{"title":"Exemplars of Kingship and the Art of Memory","authors":"Melissa Eppihimer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a history of the Akkadian kings and a survey of the cultural memory traditions that sustained their memory in Mesopotamia, including textual, material, and visual evidence. Without posthumous images of the Akkadians, one must look for visual allusions to the Akkadian past in post-Akkadian images. A theoretical and methodological framework for the study of the visual legacy of Akkadian kingship emerges from considerations of Oppenheim’s “stream of tradition,” the mechanics of visual traditions, interpictoriality and intervisuality, and the temporality of images (with reference to Nagel and Wood’s substitutional images and Warburg’s visual formulas). The Sun-God Tablet of Nabu-apla-iddina and representations of Neo-Assyrian kings illustrate the connections between visual traditions, authority, and time in Mesopotamia.","PeriodicalId":391975,"journal":{"name":"Exemplars of Kingship","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129483495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Royal Bodies and the Legacy of Akkadian Statues","authors":"Melissa Eppihimer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Although modern scholarship has been slow to recognize it because of the fragmentary condition of Akkadian royal statues, post-Akkadian rulers responded to the votive statues of the Akkadian kings in a variety of ways. The statues of Gudea of Lagash, the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and rulers of Mari and Eshnunna from the late third and early second millennia BCE replicate specific Akkadian sculptural features in order to emulate, critique, or affiliate with the dynasty. Other statues, such as a statue from Ashur possibly connected to a Kassite king and statues associated with Puzur-Inshushinak of Susa, resemble the Akkadian models so closely that it cannot be determined if they are appropriated Akkadian statues or newly produced imitations. This chapter explores the circumstances that would have led the rulers to usurp or closely imitate an Akkadian royal statue.","PeriodicalId":391975,"journal":{"name":"Exemplars of Kingship","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128001904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Curly-Haired Heroes and the Legacy of Akkadian Seals","authors":"Melissa Eppihimer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Cylinder seals potentially played a key role in the visual legacy of Akkadian kingship, but the post-Akkadian history of one Akkadian seal motif, the contest scene, suggests that cylinder seals were not major instruments of image-based responses to and recollections of Akkadian kingship. Instead, the seals’ abundance and accessibility prevented a strict monopolization of their imagery by kings and other agents of cultural memory. Foremost, the colossal lion-wielding heroes from the Neo-Assyrian palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad do not use imagery from Akkadian seals to allude to the historical Akkadian kings, but instead represent a timeless cosmos at home in the Assyrian visual tradition. The tendency to view the Khorsabad heroes as royal figures derives in part from nineteenth-century associations with a legendary king, Gilgamesh.","PeriodicalId":391975,"journal":{"name":"Exemplars of Kingship","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115084190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Triumphant Kings and the Legacy of Akkadian Steles","authors":"Melissa Eppihimer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The Susa stele of Naram-Sin of Akkad is often viewed as a model for later victory monuments, in part because of modern Orientalist stereotypes and admiration for the stele’s aesthetics. However, other Akkadian monuments presented a different view of Akkadian kingship. This chapter argues that post-Akkadian images of a triumphant king standing upon his enemy were shaped by a wider range of visual models and memories of the Akkadians. Case studies include rock reliefs in the Zagros Mountains, royal steles from the Old Babylonian period, and the Bisitun relief of the Achaemenid king Darius I. The irony of this chapter is that it reaffirms the stele of Naram-Sin’s exceptional status within the history of Mesopotamian art while undermining the notion that this exceptionalism led to the stele’s direct influence over the design of later victory monuments.","PeriodicalId":391975,"journal":{"name":"Exemplars of Kingship","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128964599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behold Sargon","authors":"Melissa Eppihimer","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190903015.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903015.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus’ discovery and restoration of an image of the Akkadian king Sargon. Nabonidus’ responses to the ancient royal image highlight the contributions of images to ancient memories of the Akkadian kings. The chapter next previews the remainder of the book, beginning with chapter 2’s historical and theoretical foundations for an analysis of the Akkadian kings’ visual legacy. The following three chapters each address one category of Akkadian art that provided post-Akkadian rulers with a visual model of Akkadian kingship: steles, statues, and cylinder seals. Chapter 3 discusses the stele of Naram-Sin, which has often been regarded as a model for later victory monuments. Chapter 4 shifts to Akkadian royal statues, noting that they have garnered less attention than the stele of Naram-Sin because of their poor preservation. Chapter 5 examines the legacy of Akkadian cylinder seals that feature the mythological contest scene.","PeriodicalId":391975,"journal":{"name":"Exemplars of Kingship","volume":"349 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116251953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Allusions and Illusions","authors":"Melissa Eppihimer","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190903015.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The visual legacy of Akkadian kingship in Mesopotamia was the product of a series of individual engagements with Akkadian images and memories that collectively suggest a shift over time from direct engagement with Akkadian models to mediated access to Akkadian models. Beyond consolidating the ideas presented in earlier chapters, chapter 6 opens up further lines of inquiry into the relationship between cultural memory and images in the ancient Near East. First, memories of the Akkadians in Hittite Anatolia raise the possibility of a visual legacy in Hittite art. Second, the Akkadian legacy is compared to the legacy of the Ur III kings. In the latter, a set of late Neo-Assyrian “basket-bearer” steles display interpictorial links to Ur III foundation figures.","PeriodicalId":391975,"journal":{"name":"Exemplars of Kingship","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123335813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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