Philippine Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"Determinants of Underweight and Stunting among 6–59-months-old Indigenous Children in the Philippines","authors":"Rowena V. Viajar, Julieta B Dorado, M. L. Maniego, Joanne Jette S. Gulay, Patricia Isabel Amita, I. Angeles-Agdeppa","doi":"10.56899/152.03.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.26","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the nutrition and health situation of indigenous people (IPs) across groups in the Philippines is limited. This study determined the factors associated with underweight (UW) and stunting of 6–59-mo-old indigenous children utilizing the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey data of the Department of Science and Technology’s Food and Nutrition Research Institute. The study participants were 1,173 indigenous people households and their 6–59-mo- old children covering 29 provinces and highly urbanized cities. Potential predictors of UW and stunting were examined using descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that indigenous children 6–59-mo-old living in food-insecure households, with an unimproved source of drinking water, and with inadequate riboflavin intake were more likely to become UW than their counterparts. Likewise, indigenous children belonging to food-insecure households, children who have not undergone newborn screening, those with inadequate energy intake, and vitamin A deficient children were more likely to become stunted than their counterparts. Policy actions should focus on improving the indigenous people’s household food security and source of drinking water, child’s nutrient intake, vitamin A status, and participation in child’s health and nutrition programs. Participation in a vitamin A supplementation program and strengthening backyard gardening to increase accessibility and use of vitamin A-rich foods may help improve the vitamin A status of a child. A follow-up study exploring the behavioral barriers to IP households’ participation in health and nutrition programs among children under five is recommended.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80485456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration in Central Luzon, Philippines","authors":"L. Caguiat, R. Saludes, M. Castro, R. Lampayan","doi":"10.56899/152.s1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.s1.03","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding trends in reference evapotranspiration (ETₒ) and their influencing factors is crucial for calculations of irrigation requirements and water management. Meteorological data in Central Luzon (1985–2019) were used to estimate ETₒ using the FAO Penman-Monteith method. Spatial and temporal ETₒ trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. Correlation and sensitivity analyses were conducted to analyze the impact of weather variables on ETₒ. Positive correlations were observed for maximum temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas negative correlations were observed for relative humidity and minimum temperature. In general, ETₒ was statistically dependent and most sensitive to solar radiation, maximum temperature, and relative humidity. ETₒ in the stations surrounded by mountains was consistently lower than the stations in the agricultural areas by 197 and 207 mm for the dry season and annual basis, respectively. The increasing trends with a magnitude of 3.98 mm/yr in annual ETₒ were caused by the rising trend in solar radiation and maximum temperature and a decreasing trend in relative humidity. The decreasing ETₒ trend (–2.6 to –4.63 mm/yr) predominant in the study area was mainly attributed to the decreasing trend of solar radiation and wind speed. Areas with increasing ETₒ trends indicate the need for supplemental irrigation. Decreasing ETₒ trends may indicate climate change, land-use change, or human-related factors.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91103481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Landfalling Rapidly Weakening Tropical Cyclones in the Philippines","authors":"Joanne Mae Bautista Adelino, G. Bagtasa","doi":"10.56899/152.s1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.s1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid weakening (RW) of tropical cyclones (TCs) is defined as the 90th percentile of all 24-h over-water weakening rates in the Western North Pacific (WNP) basin, corresponding to a decrease of at least 20 kt in the JMA dataset and 25 kt in the JTWC dataset. RW tends to occur along the 20 – 30° N latitude of the WNP, which makes the probability of RW TC landfall in the Philippines low. Over the study period from 1951–2020, a total of 468 and 563 WNP RW TCs were recorded, where only 17 and 19 of those made landfall in the country based on the JMA and JTWC datasets, respectively. Analysis of potential wind threats of landfalling RW TCs shows significantly lower hazards than non-RW TCs, except for those that make landfall on northern Luzon. RW occurs more frequently outside of the southwest monsoon or Habagat season. Simulations of two recently landfalling RW TCs – Typhoon (TY) Maysak (2015) and TY Yutu (2018) – using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model show the decrease in the equivalent potential temperature (𝜽e), a measure of the amount of heat and moisture in the atmosphere, in the TC inner core region can be used to diagnose RW. Constantly decreasing 𝜽e values below 400 𝑲 caused by cooler underlying sea surface temperature and/or dry air intrusion lead to TC RW. RW can also occur in low-shear environments. Environmental conditions that result in RW are typically observed from October–April of the following year, which explains the higher occurrence frequency of RW in the inactive TC season of the WNP. While the impacts of RW TCs are lower, over-forecasting a TC in one event can lead to a complacent populace for the next, as well as damage the reputation of forecasters, hence the importance of understanding RW.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90155897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Storage of Vegetation in the Different Land Uses of Mt. Musuan in Bukidnon, Philippines","authors":"J. Paquit, V. Amoroso, Kleia Deinisa Polinar","doi":"10.56899/152.03.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.27","url":null,"abstract":"Mt. Musuan is a mountain ecosystem that is valued for its biodiversity and ecotourism. In order to further enhance the biodiversity and ecotourism activities, the current status of its land uses and the carbon storage of its vegetation was assessed. Findings have shown four major ecosystems in the area – namely, natural forest, plantation forests, grass-shrubland, and agro-ecosystem – which respectively cover 16% (66 ha), 24% (103 ha), 39% (164 ha), and 20% (85 ha) of the mountain’s 425-ha total land area. Trails and physical facilities occupy the remaining 1%. Fifteen (15) land uses were delineated, wherein eight are forest plantations. The largest area was the G. arborea plantation that comprised 37% (38.23 ha), whereas the least was the P. caribaea plantation that only covers 0.7% (0.73 ha). The summit has an area of about 1800 m2, from which around 1000 m2 can be used by visitors for sightseeing and camping. The designated viewing area at the very top is much smaller and is estimated only at around 100 m2. In terms of vegetation carbon storage, the natural forest stores an estimated 208 Mg C ha–1. For the entire Mt. Musuan, an estimated 25,522 Mg C is stored, 47% (13,657 Mg C) of which is in the natural forest. The data and findings in this study will have potential use in planning. Based on the spatial pattern of the land uses, planners and implementers will be guided on where to put up development projects and investments related to biodiversity and ecotourism development. Effective management of the natural forest to protect its remaining biodiversity and carbon should be done. Accelerated rehabilitation of the grass-shrubland ecosystem should also be done to further enhance the biodiversity and ecotourism potential of the area, as well as its capacity to store carbon.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87085335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Philippine Forest Woody Vines","authors":"Kim Wilmer Balagot, Kimberly Delica, R. Lapuz, Rowena Ramos, Grace Rowena Bisana","doi":"10.56899/152.03.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.25","url":null,"abstract":"Woody vines are herbaceous plants that use different clinging structures to find vertical support from nearby trees. They are commonly used for handicraft purposes but there were reports that they were used for medicinal applications. With this, the stems of eight forest woody vine species were evaluated for their phytochemical components, total phenolic content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. These were Strychnos minor Denrst. (“balakbakin”), Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr (“albotra”), Merremia peltata (L.) Merr. (“bulakan”), Hypserpa nitida Miers ex Benth (“lalapau”), Symphorema luzonicum (Blanco) F.-Vill. (“mulawing-baging”), Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) (“tilob”), Connarus semidecandrus (Zoll.) Leenh. (“kamagsa brown”), and Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr (“gugo”), which are all native to the Philippines. Results showed that S. minor and S. luzonicum had the highest extraction yield of 6.28 ± 0.39% and 6.26 ± 0.77%, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed that the crude extracts contained different phytochemicals such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. For total phenolic content, ethanolic extracts of woody vines ranged from 9.51–640.24 mg GAE/g dried extract with C. semidecandrus and S. luzonicum were found to have higher amounts among forest woody vines with values of 640.24 ± 7.13 and 398.94 ± 20.08 mg GAE/g dried extract, respectively. Moreover, DPPH results showed that D. linearis, S. luzonicum, E. phaseoloides, and C. semidecandrus had strong antioxidant activities, which ranged from 5.99–17.88 μg/mL IC50 and were higher than the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) standard (28.47 μg/mL IC50). On the other hand, M. peltata, A. flava, H. nitida, and S. minor antioxidant activity ranged from 40.61–78.65 μg/mL IC50. Similar results of FRAP assay showed that S. luzonicum had the highest antioxidant activity with 2.68 ± 0.07 μmol TE/g dried extract, whereas S. minor and H. nitida had the lowest antioxidant activity with 0.43 μmol TE/g dried extract ± 0.03 and 0.41 ± 0.02 μmol TE/g dried extract, respectively. Among the tested microorganisms for antimicrobial assay (well diffusion method), the growth of S. aureus was susceptible to the ethanolic extracts of S. luzonicum and C. Semidecandrus with inhibition zones of 21.3 ± 1.4 and 20.1 ± 2.5 mm, respectively. Overall, results show that woody vines contain phytochemicals with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These results could be used as a baseline in the purification of woody vines’ bioactive components.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73068282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of the Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolates Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle","authors":"A. Ancuelo, R. Perez","doi":"10.56899/152.03.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.23","url":null,"abstract":"Mastitis is a prevalent disease in dairy cattle. One of its important etiological agents is the species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Thus, this study aims to characterize the virulence and multi-drug resistance (MDR) profiles of Enterobacteriaceae strains previously isolated from dairy cattle with clinical mastitis in Region 4-A, Philippines. Results showed that 60% of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 100% of the Proteeae tribe (Proteus spp., Providencia spp., and Morganella spp.) exhibited hemolytic activity. Hemolysin-coding gene, viz. hpmA, was suspected to contribute to the hemolytic activity of all Proteus spp. Biofilm formation was observed in several isolates and mrkD, ireA, ucaA, atfA, and ureG genes were expected to be accountable for this virulence trait. All Enterobacteriaceae strains were classified as MDR pathogens. All isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin, penicillin, clindamycin, and lincomycin. Resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline was also exhibited by a significant number of isolates and the resistance genes (rrs and tetK) responsible for this resistance were most frequently detected. Only one isolate of M. morganii harbored integron-related gene intI2. The characterization of these strains has significant health and economic implications. Severe virulence and drug resistance of these strains pose a challenge in the management and treatment of intramammary infections in dairy farms. Being reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance-associated genes, these strains pose a threat to the food chain.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81322206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat Preference of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: a Case Study on Dengue Endemic Areas of Sumatera, Indonesia","authors":"Siti Nurjanah, T. Atmowidi, U. Hadi, D. Solihin, W. Priawandiputra, Meidaliyantisyah Meidaliyantisyah","doi":"10.56899/152.03.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.21","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) are vectors that cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. The cases of this disease have often become an extraordinary event in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze bioecological factors, i.e. habitat preference, larvae density, characteristics of the breeding sites, as well as the morphological and molecular identification of Ae. aegypti dan Ae. albopictus in dengue-endemic areas of Bandar Lampung. Results showed that the larval density of these vectors in three areas was moderate, and Ae. aegypti was found dominant. The Maya index (MI) values of Ae. aegypti showed moderate and low categories (87 and 13%), whereas those of Ae. albopictus were 91 and 9%, respectively. Seven and 11 characters of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus has been described, respectively. Additionally, their COI gene sequence (size of 725 bp) similarity values ranged from 98–99%. Data from the study can be used in planning a control strategy and identifying the main priority areas for entomological surveys toward disease epidemic control.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81833205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructures of Austenitic Stainless Steel 56Fe25Ni16.6Cr0.9Si0.5Mn Solid-treated with Different Cooling Rates","authors":"M. Dani, F. Aziz, Parikin Farihin, A. Dimyati, S. G. Sukaryo, Joshua Gunawan Lesmana, A. Insani, S. Mustofa, M. Panitra, Ching An Huang","doi":"10.56899/152.03.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.19","url":null,"abstract":"A new synthesized 56Fe25Ni16.6Cr0.9Si0.5Mn austenitic stainless steel (ASS) was produced through casting and then annealing and normalizing at 1100 °C, followed by cooling at different rates. Microstructures of the samples were studied by using X-ray and neutron diffractometers, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The stainless steel had a face center cubic structure (X-ray diffraction profile). The microstructure of ASS consists of γ-austenite matrix and high Cr carbide particles in the interior grains and grain boundaries. It seemed that the annealing process affected information of γ-austenite grain size in the ASS, growing larger compared to grain size formed in the normalizing process, similarly by cooling into the air, water, and oil media. The M23C7 islands in the grain boundary formed into a larger size after annealing or normalizing processes, and in addition, the island shape was more elongated. No significant changes were found concerning the particle size and shape of M7C6 at the grain boundary of the ASS after annealing or normalizing. Neutron diffraction patterns confirmed the Fm3m space group symmetry of ASS as obtained by the XRD method, therefore establishing ASS as an austenite phase. Results of the uniform deformation method (UDM) analysis applied upon the high-resolution powder neutron diffractometer (HRPD) intensity showed that the deformation strain was 2.3705 × 10–4. TEM results for ASS showed that the sizes of rectangular precipitates ranged from 63 × 32 nm to 84 × 42 nm with larger-sized irregulars reaching about 190 nm across. All these results showed that an ASS has been successfully synthesized and that it has a promising future to be used as a high-temperature structural material.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78335959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PID-FUZZY Control System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV): Highly Accurate FPGA Implementation","authors":"D. Bhattacharya, C. Puttamadappa","doi":"10.56899/152.03.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.20","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the linear and nonlinear variations in the operating environment, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are one of the most difficult applications. The complexity of the control algorithm should be less for real-time implementation in a field programable gate array logic (FPGA) device. In this work, a highly accurate FPGA implementation of PID-Fuzzy control strategy is proposed for an AUV operation that is extremely precise. Parameters such as weight, water density, and depth are used to perform highly efficient and accurate control for the proposed system. A type II fuzzy logic controller and accompanying proportional-integral- derivative controller are used to confine pitch and depth boundaries. The proposed design is modeled using SIMULINK software, and Verilog code is generated using hardware description language coder from MATLAB. Xilinx software is used to synthesize the Verilog code for spartan FPGA. The proposed technique improves the accuracy and reduces the response time when compared to the conventional control strategy.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87790469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in Lycopene Epsilon-Cyclase Gene in Selected Tomato Genotypes Revealed by EcoTILLING and Sequencing","authors":"P. Guevarra, Roanne Gardoce, Hayde F. Galvez","doi":"10.56899/152.03.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.11","url":null,"abstract":"Selected tomato genotypes with contrasting fruit colors of orange and red were investigated for sequence-level variations of candidate genes involved in lycopene cyclization. Sequence-specific markers for tomato lycopene beta-cyclase (3) and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (1) genes were designed and used to screen for putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through Ecotype Targeted Induced Local Lesions IN Genome (EcoTILLING) and Sanger sequencing. Despite being regarded as among the evolutionarily conserved genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of tomato, four homozygous and heterozygous SNPs were identified in lycopene epsilon-cyclase gene at the upstream of Exon 1 (1 SNP) and the intronic region between Exons 1 and 2 (3 SNPs) based on multiple sequence alignment of the processing tomato hybrid ‘Ilocos Red’ and table type inbred ‘Hawaii7996’. These SNPs may have a regulatory association with variations in tomato carotenoid metabolism. Interestingly, no sequence difference was found between FLA456 and ‘Super Apollo’ despite being characterized by orange and red fruit colors, respectively. The results support prior studies suggesting that lycopene cyclase genes are transcriptionally controlled as evidenced by their highly conserved sequences. The SNPs characterized in this study at the promoter and intronic regions of lycopene epsilon-cyclase are starting loci to investigate further the genetic control of this gene in regulating carotenoid metabolism and products that result in varying tomato fruit phenotypes.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80368418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}