Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"The COVID-19 Pandemic Economic Implications in Iran: A National Survey Assessing Catastrophic Health Expenditures\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/ipid/9862748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ipid/9862748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/ipid/8854646.].</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9862748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considerations on Structural Vaccinology and Epitope Screening of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases 8 as a Potential Vaccine Target Against <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>.","authors":"Amirhossein Abedi, Ali Dalir Ghaffari","doi":"10.1155/ipid/4426082","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/4426082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (<i>T. gondii</i>) is a widely prevalent parasite from the phylum apicomplexan and is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, which affects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Presently, conventional treatments for toxoplasmosis have limited effectiveness against the cystic forms of the parasite. Thus, developing an efficient and safe vaccine for control and prevention of toxoplasmosis is crucial. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are essential in governing crucial biological processes like anchoring to host cell, cellular infiltration, dynamic locomotion, and escape mechanisms. Because there are no reports on immunization with CDPK8 to date, this study evaluated the fundamental biochemical traits and immunogenic epitopes of the CDPK8 protein through diverse bioinformatics tools. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> We examined the physicochemical attributes, antigenicity, potential B- and T-cell epitopes, tertiary and secondary structures, transmembrane domains, subcellular localization, allergenicity, and other characteristics of the CDPK8 protein. <b>Results:</b> CDPK8 exhibited notable surface accessibility, flexibility, antigenicity, and hydrophilicity indices. Epitope prediction results from diverse bioinformatics databases revealed multiple premiums T-cell and B-cell within the CDPK8 protein shows its viability as an essential component in a <i>T. gondii</i> vaccine formulation. Our findings suggest that to minimize the risk of errors and failures in the laboratory, utilizing in silico software for predicting the functional and structural properties of the CDPK8 protein could be a crucial and essential step in preventing cost wastage. <b>Conclusion:</b> To confirm the immunogenicity of the anticipated sequences, validation in an appropriate mouse model using various bioinformatics tools is recommended. Therefore, it is highly recommended that this protein be evaluated in silico and biological platforms settings to characterize its structural and immunological roles for potential prophylactic agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"4426082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12440659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Iron Indices in Anemia in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis.","authors":"Bashir Abdrhman Bashir, Hagar M Mohamed, Mohamed M Hassan, Walaa Yasier Ali, Ehssan Moglad, Mohamed A Hussain, Wadah Osman, Duaa Fahad Alsiyud, Gamal A Mohamed, Sabrin R M Ibrahim","doi":"10.1155/ipid/2583917","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/2583917","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iron indices are pivotal in tuberculosis (TB) owing to their influence on pathogens and immune reactions. Iron indices substantially affect TB progression, resulting in inflammation and anemia. Tuberculosis can induce iron deficiency or excess that may result in compromised immunological function. This study examined the iron index hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT) in PTB patients. Between January 2016 and December 2018, the Port Sudan Tuberculosis Diagnostic Center studied a cohort of 100 adult patients definitively diagnosed with PTB. Additionally, 100 healthy individuals of similar age and sex were chosen as controls for comparative analysis. Among the 100 PTB patients studied, 90% (90/100) had anemia, with an odds ratio of 0.923 (95% CI 0.82-1.04). Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) was the most prevalent type (37%, 31/90). The patients showed diminished levels of HB, serum iron, TIBC, and TSAT compared to the controls, except for ferritin levels. UIBC was higher in patients than in controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. The research concludes that iron metabolism is modified during tuberculosis infection. Consequently, anemia in PTB patients is primarily attributed to ACD rather than iron shortage. The indices of serum iron, TIBC, and UIBC were ineffective in distinguishing between the forms of anemia in PTB patients, as their levels fluctuated in response to the infection. Ferritin served as superior metric for distinguishing between anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2583917"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed Vaginal Infections and Their Predictors Among Women With Abnormal Vaginal Discharges Attending Gynecological Clinics in Western Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Salma Khamis Said, Marie Pascaline Sabine Ishimwe, Musa Kasujja, Peter Okello, Khadija Khamis Said, Maxwell Okello, Emmanuel Okurut, Theoneste Hakizimana","doi":"10.1155/ipid/6511013","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/6511013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Mixed vaginal infection involves the simultaneous presence of at least two types of vaginitis, including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), BV and <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> (TV), or TV and VVC. This condition disrupts the vaginal milieu, resulting in significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, recurrent infections, and increased antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to assess the mixed vaginal infections and their predictors among women with abnormal vaginal discharges attending gynecological clinics in western Uganda. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study was conducted with 146 participants from the gynecology clinic at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital (FRRH) from January 2024 to April 2024. Data collection included medical record reviews, structured interviews, and swab culture testing. Data were compiled in Microsoft Excel 16.0, cleaned, and imported into SPSS Version 22.0 for analysis. Logistic regression and descriptive statistics were utilized for data analysis. <b>Results:</b> The overall prevalence of mixed vaginal infections among women with abnormal vaginal discharges attending the gynecological clinic at FRRH was 28.1% (41/146). Among those with mixed infections, the most common type was BV/VVC (19.2%), followed by TV/BV (4.8%) and TV/VVC (4.1%). Significant factors associated with mixed vaginal infections were rural residence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-7.5, <i>p</i> = 0.03), HIV-positive status (aOR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.4-14.3, <i>p</i> = 0.01), multiple sexual partners (aOR = 5.5, 95% CI: 1.31-23.8, <i>p</i> = 0.02), vaginal douching (aOR = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.6-13.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and having two or more previous vaginal infections (aOR = 9.5, 95% CI: 2.2-41.1, <i>p</i> = 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> A high prevalence of mixed vaginal infections was observed among women at FRRH, with BV/VVC being the most frequent combination among those with mixed infections. Identified risk factors included rural residence, HIV-positive status, multiple previous infections, multiple sexual partners, and vaginal douching. These results emphasize the need for comprehensive diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies to manage mixed vaginal infections effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6511013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic Economic Implications in Iran: A National Survey Assessing Catastrophic Health Expenditures.","authors":"Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Shahrokh Yousefzadeh-Chabok, Fatemeh Keihanian, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Leila Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati, Hedayat Salari, Atefeh Esfandiari, Hamed Zandian, Masoud Lotfizadeh, Hakimeh Mostafavi, Masoud Arefnezhad, Reza Esmaeili, Mandana Saki, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Sajad Delavari, Mahmood Karimy","doi":"10.1155/ipid/8854646","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/8854646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> The COVID-19 pandemic caused many financial crises in households worldwide. This study aimed to quantify the COVID-19-related catastrophic costs (CCC) in Iran during the pandemic. <b>Methods:</b> In this national survey, a total of 2006 households from 10 provinces of Iran were selected using a multistage random cluster sampling. The data were collected on COVID-19 prevention, inpatient, outpatient, and income loss costs, and the household income and wealth information using a validated researcher-constructed questionnaire in 2022. We calculated the probability of the CCC with and without coping strategies. We analyzed data using logistic regression models and estimated the CCC for other provinces using the 2021 Household Income and Expenditures Survey. <b>Results:</b> The CCC was 3.19% with coping strategies and 5.38% without coping strategies. The CCC positively correlated with the COVID-19 inpatient (<i>β</i> = 2.324, 95% CI [1.65 to 2.997]) and outpatient (<i>β</i> = 1.797, 95% CI [1.165 to 2.430]) service utilization. Access to the basic (<i>β</i> = -0.687, 95% CI [-1.248 to -0.109]) and complementary (<i>β</i> = -1.201, 95% CI [-2.612 to 0.210]) health insurance decreased the risk of the CCC. The highest and lowest probabilities of estimated CCC were observed in Sistan and Baluchistan (8.57%) and Tehran (2.1%) provinces, respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> The COVID-19 pandemic imposed an additional financial burden on households. The pandemic provided important lessons for health policymakers about the effectiveness of the health financing protection system during the crisis and the scarcity of health resources. Supply and demand of services are unbalanced in the outbreaks, and insurance systems might fall into failure due to the shortage of services, black markets, and price inflation.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8854646"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12310318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the T-Cell Immune Response in Individuals With HIV and Toxoplasmosis Using ELISPOT.","authors":"Iskra Georgieva Rainova, Rumen Nenkov Harizanov, Yana Dimitrova Todorova, Mihaela Vanyova Videnova, Eleonora Marinova Kaneva, Raina Borisova Enikova, Nina Dimitrova Tsvetkova","doi":"10.1155/ipid/9514227","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/9514227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> The intracellular parasite <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> stimulates the human immune system, resulting in the activation of both cellular and humoral immune responses. In HIV-infected individuals, latent <i>Toxoplasma</i> infection can reactivate, resulting in toxoplasmosis encephalitis (TE). Detection of specific memory T cells in such patients will prevent the risk of toxoplasmosis-related complications. ELISPOT assesses CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to antigens, and facilitates the identification of <i>T. gondii</i>-specific IFN-γ producing memory T cells in patients with both toxoplasmosis and HIV. <b>Patients and Methods:</b> ELISA was used to test 104 blood samples from HIV + individuals for <i>Toxoplasma</i> antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from the blood samples of the toxoplasmosis-positive HIV-infected patients and used to analyze the T-cell immune response. Peptides from the <i>T. gondii</i> were selected to stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when performing the ELISPOT. <b>Results:</b> Serological data for toxoplasmosis was identified in 29 (27.6%) of the total number of patients. A significant difference was observed in the CD4+ T cell count between HIV-positive patients with and without toxoplasmosis. Seven of the HIV-infected patients with toxoplasmosis had a low CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. After performing a 16-20 h ELISPOT with peptide stimulation to investigate the presence of specific IFN-γ-producing cells in these seven patients, no IFN-γ-secreting cells were detected. Subsequently, a modified method was used, in which the immune cells were stimulated for a period of 5 days. At the end of this stimulation, all samples from HIV-infected patients with toxoplasmosis were ELISPOT positive, with a mean of 32 and 45 spots per well, respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> It is important to monitor patients with HIV, toxoplasmosis, and immunodeficiency. This can help prevent complications such as TE. A modified ELISPOT protocol may be required to determine the specific cell-mediated response in immunocompromised patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9514227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12289364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) Among Tuberculosis Patients in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Gandaki Province, Nepal.","authors":"Shiv Kumar Sah, Chetan Karki Pyakurel, Arun Kathariya, Anil Shrestha, Nirmal Kumar Subedi, Niru Byanjankar, Rojina Basnet","doi":"10.1155/ipid/3730719","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/3730719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a significant global public health challenge, particularly in regions with a high burden of TB. Nepal, one such country, has been witnessing a rise in DR-TB cases, posing serious challenges to TB control efforts. Despite this growing concern, there is a lack of localized data on the risk factors contributing to DR-TB, especially in urban areas like Pokhara. This study aims to fill that gap by assessing the prevalence of DR-TB and identifying associated demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors among TB patients in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Gandaki Province, Nepal. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using 617 TB patient records from the Pokhara Metropolitan Health Office for the fiscal year 2078/79 (July 2021 to July 2022). Data on demographic characteristics, clinical history, treatment regimens, and behavioral factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption were extracted. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence of DR-TB, and bivariate logistic regression was applied to identify statistically significant risk factors associated with DR-TB. <b>Results:</b> Among the 617 TB patients, the prevalence of DR-TB was 2.6%. Most patients were male (57.4%) and within the 21-30 age group (26.9%). Pulmonary bacteriologically confirmed TB was the most common type (53.6%), predominantly affecting adults (98.1%). The primary treatment regimen administered was 2HRZE + 4HR (78.8%). TB-HIV co-infection was found in 1.9% of cases, with all co-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. In a bivariate analysis, individuals with current smoking status (UOR: 9.384; CI: 3.342-26.351), exposure to smoking (UOR: 8.550: CI: 2.916-25.064), and current alcohol consumption (UOR: 4.553, CI: 1.406-14.745) had a higher likelihood of DR-TB. In a multivariate analysis, exposure to smoking (AOR: 5.317; CI: 1.394-20.274) and current alcohol consumption (AOR: 6.84; CI: 2.071-22.58) emerged as independent predictors associated with an increased risk of DR-TB. <b>Conclusion:</b> The study revealed a relatively low prevalence of DR-TB among TB patients in Pokhara, with strong associations between DR-TB and lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol use. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions addressing behavioral risk factors to reduce DR-TB incidence. Enhanced surveillance, public awareness, and preventive strategies should be integrated into TB control programs to mitigate the spread of DR-TB in this region. Moreover, targeted behavioral interventions may be crucial in curbing the emergence of DR-TB, particularly in high-burden urban centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"3730719"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Gut Bacteriophageome: Insights Into Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Tuberculosis.","authors":"Erfaneh Jafari, Reza Azizian, Mohsen Tabasi, Morteza Banakar, Kamran Bagheri Lankarani","doi":"10.1155/ipid/8811027","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/8811027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, remains a major global health burden. The emergence of drug-resistant strains presents a critical challenge in TB management. The recent research has explored the interaction between TB and the human gut bacteriophage community (phageome). The gut phageome plays a crucial role in regulating microbial diversity and functionality, and its composition and function have been linked to various health conditions. Examining the gut phageome through metagenomic analysis provides insights into its composition, role in health, and interactions with the host immune system. Exploring the interaction between the gut phageome and <i>M. tuberculosis</i> may reveal how phages affect the bacterium's pathogenicity, survival, and mechanisms of drug resistance. Understanding the gut phageome's impact on TB drug resistance could inform novel therapeutic strategies, such as phage therapy, and highlight the importance of microbiome-based interventions in combating drug-resistant TB strains. This review explores the role of the gut phageome in influencing drug resistance in TB, focusing on interaction mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications, synthesizing current research findings, and identifying knowledge gaps in this emerging field. This review also synthesizes the current evidence on the gut phageome's role in TB drug resistance, focusing on phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer (e.g., rpoB, katG), immune modulation, and preclinical efficacy of mycobacteriophage therapies. Key findings highlight phage cocktails (e.g., DS6A, D29 LysB) as promising adjuncts to antibiotics, reducing <i>M. tuberculosis</i> burden in murine models. These insights advocate for phage therapy as a complementary strategy against drug-resistant TB, urging clinical validation to bridge the existing knowledge gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8811027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12185203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144477070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Serum Levels of Interleukin-6 and the Trace Element Zinc According to the Clinical Status of Patients With COVID-19.","authors":"Andrea Roman-Pimentel, Sandra Medina-Cáceres, Juana Del Valle-Mendoza, Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis, Sungmin Kym, Ronald Aquino-Ortega, Yordi Tarazona-Castro, Hugo Carrillo-Ng, Eliezer Bonifacio-Velez de Villa, Wilmer Silva-Caso","doi":"10.1155/ipid/6486467","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ipid/6486467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the present study aimed to determine the clinical and laboratory characteristics and serum levels of IL-6 and zinc in patients with COVID-19 according to their clinical condition in a hospital in Lima, Peru. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the clinical condition of the disease, the group of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, hospitalized patients who did not require intensive care unit, COVID-19 patients who did not require hospitalization, and a control group. It was determined that 64.8% of the patients evaluated were men. Patients hospitalized in the ICU were 11.25 times more likely to have a cough and 36.7 times more likely to have a fever compared to the control group. In the group of hospitalized patients who did not require ICU, the presence of cough was 9.44 times higher than in the control group. The lowest IL-6 values were obtained in the group of COVID-19 patients who did not require hospitalization (2 pg/mL) and the highest in the ICU group (168.5 pg/mL). On the other hand, the highest values of the micronutrient zinc were also obtained in the ICU group (3402.5 μg/dL). In this group, the highest values of lymphocytes, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase were also found with statistical significance compared to the group of hospitalized patients who did not require ICU. In conclusion, patients with COVID-19 in the ICU had higher levels of IL-6 and zinc compared to the other groups. This group also had the highest levels of lymphocytes, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase compared to the group of hospitalized patients who did not require ICU care.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6486467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12316496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144776440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Review of the Prospect of Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis.","authors":"Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu, Ahmed Subeh Alshrari, Esra'a Jebreel Ibrahim Abu-Shoura, Amira Osman, Abdulgafar Olayiwola Jimoh","doi":"10.1155/ipid/6816002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ipid/6816002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores the transformative potential of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnosis and prognosis of infectious diseases. By analyzing diverse datasets, including clinical symptoms, laboratory results, and imaging data, AI algorithms can significantly enhance early detection and personalized treatment strategies. This paper reviews how AI-driven models improve diagnostic accuracy, predict patient outcomes, and contribute to effective disease management. It also addresses the challenges and ethical considerations associated with AI, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and equitable access to healthcare. Highlighting case studies and recent advancements, the paper underscores AI's role in revolutionizing infectious disease management and its implications for future healthcare delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":39128,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6816002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11991796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}