freedom of each State, which makes this matter difficult to grasp. We believe that understanding the factors influencing States in their choices is particularly crucial in this period of instability in international relations.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71211660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cynic’s Guide to Compliance: A Constructivist Theory of the Contestation Threshold in Human Rights","authors":"B. Etkin","doi":"10.7202/1079428ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1079428ar","url":null,"abstract":"Wherever the reader may sit on the spectrum of international relations theories, it should hold that whether a state complies with international human rights norms or not translates some other reality beyond the simple act of (non-)conformity. Focusing on such social meanings, constructivism allows to demonstrate how compliance is constitutive of normativity. We combine this constructivist approach with a jaded outlook in order to find out the role contestation, compliance’s cynical ugly twin, plays in normativity. This paper exploits empirical observations concerning contestation in order to address its normative implications, arguing that, up to a certain point contestation nourishes normativity as the norm is taken seriously enough to contest, but that beyond the contestation threshold it becomes damaging. Taking the norms at three stages of implementation, we evaluate their contestation, and therefore, normativity levels. Firstly, we compare UN resolutions on LGBTI+ rights and the right to development as social norms by inspecting voting records. Secondly, we study non-ratifications and reservations made to UN human rights treaties as normativity indicators for emergent legal norms, acknowledging the latter’s unique challenges. Lastly, we take a look at violations of these same treaties as contestation of an established legal norm while questioning the viability of treaty body decisions as a normativity indicator. We conclude that, providing the right indicator is chosen, the contestation threshold is a particularly useful tool when it comes to comparing two or more norms at the same stage of implementation, and only for comparison purposes until the threshold is better quantified.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71211694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités et le hardship","authors":"J. A. Graham, Sebastián Partida","doi":"10.7202/1098440ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1098440ar","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71265215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quelques réflexions à propos du 70ème anniversaire de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme","authors":"Catherine Lalumiére","doi":"10.7202/1078528ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078528ar","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71208236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CJUE et Cour EDH : la dialectique du maître et de l’esclave?","authors":"Sébastien Platon","doi":"10.7202/1078553ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078553ar","url":null,"abstract":"La dialectique du Maître et de l'Esclave, développée par Hegel dans La Phénoménologie de l'Esprit, est un exemple typique du fonctionnement de la dialectique dans l’approche hégélienne. L’esclave est initialement soumis aux ordres du maître (thèse). Cependant, il acquiert son autonomie grâce au produit de son travail et gagne en indépendance alors que le maître continue de dépendre de la reconnaissance de celui-ci pour garder son statut. Ainsi, le maître devient progressivement esclave et l’esclave maître. Le deuxième moment de la dialectique (antithèse) est alors accompli. La dépendance maître -esclave est niée. La dernière étape de la dialectique, la synthèse, est marquée par l’annulation de la situation de maître et d’esclave, chacun ayant obtenu sa reconnaissance. Mutatis mutandis, cette parabole philosophique n’est pas sans intérêt pour analyser les rapports entre les deux cours européennes , la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (Cour EDH) et la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (Cour de justice), au regard de la protection des droits fondamentaux – même si, bien évidemment, c’est une exagération évidente que de décrire les relations entre les deux cours comme une relation maître-esclave. Il n’en reste pas moins qu’aux origines, la Cour de justice, en l’absence de texte communautaire protégeant les droits fondamentaux, s’est assez rapidement « soumise » au système de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, y compris à la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH. L’évènement marquant la transition vers la seconde phase de la dialectique est l’adoption de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne (Charte), qui permit à la Cour de justice de développer un système plus autonome. Cette autonomisation concourt à la mise en place d’une relation plus égalitaire entre les deux cours, marquée par exemple par le fait que la Cour EDH emprunte elle aussi, quoique plus rarement, au droit de l’Union européenne.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71208927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De Strasbourg à Luxembourg, quels droits pour les familles migrantes?","authors":"S. Saroléa","doi":"10.7202/1078548ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078548ar","url":null,"abstract":"Les deux cours régionales européennes, la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme ont des approches distinctes, mais complémentaires du droit au regroupement familial. La première interprète le droit de l’Union, en soulignant qu’il garantit un droit subjectif au ressortissant de pays tiers d’être rejoint par les membres de sa famille proche moyennant le respect de conditions tenant à la composition de celle-ci et à sa situation socio-économique. La seconde souligne que la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme ne confère pas aux familles migrantes le droit de choisir le lieu où elles pourront être réunies, tout en admettant qu’il existe des hypothèses où l’absence d’alternative ou l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant conduisent à estimer que la vie familiale ne peut être garantie que dans l’État membre du Conseil de l’Europe. Au-delà de cette divergence, des convergences intéressantes sont relevées quant au fil rouge que constitue l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant ou quant à l’équilibre à rechercher au travers de l’analyse de proportionnalité. Enfin, les références croisées témoignent d’un dialogue fécond entre les juges européens.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L’appréhension des valeurs dans la jurisprudence récente du juge de l’Union. Une approche spécifique, au coeur de l’Europe du droit","authors":"S. Labayle","doi":"10.7202/1078552ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1078552ar","url":null,"abstract":"Les valeurs sont aujourd’hui au cœur des deux grands ordres juridiques interétatiques qui cohabitent sur le territoire européen, le Conseil de l’Europe et l’Union européenne. Leur place comme leur rôle y sont tout aussi fondamentaux, mais les juges et la jurisprudence respectifs de chacun de ces deux ordres les traduisent selon une méthodologie et des modalités différentes. Il s’agira, par la présente contribution, de souligner les spécificités qui caractérisent l’appréhension juridictionnelle des valeurs au sein de l’Union européenne. La première d’entre elles, qui est sans doute la plus importante, tient à l’originalité de leur consécration par le constituant communautaire. En empruntant la voie d’une juridicisation à dimension constitutionnelle, qui s’est définitivement matérialisée avec l’entrée en vigueur des traités de Lisbonne, il a permis à son juge de se saisir de questions qui ne se posaient auparavant à lui que par la voie détournée des principes généraux du droit. Depuis lors, la référence aux valeurs s’intensifie dans la jurisprudence de l’Union. Il sera donc intéressant de souligner ici l’actualité comme la réalité de cette tendance, tout en identifiant les champs qui lui restent à ce jour plus difficile d’accès.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Le juge québécois face au divorce islamique. Comment prévenir les divorces « boiteux » internationaux?","authors":"Harith Al-Dabbagh","doi":"10.7202/1079904ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1079904ar","url":null,"abstract":"La presence sur le territoire du Canada d’une importante population originaire des pays musulmans a suscite un contentieux nouveau portant sur des institutions familiales de facture religieuse. Les tribunaux sont de plus en plus sollicites pour donner effet a des decisions de divorce rendues en vertu des lois d’inspiration musulmane. Malgre le liberalisme caracterisant le regime de reconnaissance et d’execution des decisions etrangeres, la jurisprudence quebecoise se montre de prima facie assez refractaire a la reception des divorces islamiques. La presente contribution ambitionne de determiner les differentes variables qui influencent l’efficacite de ces jugements dans l’espace juridique quebecois. L’analyse met en lumiere l’ambivalence de la jurisprudence qui traduit le tiraillement entre deux imperatifs : celui de preserver la cohesion et les valeurs de l’ordre juridique du for d’une part et celui de favoriser l’harmonie internationale des solutions d’autre part.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71211710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tom Dannenbaum, The Crime of Aggression, Humanity, and the Soldier, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018","authors":"A. Gravel","doi":"10.7202/1079910ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1079910ar","url":null,"abstract":"Le crime d’agression, formulé en 1950 par la Commission de droit international dans les Principes de Nuremberg, a été un sujet d’intérêt de la Conférence de révision du Statut de Rome, qui s’est tenue à Kampala en 2010. Bien que de multiples facettes de l’infraction qu’il constitue en droit pénal international aient fait l’objet de discussions, un aspect était absent de leur ordre du jour : le traitement des soldats combattant pour les États agresseur et attaqué.","PeriodicalId":39264,"journal":{"name":"Quebec Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71212121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}