South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association最新文献

{"title":"A Review of Current Treatment Options for Stage III and Stage IV Metastatic Melanoma.","authors":"Brianne K Haskell Hanisch, Marcus L Frohm","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of melanoma has increased for decades, and while surgical treatment of early stage disease is often curative, metastatic disease continues to have significant morbidity and mortality and carries a high associated health burden and economic cost. An expanding number of dermatologists are playing a key role in coordinating the care of patients with advanced melanoma, including in the setting of multidisciplinary melanoma clinics, many of which are anchored in dermatology departments. Advances in the understanding of the genetic and immunoregulatory aspects of melanoma development and progression have yielded a wave of novel therapeutics that has made significant impact on the approach to patients with metastatic disease. Frequently updated management guidelines and unfamiliarity with approved adjuvant treatment options can act as a roadblock for dermatologists seeking to effectively coordinate care and establish goals for treatment in patients with stage II/III and IV disease. This review paper discusses current knowledge of therapy options, including immunotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation therapy, intralesional therapy, and chemotherapy specific for stage III and IV melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 10","pages":"466-469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Quality and Kidney Health in Farming Communities.","authors":"Thabuna Sivaprakasam, Shaopeng Gu, Mohammad Z Qamar, Russell A Wilke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the turn of the century, there has been an increase in the frequency of chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities. This is particularly evident in young farm workers from equatorial regions, where the prevalence of chronic kidney disease cannot be explained by classical risk determinants or exposure to heat stress alone. Potentially causal agents have included organic and inorganic drinking water contaminants. This review explores geographic variability in exposure to these drinking water contaminants, with an emphasis on understanding their role in kidney injury in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 10","pages":"438-445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Scholars' Research Symposium Abstract: Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Pediatric Vaccination Rates in 7 Upper Midwestern States.","authors":"Benjamin P Eastman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;The COVID-19 pandemic stressed healthcare systems by increasing patient loads and creating shortages of both staffing and medical supplies. As a result, the process of administering routine pediatric vaccinations was affected. Multiple studies have reported ongoing decreases in vaccination opportunities. Completed vaccinations on the vaccination schedule for the pediatric population is a highly effective public health intervention and therefore should be maintained at high rates. Decreases in routine pediatric vaccinations could lead to the spread of multiple infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to assess the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on routine pediatric vaccination rates in South Dakota and surrounding states.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;ChildVaxView, a publicly available and de-identified dataset, was utilized in this research. The initial focus of this study was the vaccination rates for the state of South Dakota. To give context for vaccination rates for this state, responses of participants from South Dakota as well as those from the surrounding states of Iowa, North Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, and Wyoming from 2012-2022 were utilized for this project. The data was divided into 2 cohorts: \"pre-pandemic vaccination\" and \"intra-pandemic vaccination\". The rates of 5 different vaccinations from these 7 states were analyzed. The basic analysis method was an independent samples test of proportions which compared the \"pre-pandemic\" and \"intra-pandemic\" vaccination rates. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Responses compared the vaccination rates of the \"pre-pandemic\" period to the \"intra-pandemic\" period for all 7-states examined. OR values and 95% CI values are shown, where values less than 1 indicate higher \"intra-pandemic\" rates. In terms of 24-month PCV rates, Iowa (OR=0.76, 95%CI:0.60-0.97), Montana (OR=0.75, 95%CI:0.61-0.93), Nebraska (OR=0.77, 95%CI:0.61-0.99), and North Dakota (OR=0.77,95%CI:0.61-0.96) had higher \"intra-pandemic\" rates; Wyoming, South Dakota, and Minnesota showed no difference. For the 24-month polio vaccine, Montana had significantly higher \"intra-pandemic\" rates (OR=0.73,95%CI:0.54-0.98); the remaining states showed no difference. For the 24-month DTaP vaccine, North Dakota (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.72-0.98), MT (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.72-0.97), and Wyoming (OR=0.84, 95%CI:0.73-0.97) had significantly higher \"intra-pandemic\" vaccination rates, with no difference for the other states. The 6 surrounding states did not differ from South Dakota in polio vaccination rates \"pre-pandemic\" (p=0.54) nor \"intra-pandemic\" (p=0.36); there was additionally no difference between those states and South Dakota in the \"pre-\" vs \"intra-pandemic\" comparison (p=0.27). Similar results were seen for other vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;In this study, rates of a substantial proportion of pediatric vaccinations increased in t","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Scholars' Research Symposium Abstract: Education on the Understanding of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Vulnerable Undergraduate Population.","authors":"Henry Wei","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;With the introduction of increasingly powerful audio equipment and increase of personal mobile audio devices in the 21st century, the prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in young adults is expected to increase. This increase, estimated to impact 30 million adults in the next four decades, is due in part to recreational exposure. While many young adults have a general understanding of NIHL, a detailed education on various topics of NIHL could further promote adherence to the use of preventive measures. This project therefore involved gauging understanding of NIHL and providing in depth education on various topics of NIHL geared to an undergraduate population at 3 universities located in South Dakota.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The project was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of South Dakota. A 45-minute PowerPoint presentation was developed and presented about NIHL. The following 5-topic areas were discussed: pathophysiology of hearing loss, healthcare impacts, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines on noise exposure, adherence to OSHA guidelines in recreational spaces, and preventive measures, to include decibel meters and earplugs. A pre-presentation survey was given to score students' baseline knowledge in each of the topic areas covered, followed by a post-presentation survey to score knowledge gained. A one-tailed paired t-test was performed to evaluate the changes from pre- to post surveys. In addition to the education, decibel meter mobile applications were introduced, and 120 high-fidelity earplugs were donated at the sites of presentation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;PowerPoint presentations and pre- post-surveys were given during the recital hour, a required course, to 120 students enrolled in music degree programs at 3 universities in South Dakota. Comparison of all the pre- to post-survey responder scores showed a statistically significant change in the students' confidence in their knowledge for all 5-topic areas discussed. There was also statistically significant change in knowledge confidence in all 5-topic areas between responder groups who were already using preventive measures compared to those who were not using preventive measures at the time of testing. For example, the knowledge confidence to wear preventive measures notably increased nearly threefold, 1.68 to 4.26 amongst those who were not using preventive measures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;This project demonstrated that young adults with a current knowledge of NIHL still gained additional insight through this presentation. While there was a significant change in knowledge confidence in each category in the total responders, the project also demonstrated that amongst current users of preventive measures, there was statistically significant change in knowledge confidence as well. Students also indicated, through the surveys, that they are more likely t","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eczema Herpeticum: A Fatal Rash That Mimics Many.","authors":"Amanda Ricke, Kristi Pond, Peter Paul Lim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a potentially life-threatening condition, especially in the pediatric population, that occurs among patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a complex pathophysiology that predisposes patients to EH. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 is implicated in 90 % of EH cases and often initially presents with gingivostomatitis. HSV 1 can also lead to more systemic disease such as keratoconjunctivitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and hepatitis. Rapid diagnosis of EH is vital, and prompt treatment is essential to preclude these complications. We describe a 5-month-old male with poorly controlled atopic dermatitis who presented with generalized polymorphic rash diagnosed with EH and superimposed MSSA cellulitis. This clinical scenario, while not uncommon, is often missed and underlies the importance of a strong clinical suspicion for EH among patients with AD presenting with complicated rash. EH is an infectious complication that is easily misdiagnosed causing treatment delays that lead to dire consequences. This report also includes an abridged review of literature on EH.</p>","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"412-417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription for Connection: Engaging Generation Z Medical Students in Today's Learning Environment.","authors":"Alan Sazama","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SGLT-2 Inhibitors: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Dawood Shehzad, Muhammad Hasan, Naveen Rajpurohit","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SGLT2 inhibitors have emerged as a remarkable class of drugs, revolutionizing the management of various medical conditions beyond their initial purpose of controlling diabetes. With their proven benefits in cardiovascular health, kidney disease, hypertension, and even potential applications in cancer treatment, SGLT2 inhibitors have broadened their scope. While concerns about adverse effects and contraindications exist, these medications hold great promise for a diverse range of patients. Moreover, as generic alternatives become more accessible and affordable, the potential benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors are poised to reach a wider audience, making them a significant player in modern healthcare.</p>","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"422-426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Scholars' Research Symposium Abstract: Assessing and Monitoring Competency of Medical Students as Simulation Educators Using Novel Rubric.","authors":"Jennifer Lindgren Boleyn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Physicians are life-long learners and life-long educators. Through their entire careers, they educate patients, residents, medical students, and other health care professionals. There is currently no requirement for medical schools in the United States to provide courses in teaching or communication. Healthcare academia has recognized this need, which resulted in development of peer-assisted teaching and learning programs. USD SSOM has created a Medical Students as Simulation Educators (MSASE) program that teaches medical students the foundational concepts of adult education and how to effectively use them in simulation-based teaching. USD SSOM has demonstrated that learners' outcomes were similar whether they were taught by clinical faculty or by senior medical students. USD SSOM developed a novel Simulation Teaching Academic Competency Evaluation Rubric (STACER). STACER is a complex, multi-domain instrument that assesses multiple aspects of teaching. It allows for granular assessment and tracking of student-instructors' progress as educators.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;MSASE enrolls 12-18 medical students per year. These students complete asynchronous modules that cover history of healthcare simulation, educational theories, simulation modalities, feedback and debriefing, assessment, and high-fidelity simulation (HFS). After completing the didactic portion, MSASE students participate in teaching junior medical students under the supervision of clinical faculty. During teaching, MSASE students are evaluated with the use of STACER. STACER consists of three written assessments: (1) learner evaluation of student-educators, (2) student-educator's self-assessment, and (3) clinical faculty evaluation of student-educators.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;There was a statistically significant correlation between the student learners' engagement during debriefing, as opposed to during the activity itself, and the perceived value of the activity. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the student learners' perceived judgment during the activity and their perceived value of the activity (p = 0.0013), with less judgement correlating to a higher perceived value. While learners and educators shared a positive perspective on the close relationship between pathophysiology and pharmacology, faculty expressed a more critical viewpoint. One notable discrepancy emerged regarding the three cohort's agreement with the statement, \"theoretical concepts were linked to clinically relevant examples.\"&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;STACER is an effective instrument to measure medical students' teaching competencies over time. This data supports the position held by most simulation scholars, emphasizing the importance of engaging debriefing as an integral part of simulation-based learning. Fostering a nonjudgmental learning environment can contribute to a more valuable learning experience. Lastly, this ","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Scholars' Research Symposium Abstract: Characteristics of Play Associated with Head Impact Severity During Tackling in Youth Football.","authors":"Meaghan Sievers","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the last decade, concussions and subconcussive brain trauma in football and other high impact sports have become of increasing concern. Tackling, in youth football, accounts for a high proportion of head impacts and injuries, including concussions. Thus, minimizing head impact severity during tackling may help in reducing concussion risk and subconcussive brain trauma. However, it is unknown how discrete aspects of play in youth football relate to head impact severity during tackling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>25 youth tackle football players (12.9 ± 0.6 yr) wore helmets outfitted with the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System during two football seasons (64 practices and 18 games). Measures of head impact severity, including linear acceleration (LA) and rotational acceleration (RA), were collected at each session, along with videography. Videos and HIT System data were cross analyzed using a validated rubric to code each registered head impact based on several pre-identified characteristics of play. Sample distributions of play characteristics were compared using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Level of significance for all tests was α = 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 1025 head impacts identified for players making a tackle or being tackled. LA of head impacts was significantly greater (p = 0.017) for players making a tackle (n = 614; 21.70 [16.40-30.13] g) than players being tackled (n = 411; 20.50 [15.90-30.10] g). In comparing head impacts on tackles, LA was significantly greater (p = 0.010) for special teams (n = 39; 29.10 [21.40-39.70] g) over defense (n = 348; 22.50 [16.90-31.55] g), and RA was significantly greater (p = 0.003) for special teams (n = 39; 2241 [1223-3175] rad ∙ sec-1) over defense (n = 348; RA = 1618 [1004-2293] rad ∙ sec-1). While being tackled, player-to-ground head impacts LA values (n = 102; 25.85 [18.65-35.13] g) were significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than player-to-player head impacts (n = 308; 19.75 [14.95-26.68] g), and player-to-ground head impacts RA values (n = 102; 1687 [1108-2690] rad ∙ sec-1) were significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than player-to-player head impacts (n = 308; 1313 [906-1832] rad ∙ sec-1).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are certain characteristics of play in youth football that were associated with higher magnitude head impacts during tackling, including being the tackler, special teams plays and head contact to the ground while being tackled. These characteristics of play may serve as targets for mitigation efforts aimed at reducing head impact severity in youth football.</p>","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Scholars' Research Symposium Abstract: Retrospective Cohort Study of Pediatric COVID-19 in a Rural Integrated Health System.","authors":"Jamuna Buchanan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), led to a global pandemic and public health crisis, which affected the physical health and mental well-being of Americans in every part of the country. Although the effect of the pandemic was ubiquitous, it has been more extensively studied in urban areas, which leads to an underscoring of the burden of COVID-19 in rural US. Health disparities adversely affect children in rural communities, each of which is unique and requires interventions based on regional needs. Characterization of COVID-19 disease in the pediatric population in rural areas is important for the development of protocols to address future surges of COVID-19 cases by the local health systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional chart review of 86 children hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 at three different hospitals that are part of an integrated rural health system in North and South Dakota. The population demographics of the surveyed states included Caucasian (84.2% SD; 86.6% ND), Native American (8.6% SD; 4.9% ND), Black (2.6% SD; 3.6% ND), and Asian (1.8% SD; 1.7% ND). All the charts identified from the EMR by filtering for patients hospitalized between October 2020 and May 2021, with an age less than 18 years, and with the ICD-10 code for COVID-19 infection were reviewed. Patients with Multi-system Inflammatory Syndrome in Children were excluded.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;More than half of the patients identified as Caucasian (58%), (24%) as Native American, (12%) as Black/ African American, (5%) as Asian, and (1%) were unidentified. The median age was 12 years. Almost half of the patients, 42%, had a significant past medical history, defined as having one or more of the following diagnoses: asthma, diabetes mellitus, or immunodeficiency. The most common comorbidity was an elevated BMI&gt;25 noted in 31 patients of which 11 (13%) were overweight and 20 (23%) were obese. 18 patients (22%) were admitted to the ICU with a median length of ICU-stay of 3.5 days. 34 patients (40%) required oxygen supplementation with a median length duration of 3-days. 8 patients (9%) required intubation. The median length of mechanical ventilation support was 3-days. There were no deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;It was interesting to note that in this study, pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring hospitalization were disproportionately represented by minority groups (Native Americans, Blacks, and Asians) when compared to the proportion in the population. The predominance of Caucasian patients however was reflective of the general population of the surveyed states. Almost half the patients had one or more of the following diagnoses: asthma, diabetes mellitus, or immunodeficiency, risk factors previously identified for COVID-19. A common comorbidity among the patients studied was increased BMI, whi","PeriodicalId":39219,"journal":{"name":"South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association","volume":"77 9","pages":"394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}