Microchemical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Secondary flow enhancement in ultra-low aspect ratio microchannels with ordered Micro-obstacles for high-throughput cell focusing","authors":"Jianping Guo ,&nbsp;Shaofei Shen ,&nbsp;Naiyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Furong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanbing Niu ,&nbsp;Yongjun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The regulation of secondary flow through geometric confinement in low aspect ratio microchannels plays a crucial role in cell separation, blood plasma extraction, and single-cell analysis. However, a systematic investigation comparing the mechanisms of secondary flow acceleration encouraged by ordered micro-obstacles in two common channel configurations—straight and curved—has not been fully explored. In this study, we present an inertial microfluidic system to enable precise control of secondary flows within ultra-low aspect ratio (AR = 1: 9) microchannels. By introducing an identical number of micro-obstacles into both semicircular and straight microchannels, we observe distinct acceleration patterns of secondary flow at varying perfusion rates. Furthermore, each channel design demonstrates unique advantages in mixing efficiency across a broad range of flow capacities. Notably, high-throughput particle manipulation is achieved in both modified configurations, with effective targeting of cancer cells across a wide throughput spectrum (ranging from 2 × 10⁶ to 4 × 10⁶ cells/min). The approach employed to enhance secondary flow in this work provides valuable insights into the design of low aspect ratio microchannels, highlighting their ease of use, high throughput capabilities, and significant adaptability. This research paves the way for future explorations into innovative channel designs aimed at further improving the accuracy and efficiency of inertial microfluidics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114570"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covalently post-synthesized modified metal-organic framework UiO-66-HJA for the selective and sensitive turn-on detection of Al3+ and its application in hybridized film and bioimaging","authors":"Yaqiong Kong ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhou ,&nbsp;Tingran Wang ,&nbsp;Mengchen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanjun Yin ,&nbsp;Rong Wu ,&nbsp;Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Duojun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synthesis of a novel fluorescent sensor (UiO-66-HJA) for Al³⁺ ions involved grafting 8-Hydroxyjulolidine-9-carboxaldehyde (HJA) onto a Zr(IV)-based metal organic framework (UiO-66-NH₂) through a Schiff base reaction. The resulting functionalized UiO-66-HJA maintained its structural integrity and exhibited excellent thermal and chemical stability during the post-synthetic modification process. Optical investigations revealed that the sensor exhibited high selectivity towards Al³⁺ ions, demonstrating a remarkable detection limit of 0.26 μM. Furthermore, the low cytotoxicity of UiO-66-HJA allowed for successful imaging of Al³⁺ ions in SiHa cells, demonstrating remarkable biocompatibility and cell membrane permeability. For on-site monitoring purposes, UiO-66-HJA-hybridized polyvinyl alcohol composite films were prepared and effectively utilized for visual detection of Al³⁺ ions in real samples. These results collectively highlight the potential of post-modification on MOFs as a promising tool for both in vitro and in vivo detection of Al³⁺ ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114569"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a portable Eu-MOF-loaded ratio fluorescence test paper for sensitive detection of nitenpyram","authors":"Yan Fan ,&nbsp;Xueqin Sun ,&nbsp;Fang Lu ,&nbsp;Chengying Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Luo ,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The neonicotinoid pesticide of Nitenpyram (NTP) is widely used in global agriculture systems, sensitive detection of NTP is critical for safeguarding human health and food safety. A europium-based metal-organic framework (Eu-MOF) was rationally synthesized based on density functional theory (DFT) method. This engineered material showed an effective NTP sensing capability with a detection limit of 5.431 μM. Subsequently, the Eu-MOF was immobilized within a paper-based analytical platform to establish a ratiometric fluorescence sensing system. This configuration significantly enhanced detection sensitivity, achieving an improved limit of detection (LOD) at 0.330 μM (nearly 16.46 times smaller than the LOD of bare Eu-MOF). The developed sensing platform enabled non-invasive visual monitoring of NTP contaminants in real samples through smartphone-assisted analysis. This methodology presents an innovative approach for portable pesticide detection through ratiometric luminescent response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114591"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vancomycin-functionalized magnetic bead-qPCR platform for rapid differentiation of viable and dead Listeria monocytogenes in food samples","authors":"Weijie Yuan ,&nbsp;Yuzhu Wang ,&nbsp;Runze Zhang ,&nbsp;Yansong Li ,&nbsp;HongLin Ren ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruoran Shi ,&nbsp;Chengwei Li ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Hou ,&nbsp;Shaohui Hu ,&nbsp;Xueyu Hu ,&nbsp;Shiying Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Wang ,&nbsp;Pan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study reports a dual-functional platform that couples vancomycin-functionalized magnetic beads (VMBs) with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to achieve rapid, culture-free discrimination and quantification of live and dead <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> in complex food matrices. The exploitation of vancomycin's high-affinity binding to the D-Ala–D-Ala motif of intact peptidoglycan enables the selective capture and removal of viable cells, thereby leaving only DNA from non-viable bacteria for SYBR Green qPCR analysis. Optimisation of bead coupling and adsorption kinetics, in conjunction with a pre-calibrated live/dead correction algorithm, yields an LOD of 10² CFU/mL over a 10¹–10⁷ CFU/mL linear range and completes within 12 h—a process that is significantly faster than conventional culture methods. The validation of the method in beef, salad, cheese, and salmon matrices has yielded recoveries ranging from 96.4 to 99.2 %, with RSDs consistently below 3.6 %. Stability tests have further confirmed that dead-cell DNA remains amplifiable for a minimum of one week, and non-specific capture remains below 5 %. In contrast to isothermal or immunomagnetic approaches, the VMB-qPCR system offers a unique capability to provide unambiguous live/dead resolution without the use of photoactive dyes or extended enrichment, thereby providing a robust, high-throughput tool for food safety surveillance and clinical pathogen monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114594"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic molecularly imprinted hollow fiber membranes for continuous Enantioseparation of amlodipine","authors":"Hang Gong ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Ouyang ,&nbsp;Chunyan Chen ,&nbsp;Changqun Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Critical chiral separation is critically important in pharmaceutical development since enantiomers often exhibit markedly different pharmacological profiles, as exemplified by amlodipine where the (<em>S</em>)-enantiomer exhibits potent antihypertensive activity while the (<em>R</em>)-counterpart shows negligible therapeutic effect. Such dramatic differences in bioactivity necessitate the development of efficient enantioseparation technologies to ensure drug safety and efficacy. We have developed a novel biomimetic separation system employing molecularly imprinted hollow fiber membranes (MIMs) for the efficient resolution of racemic amlodipine. The molecular imprinting process involves polymerization in the presence of the target (<em>S</em>)-amlodipine template, creating cavities with tailored shape and functional groups that exhibit selective rebinding affinity. These membranes synergistically combine the high surface area and excellent mass transfer properties of hollow fiber substrates with the precise molecular recognition capabilities of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The MIP layer, functioning as artificial antibody mimics, was specifically designed to recognize and capture the target (<em>S</em>)-amlodipine enantiomer with high fidelity. The covalent/non-covalent interactions between the template and functional monomers during imprinting ensure optimal stereochemical complementarity for chiral discrimination. Remarkably, this system achieves exceptional chiral separation performance without requiring any external chiral selectors. The optimized MIMs demonstrate an outstanding separation factor (α) of 3.79 within a remarkably short processing time of just 5 min. This exceptional performance stems from the unique combination of the hollow fiber's convective flow characteristics and the MIP's selective binding sites, which together enable both high throughput and precise enantiomeric discrimination. The practical advantages of this technology extend beyond its separation performance. The membrane fabrication process is straightforward and reproducible, while the modular nature of hollow fiber systems allows for seamless scale-up to industrial production levels. These attributes position our MI-HFM technology as a transformative platform for the commercial-scale production of enantiopure pharmaceuticals, offering significant advantages over conventional separation methods in terms of both efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The successful implementation of this approach could substantially improve the economic viability of single-enantiomer drug manufacturing while ensuring higher product purity. Looking forward, this technology platform shows considerable potential for adaptation to other chiral separation challenges in the pharmaceutical industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sensitive quantitative method for drug concentrations in blood based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","authors":"Yu Tian ,&nbsp;Ling Liu ,&nbsp;Chaochao Ma ,&nbsp;Yuhan Chu ,&nbsp;Shuang Jiang ,&nbsp;Shen Jiang ,&nbsp;Guangrun Wu ,&nbsp;Wenchao Wu ,&nbsp;Chunjuan Yang ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Wang ,&nbsp;Ting Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Fang ,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The treatment of cardiovascular surgery relies on precise medication management at every stage. Blood contains a wealth of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information that provides an important basis for personalized drug delivery. Rapid and highly sensitive blood drug concentration assays can dynamically assess the distribution and metabolism of drugs in the body, optimize dose adjustment and improve therapeutic efficacy and safety. This study proposed a new method for real-time monitoring of cardiovascular drugs that combines the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection platform with a two-phase extraction strategy. First, silver nanoparticles were synthesized and modified with iodine ions, and calcium ions were further introduced to enhance the stability of the substrate and the Raman signal intensity. Subsequently, common interfering substances in plasma were removed by protein precipitation technology, and drug molecules were rapidly enriched by two-phase extraction to obtain a purer test sample. The experimental results showed that the method had good repeatability (RSD = 2.18 %), the minimum detection concentration of propranolol could reach 10 pg/mL, and the minimum detection limit of atropine was 500 pg/mL. In the SD rat model, the blood concentration of atropine reached a peak at about 2 h after oral administration. In addition, the animal model further demonstrated the ability of this method to accurately monitor the dynamic changes of blood drug concentrations. By comparing with the conventional detection results of UHPLC-MS/MS, the accuracy of this method in quantitative analysis was verified. This study not only expands the application potential of SERS technology in the detection of complex biological samples, but also highlights its broad prospects in drug analysis and clinical individualized treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114581"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay for rapid profiling of tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether","authors":"Xinglin Wu ,&nbsp;Leding Wang ,&nbsp;Youfen He ,&nbsp;Chengqun Chen ,&nbsp;Chenchen Lin ,&nbsp;Qibiao Weng ,&nbsp;Xucong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing high-performance lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) for portable and rapid profiling equipment is a key to meet the field-testing of hazardous pollutants. Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ether (TBBPA-BHEE) as an emerging hazardous contaminant poses potential risks to human health, yet there is no rapid, specific or sensitive LFIA for monitoring purpose. Herein, a novel dual-mode LFIA for field testing TBBPA-BHEE was pioneered with colorimetric/diffuse reflection using gold nanoflowers (AuNFs) and monoclonal antibody (AuNFs@mAb). Initially, a functional monoclonal antibody (mAb) was prepared and purified. The mAb was subsequently labeled on AuNFs to create the AuNFs@mAb probe, which could be captured by TBBPA-BHEE molecule in 10 min and achieved colorimetric/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using naked eyes or portable immunochromato-reader, respectively. The preparation of test strips was systematically studied and the LFIA for qualitative and quantitative analysis of TBBPA-BHEE were evaluated. The optimized LFIA achieved a visual limit of detection (LOD) of 5.0 ng/mL and a detection LOD of 0.25 ng/mL by portable immunochromato-reader. It showed a high specificity for TBBPA-BHEE, good recovery yields of 112.41–120.10 % with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 8.0 %, and excellent long-term stability. Moreover, the results of the resultant LFIA were highly consistent with that of HPLC method, with a correlation coefficient of 0.995. Therefore, this study highlights the promising application in developing an economical and selective LFIA to field profiling of TBBPA-BHEE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114588"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in pristine/heterojunction bismuth tungstate-based (photo)electrochemical sensing strategies","authors":"Amira Nahdi ,&nbsp;Salah Kouass ,&nbsp;Hamdi Ben Halima ,&nbsp;Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors, which combine photocatalytic and electrochemical properties, have become a novel analytical tool. A PEC sensor's notable benefits include in-situ analyses, easy construction, portability, exceptional sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. This review article presents bismuth tungstate-based electrochemical and photoelectrochemical sensors. Electrochemical sensors include pristine Bi₂WO₆-based sensors and rGO-Bi₂WO₆ composite-based sensors. Photoelectrochemical sensors are divided into five sections: pristine Bi₂WO₆-based sensors, Bi₂WO₆ heterojunction-based sensors, Bi₂WO₆ heterojunction-based sensors with hole-trapping agent, Bi₂WO₆ heterojunction-based label-free biosensors, and Bi₂WO₆ heterojunction-based sandwich-biosensors. Different heterojunctions have been obtained by associating narrow bandgap semiconductors (WO₃, CuS, Fe₂O₃, Bi₂S₃, Ag₂S, BiOBr, CuS, MoS₂, CdS), conductive carbon materials (g-C₃N₄, RGO), metallic nanoparticles (Au,Ag), or conductive polymers (polypyrrole, polydopamine) with Bi₂WO₆ crystals. Many sensors and biosensors provide a signal-on detection, whereas some sensors and biosensors, associated with a hole-trapping agent (ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, sulfate), lead to a signal-off detection. Many molecules of health interest (metabolites, biomarkers, drugs) and a few pollutants have been detected with low detection limits. Additionally, the challenges for further large-scale applications of Bi₂WO₆-based sensors in the fields of health and environmental control are analyzed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114566"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic structure modulation of Pt sites enabled by Na doped WO3 for ultrasensitive detection of H2S","authors":"Xuan-Yu Yang ,&nbsp;He-Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Hao-Nan Chen ,&nbsp;Li-Juan Yue ,&nbsp;Fei-Long Gong ,&nbsp;Ke-Feng Xie ,&nbsp;Shi-Zhong Wei ,&nbsp;Yong-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electronic modulation of Pt sites is of great significance in catalytic reaction involved chemical engineering process. Alkali metal doping is a promising strategy to modify the <em>d</em> orbit of Pt, which can effectively affect the reaction between material and adsorbates, however, the relationship is still unclear. Here, we have rationally designed Pt-modified Na-doped WO₃ nanorods, and the electronic modulation of Pt can be finely modified by Na doping. The Pt-Na/WO₃-Ar nanorods exhibit excellent H₂S sensing performance, with high response (R_a/R_g = 701 @ 1 ppm), low operating temperature (110 °C), and detection limit as low as 2.42 ppb. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that the introducing of Na effectively enhances the interaction between Pt nanoparticles (NPs) and WO₃. Additionally, Na doping successfully modulate the d-band center of Pt, optimizing the adsorption and desorption processes during sensing. The synergistic effects of these components enable the Pt-Na/WO₃-Ar sensor to exhibit outstanding H₂S sensing performance. Notably, the fabricated sensors are further used to monitor the hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) of halitosis biomarkers, which holds significant application potential in environmental protection and medical diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust pharmaceutical quality control: Dual CV/DPV validation of rGO/poly caffeic acid sensors for wide-range paracetamol tablet analysis","authors":"Jia-Qi Lyu ,&nbsp;Yu-Ting Xue ,&nbsp;Hui-Ting Hu ,&nbsp;Zhencheng Chen ,&nbsp;Guo-Cheng Han ,&nbsp;Xiao-Zhen Feng ,&nbsp;Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paracetamol (PA) is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug, and excessive consumption can lead to hepatotoxicity. An rGO/PCA/GCE sensor was fabricated through the synergistic interaction between caffeic acid and reduced graphene oxide. The successful material modification was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical characterization. The electrochemical behavior of PA on the sensor was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Both CV and DPV exhibited a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 1.0–2000.0 μmol/L, with a limit of detection of 29.54 nmol/L. In the real sample detection, the relative standard deviations was less than 4.63 %, and the error rate was below 6.50 %. Through simulated electron cloud and electron orbital analysis, it was determined that the electro-oxidation process of PA involves two protons and two electrons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114577"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}