{"title":"Implementation and empirical comparison of partitioning-based multi-core scheduling","authors":"Yi Zhang, Nan Guan, Yanbin Xiao, W. Yi","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953668","url":null,"abstract":"Recent theoretical studies have shown that partitioning-based scheduling has better real-time performance than other scheduling paradigms like global scheduling on multi-cores. Especially, a class of partitioning-based scheduling algorithms (called semi-partitioned scheduling), which allow to split a small number of tasks among different cores, offer very high resource utilization. The major concern about the semi-partitioned scheduling is that due to the task splitting, some tasks will migrate from one core to another at run time, which incurs higher context switch overhead. So one would suspect whether the extra overhead caused by task splitting would counteract the theoretical performance gain of semi-partitioned scheduling. In this work, we implement a semi-partitioned scheduler in the Linux operating system, and run experiments on an Intel Core-i7 4-cores machine to measure the real overhead in both partitioned scheduling and semi-partitioned scheduling. Then we integrate the measured overhead into the state-of-the-art partitioned scheduling and semi-partitioned scheduling algorithms, and conduct empirical comparisons of their realtime performance. Our results show that the extra overhead caused by task splitting in semi-partitioned scheduling is very low, and its effect on the system schedulability is very small.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134268353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sepulcre, J. A. Palazon, J. Gozálvez, Jaime Orozco
{"title":"Wireless connectivity for mobile sensing applications in industrial environments","authors":"M. Sepulcre, J. A. Palazon, J. Gozálvez, Jaime Orozco","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953693","url":null,"abstract":"The future deployment of distributed and mobile sensing technologies in industrial environments provides interesting opportunities to further improve the workers' health and safety in the Factories of the Future. Such technologies will allow detecting in advance dangerous situations and conditions, and taking the necessary preventive actions. Wireless technologies would represent an essential component of the Factories of the Future in order to facilitate the real-time and ubiquitous connectivity of mobile sensors. In this context, this paper presents initial results of a measurement campaign that analyses the connectivity capabilities of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee technologies for mobile sensing applications, and their use in collision avoidance applications.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126197351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robustness in analog systems: Design techniques, methodologies and tools","authors":"P. Nuzzo, A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953662","url":null,"abstract":"A significant challenge in today's electronic design is designing complex, high-performance, “reliable” systems out of available components that are often “unreliable”, their behavior being affected by uncertainties or stochastic fluctuations. The problem is to guide the design process towards robustness, i.e., making the design insensitive to parameter variations. In this paper, we review design techniques, methodologies and tools that address robust design in the context of analog and mixed-signal integrated systems. Our analysis is organized in two areas: architectures and methodologies with supporting tools. Design approaches based on calibration techniques have been traditionally used to tune analog performance and meet the required specifications. Digitally-assisted and system-assisted design approaches build circuits that are tolerant to impaired analog components. We survey statistical modeling and optimization techniques that are instrumental to robust, hierarchical design of complex systems. Finally, we discuss platform-based design and contract-based design as viable frameworks for robust design methodologies and tools to be developed into a structured design flow.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129965258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi-Li Lin, Wei-Tso Chen, A. Su, Da-Wei Chang, C. Chen
{"title":"A low cost, low power, high scalability and dependability processor-cluster platform","authors":"Yi-Li Lin, Wei-Tso Chen, A. Su, Da-Wei Chang, C. Chen","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953689","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, more and more applications are computing-intensive, such as search engines, online game servers, or even fMRI, used in medical examination. Supercomputers are setup to meet the computing demand as well as huge data storage. However, some applications favor computing power much more than data storage. To emphasize on providing computing power with low cost, low power, high scalability and dependability, this work presents a platform which involves a group of computing clusters. A cluster consists of up to 12 processors. A computing job is distributed to a group of processors for speed-up. Moreover, an FPGA may join for further acceleration. A set of front-end servers is responsible for job dispatching and maintains reliability. The system details are described. Current status and ongoing work are also reported.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128511520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A middleware for reliable soft real-time communication over IEEE 802.11 WLANs","authors":"E. Toscano, L. L. Bello","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953653","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a middleware layer for soft real-time communication in wireless networks devised and realized using standard WLAN hardware and software. The proposed middleware relies on a simple network architecture comprising a number of stations that generate real-time traffic and a particular station, called Scheduler, that coordinates the transmission of the real-time packets using a polling mechanism. The middleware combines EDF scheduling with a dynamic adjustment of the maximum number of transmission attempts, so as to adapt the performance to fluctuations of the link quality, thus increasing the communication reliability, while taking deadlines into account. After describing the basic communication paradigm and the underlying concepts of the proposed middleware, the paper describes the target network configuration and the software architecture. Finally, the paper assesses the effectiveness of the proposed middleware in terms of PER, On-Time Throughput, and Deadline Miss Rate, presenting the results of measurements performed on real testbeds.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130864716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Minimizing the search space for computing exact worst-case delays of AFDX periodic flows","authors":"Muhammad Adnan, Jean-Luc Scharbarg, C. Fraboul","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953673","url":null,"abstract":"AFDX (Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet) standardized as ARINC 664 is a major upgrade for avionics systems. Guarantees on worst case end-to-end communication delays are required for certification purposes. These guarantees are obtained thanks to safe upper bounds computed by Network Calculus and Trajectory Approaches. Indeed, up to now, the computation of an exact worst case delay is intractable, except for very small configurations (less than 10 virtual links (VLs)). This paper proposes an algorithm which significantly increases the size of the configuration for which an exact worst case delay can be obtained (up to 50 VLs). This is achieved, thanks to a drastic reduction of the search space. For larger configurations (up to 100 VLs) the algorithm can be adapted to obtain reachable values for the end-to-end delay which are close to the exact worst case. Generalization to industrial configurations (more than 1000 flows) is under way.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124510844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards adaptive hierarchical scheduling of overloaded real-time systems","authors":"N. Khalilzad, Thomas Nolte, M. Behnam","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953675","url":null,"abstract":"In a hierarchical scheduling framework, a resource can be shared among modules with different criticality levels. In our recently introduced adaptive hierarchical scheduling framework, modules receive a dynamic portion of the CPU during run-time. While providing temporal isolation is one of the main advantages of hierarchical scheduling, in an adaptive framework, for example when the CPU is overloaded, the higher priority modules can violate timing guarantees of the lower priority modules. However, the priorities of modules are assigned based on parameters other than the module criticality levels. For example the priority is often assigned according to periods and deadlines of tasks to increase the CPU utilization assuming static systems, i.e. modules parameters do not change during runtime. In an overload situation the high criticality modules should be superior to the low criticality modules in receiving resources. In this paper, extending our adaptive framework, we propose two techniques for controlling the CPU distribution among modules in an overload situation. We are taking another step towards having a complete adaptive hierarchical scheduling framework by incorporating an overload controller into our framework.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114614759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis of diagnostic techniques based on an IEC 61508-aware metamodel","authors":"D. Sojer, D. Knoll, C. Buckl","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953680","url":null,"abstract":"Safety standards, such as IEC 61508, play an important role in assuring the safety of embedded systems. Since model-driven development (MDD) is also gaining importance in the development process of these systems, an integration of the standards with existing modeling theory is promising. However, one of the basic building blocks of MDD, the metamodels, have not been made “standard-aware” yet. This paper presents a first step of such an integration by using a standard-aware meta-model to synthesize diagnostic techniques. This is an important task, because the correct selection and implementation of these techniques is traditionally a manual, labor-intensive task. The necessary steps of such an integration are discussed, including the definition of the metamodel, the formulation of an algorithm to select the right diagnostic techniques, and the implementation of code generation.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127343503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Neukirchner, S. Stein, H. Schrom, Johannes Schlatow, R. Ernst
{"title":"Contract-based dynamic task management for mixed-criticality systems","authors":"M. Neukirchner, S. Stein, H. Schrom, Johannes Schlatow, R. Ernst","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953651","url":null,"abstract":"The use of models is becoming increasingly prominent in the development processes for safety and time critical systems (e.g. in automotive or aerospace). However, oftentimes the models of a component, its implementation properties and execution parameters are only loosely coupled. This missing association complicates system maintainability and becomes an issue with increasing system flexibility. This paper presents a runtime environment closely coupling design-time component models with the execution parameters of the specific component also enabling runtime monitoring of implementation properties. Together with a previously published admission control scheme, this enables tight coupling of component-wise design-time modelling, system analysis and runtime configuration, enabling software flexibility also in mixed-criticality systems.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130098261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards preemption control using CPU frequency scaling in sporadic task systems","authors":"Abhilash Thekkilakattil, R. Dobrin, S. Punnekkat","doi":"10.1109/SIES.2011.5953674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2011.5953674","url":null,"abstract":"Preemptions in real-time systems scheduling typically lead to variations in task execution times, increase the temporal overhead required for various RTOS related operations and may even cause unschedulability. We examine the preemption behavior of sporadic tasks scheduled under the Fixed Priority Scheduling (FPS) policy, and evaluate the possibility of using CPU frequency scaling for preemption control. We propose an online heuristic-based algorithm, of linear complexity, to control the number of preemptions in a sporadic task system using CPU frequency scaling. Evaluation results show that CPU frequency scaling is an attractive option to control the preemption behavior of real-time sporadic task systems.","PeriodicalId":391594,"journal":{"name":"2011 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132118670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}