Christopher D. Paddock M.D., M.P.H.T.M. , Florence Fenollar M.D., Ph.D. , Jean-Christophe Lagier M.D., Ph.D. , Didier Raoult M.D. Ph.D.
{"title":"A 21st Century Appraisal of Whipple’s Disease and Tropheryma whipplei","authors":"Christopher D. Paddock M.D., M.P.H.T.M. , Florence Fenollar M.D., Ph.D. , Jean-Christophe Lagier M.D., Ph.D. , Didier Raoult M.D. Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Whipple’s disease was formally described more than 100 years ago; nonetheless, only recently have investigators identified, cultivated, and characterized the causative agent, <span><em>Tropheryma whipplei</em></span>, and deciphered some of its complex associations with human hosts. The acquisition of knowledge about <em>T. whipplei</em>, a Gram-positive bacterium in the class <span><em>Actinobacteria</em></span><span><span>, accelerated at an extraordinarily rapid pace during the first two decades of the 21st century, to include the recognition of asymptomatic carriage, localized disease, and acute infections caused by this peculiar bacterium. This review discusses current knowledge of the microbiology and </span>epidemiology of </span><em>T. whipplei</em><span>, the expanding clinical spectrum of disease caused by the pathogen<span>, its treatment, and historical and diagnostic assays that facilitate the diagnosis of the various diseases caused by this enigmatic bacterium.</span></span></p><p>The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 14","pages":"Pages 123-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45633128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blaine A. Mathison B.S., M(ASCP) , Bobbi S. Pritt M.D., M.Sc., DTMH, FCAP
{"title":"Don't Be a Nit Wit; Know Your Lousy Companions!","authors":"Blaine A. Mathison B.S., M(ASCP) , Bobbi S. Pritt M.D., M.Sc., DTMH, FCAP","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Lice have been a burden on humans since antiquity. The species implicated in human infestations, the head louse (</span><em>Pediculus humanus capitis</em><span>), body louse (</span><em>Pediculus humanus humanus</em><span>), and pubic louse (</span><em>Pthirus pubis</em><span><span>), are very well adapted to the human host and are readily transmissible between and among individuals. In addition to dermal reactions and social stigmas<span> associated with louse infestations, the body lice are of additional medical and </span></span>public health<span><span><span> concern in the spreading of bacterial agents associated with louse-borne relapsing fever, epidemic typhus, and </span>trench fever. In the United States, </span>pthiriasis, caused by </span></span><em>P. pubis</em><span>, is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. In this review, we provide an update on the taxonomy, epidemiology<span><span>, biology, evolution, clinical importance, treatment and control, diagnosis, and reporting of parasitic </span>human lice.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 13","pages":"Pages 115-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48431483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael L. Reno , Christina R. Cox , Eleanor A. Powell
{"title":"Parvovirus B19: a Clinical and Diagnostic Review","authors":"Michael L. Reno , Christina R. Cox , Eleanor A. Powell","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Parvovirus B19<span> is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus<span> with global distribution. It is primarily known for being the causative agent of fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, a common self-limiting childhood disease characterized by the development of a rash. During infection, it targets erythroid progenitor cells in bone marrow, where it replicates and ultimately induces cellular apoptosis. In the correct patient population, it may be responsible for the development of </span></span></span>arthropathy<span><span><span>, aplastic crisis, nonimmune </span>hydrops fetalis, viral-associated hepatitis, and </span>myocarditis. However, most infections are asymptomatic and remain undetected. Here, we review the nature of this virus to provide information about its biology; interactions with the human host; how those interactions shape the clinical presentation; and, finally, the available diagnostic approaches.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 12","pages":"Pages 107-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46161673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Little Goes a Long Way: Pediatric Bloodstream Infections and Blood Culture Practices","authors":"Julia D. Hankins Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Unlike adult blood cultures, pediatric blood culture practices are less clear-cut. The various existing guidelines differ on blood collection volume and culture conditions due to the unique characteristics of pediatric blood culture, such as the potential for increased contamination and low blood volume. There are some specialized products marketed for pediatric populations to address these issues, including initial specimen diversion devices and low-volume blood culture bottles. However, there are scant studies looking at their effectiveness. This review discusses the current </span>epidemiology of pediatric </span>bacteremia<span>, the most recently published evidence for the pediatric blood culture practices, and where technology may be going in the future for detection of pediatric bloodstream infections.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 11","pages":"Pages 99-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48745925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A special invitation to authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 11","pages":"Page 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196439922000344/pdfft?md5=6524b96c7174efc5010a964921a57667&pid=1-s2.0-S0196439922000344-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136833268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allison R. Eberly , Jamie L. Elvert , Audrey N. Schuetz
{"title":"Best Practices for the Analytic Phase of Anaerobic Bacteriology","authors":"Allison R. Eberly , Jamie L. Elvert , Audrey N. Schuetz","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>The analytic process for identification of anaerobic bacteria involves direct specimen </span>Gram stains<span> and workup of growth in culture. Direct Gram stains help to develop the initial differential, aiding in guiding both the extent of laboratory workup and clinician decision making for patient management. Workup of anaerobic growth should involve an aerotolerance test to assess aerobic growth and to compare growth rates in anaerobic versus aerobic environments. While matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become a routine means of </span></span>anaerobe<span><span> identification for many clinical laboratories, spot biochemical tests, such as indole and </span>catalase<span>, should be available in every laboratory that identifies anaerobes. If MALDI-TOF MS and biochemical methods are unsuccessful at providing an identification, 16S rRNA gene PCR and/or sequencing may be performed if the information impacts clinical care. The extent of culture workup to the level of presumptive identification versus definitive identification depends upon several factors, including the specimen source, direct Gram stain results, and the presence or absence of mixed </span></span></span>microbiota<span>. In addition to discussing the current best practices for anaerobic culture workup, commonly encountered anaerobic organism Gram stains and culture growth are detailed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 10","pages":"Pages 91-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49199664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A special invitation to authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 10","pages":"Page 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196439922000307/pdfft?md5=3d9b98b4f88b0cf57bfa3856438d0fe3&pid=1-s2.0-S0196439922000307-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136990327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A special invitation to authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.04.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 9","pages":"Page 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196439922000265/pdfft?md5=5483215755bd1c2a48821f808499e67a&pid=1-s2.0-S0196439922000265-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136699118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection and Diagnostics","authors":"Susan Realegeno , Utsav Pandey","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human herpesvirus 6<span> (HHV-6) causes primary infection in early childhood and establishes lifelong latency in its host. Reactivation of HHV-6, especially in immunosuppressed patients, has been associated with a variety of clinical complications. Diagnosis of acute HHV-6 infection has been a major challenge due to high prevalence of the virus and the difficulty in distinguishing latent infections from acute. Chromosomal integration of HHV-6 also occurs further complicating the management and diagnostics of HHV-6 disease. PCR-based methods have become the mainstay of HHV-6 diagnostics, however, interpretation of results in the context of clinical disease is of utmost importance.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 9","pages":"Pages 83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48952660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A special invitation to authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.04.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2022.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39211,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Newsletter","volume":"44 8","pages":"Page 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196439922000228/pdfft?md5=f7e11a380a48fe709a30ee4b6962abd9&pid=1-s2.0-S0196439922000228-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137206785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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