Philippine Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced Growth Performance of Bauhinia purpurea L. and Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities by Inoculation of Beneficial Microbes","authors":"E. Gestiada, N. Aggangan","doi":"10.56899/152.03.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.36","url":null,"abstract":"Bauhinia purpurea (belonging to Family Fabaceae-Leguminosae) is a small to medium-sized deciduous fast-growing tree that is very important in reforestation and agroforestry, and also used as fodder for livestock. This study investigated the influence of mycorrhizal inoculant with varying nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) amendment levels on the growth performance of B. purpurea, the buildup of microbial communities in its rhizosphere soil, and root colonization in screenhouse conditions with UV plastic roofing, following a two-factor randomized complete block design. Factor 1 was the type of mycorrhizal inoculants applied on containerized seedlings grown in garden soil: AMF1 (MYKOCAP® or MCAP) and AMF2 (MYKORICH® or MRICH). Factor 2 was the rate of NFB (BioNTM) amendment (0 g, 5 g per seedling). At 90 d, MCAP + BioN treated plants were 37% taller than the MRICH + BioN treated ones (34 ± 0.50 cm). Seedlings with MCAP + BioN or MRICH + BioN had higher diameter increment; partitioned biomass from stems, lateral roots, and primary roots; root-shoot ratio; and root colonization than those without BioN and the control. Likewise, the NFB population was 276 and 126%, respectively higher with MCAP + BioN and MRICH + BioN than their counterparts without BioN. Contrarily, partitioned biomass from leaves, roots, and shoots, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density were higher with AMF inoculants alone. Spore count was strongly positively correlated with primary root biomass (p = 0.013, r = 0.573), NFB buildup with height increment (p = 0.001, r = 0.708), and root colonization with diameter increment (p = 0.001, r = 0.805), total biomass (p = 0.023, r = 0.532), stem biomass (p = 0.001, r = 0.692), shoot biomass (p = 0.001, r = 0.698), primary root biomass (p = 0.029, r = 0.514), and root biomass (p = 0.005, r = 0.628). AMF and NFB symbiosis was inferred to have been developed, thereby promoting overall plant growth with an increased mycorrhizal root infection and NFB buildup, while the increased spore density contributed to enhanced primary root growth. Field verification trials must be conducted to determine the microbial fertilizer’s efficacy under abiotic and biotic stresses.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91214346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teratogenicity of Dibutyl Phthalate and Polyvinyl Alcohol in Early Developmental Stages of Danio rerio","authors":"John Vincent Navalan, Louise Angeli Asnan, Harold M. Carag, Wilfredo B. Barrera","doi":"10.56899/152.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are commonly used in manufacturing petroleum-based and biodegradable plastics. Despite being regarded as safe, these chemicals persist as organic pollutants during plastic degradation in aquatic environments and, thus, may pose risks to aquatic organisms and even humans. We performed a 96-h zebrafish embryo test to investigate the toxicity and teratogenicity of DBP and PVA at 25–500 μg/L and 1–3.0% concentrations, respectively. The results showed that exposure to DBP and PVA reduced the survival rate of zebrafish in a concentration and time-dependent manner. In PVA, pericardial edema and heart abnormalities were more common malformations than yolk sack edema and tail deformities in DBP. Reduced body length and hatching rate and elevated heart rates at 400–500 μg/L concentrations were observed in DBP-exposed zebrafish. The same trend was observed in PVA except that decreased heart rate was observed with increasing concentrations. We conclude that DBP and PVA are lethal and teratogenic, even at low concentrations, thus posing questions and concerns about the safety and health, environmental, and ecological risks associated with the use of these chemicals.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80078785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide Analysis of Drought-related Genes of “Alphonso” and “Tommy Atkins” Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars","authors":"Karl Vincent Jose, Bryan Bentor, Cris Q. Cortaga, D. Lantican, E. Ocampo","doi":"10.56899/152.04.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.03","url":null,"abstract":"Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most popular fruit crops grown and traded globally. Mango can withstand seasonal drought periods, especially during flowering. However, prolonged drought stress can cause the weakening of the plant and may encourage injuries and diseases caused by abiotic and biotic factors. With the availability of the mango genome, genomic studies related to drought adaptation of mango can now be extensively explored. In this study, genome- wide drought-related genes (DRGs) of mango were analyzed using the whole genome sequences (WGS) of “Alphonso” and “Tommy Atkins” cultivars (PRJNA487154 and PRJNA450143, respectively). A total of 261 and 257 DRGs were identified in the genome of “Alphonso” and “Tommy Atkins,” respectively, using BLASTP. Approximately 50% of these genes are involved in both molecular and physiological adaptations of mango to drought. Among the drought stress genes, the ABC transporter gene ABCG40 had the highest number of homologs in mango, followed by calcium-dependent protein kinase genes ZmCPK4, CPK21, and CDPK7, as well as the plasma membrane proton ATPase OST2. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the DRGs revealed that protein binding, ATP binding, and mRNA binding are the most common molecular functions, whereas the predominant biological process of these DRGs is related to their response to water deprivation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the drought-related proteins in “Alphonso” and “Tommy Atkins” are broadly clustered into seven and six major clades, respectively. This study, to date, offers the most comprehensive information on the genome-wide DRGs of the mango, which can strengthen marker-assisted breeding programs for drought tolerance in mango and other related fruit trees, as well as the future incorporation of favorable alleles toward improving the overall agronomic characteristics of this Philippine important fruit crop.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78948212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Analysis of Poverty Incidence and Road Networks in Eastern Visayas Region, Philippines","authors":"Hernan Pantolla, Nelda Atibagos-Nacion","doi":"10.56899/152.04.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.01","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty is a prevailing challenge in the Philippines. Through the small area estimation (SAE) of the Philippine Statistics Authority, the poor cities and municipalities with poor households were identified. Some locations are also vulnerable to natural calamities and have limited resources. The 2018 SAE shows that the region of Eastern Visayas is one of the poorest in the country. Moreover, the region is vulnerable to natural hazards, particularly typhoons. The regional road network is also less connected for the poorer municipalities. Hence, slow economic growth is a concerted outcome. To provide an evidence-based framework on potentially optimized resource allocation of, say, government institutions and humanitarian organizations in countering these poverty concerns exacerbated by natural calamities, this paper used the geographical information system (GIS) for easier visualization and interpretability. Spatial analyses were also applied to [1] determine if clusters of poverty exist in the region across different periods and [2] if hot spots of poverty incidence exist in the latest SAE. The findings reveal that poverty incidence for all four previous periods of SAE has significant non-random clusters. In addition, poverty hot spots, at varying confidence levels, were statistically identified. These hot spots are also vulnerable to frequent typhoons and have limited access to national roads. Additionally, the bootstrap regression shows that economic growth could be boosted by expanding road networks as an indicator of decreased poverty incidence. This study, thus, further emphasizes the importance of data-driven decision-making, particularly in efforts to counter poverty, including some of its aggravating external factors such as natural calamities. The application of empirical methods in formulating and improving policies, especially those related to infrastructure investments and expansions, is also recommended, given the limited resources. It also highlights how road networks in the region could be instrumental in promoting economic progress, particularly in less accessible areas.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88678561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color Test Kit for Detecting Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides by Using Esterase Extract from Honey Bees","authors":"Udomsap Jaitham, Sumed Yadoung, Anurak Wongta, B. Chuttong, K. Danmek, Surat Hongsibsong","doi":"10.56899/152.03.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.39","url":null,"abstract":"Organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CMs) are two classes of pesticides that are widely used in agriculture, public health, and home pest control. Both OPs and CMs work by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Analytical methods used for the detection of OPs and CMs can be costly, as they often require specialized equipment and experienced analysts. Therefore, it is necessary to develop low-cost, quick, and simple analytical techniques for OPs and CMs detection. This study developed a method for detecting OPs and CMs using esterase enzymes from honey bee heads and a colorimetric technique. The limits of detection (LODs) for OPs include dicrovos, mevinphos, azinophos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos with values of 0.005, 0.001, 0.02, and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively, and the LODs for CMs are carbaryl, ethiofencarb, oxamyl, and fenobucarb with values of 0.0008, 0.03, 0.01, and 0.09 mg/kg, respectively. Comparisons between the developed method and the GC-FPD showed no difference in detecting OPs and CMs residues in fruits and vegetables. This developed method can detect OPs and CMs residues in fruits and vegetables, which will help reduce costs and facilitate easy verification.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80932891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-surgical Syngeneic Model of Endometriosis in Ovary-intact Outbred Mice","authors":"Irene G. Tan, Kimberly Benjamin, Prince Dominik Alljen Tan, Emmanuel Marc Reyes, J. Masangkay, Michael Velarde","doi":"10.56899/152.03.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.24","url":null,"abstract":"Intraperitoneal injection of endometrial tissues into inbred mice such as C57BL/6J is widely used as a model to study endometriosis, a disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation of endometrial cells which invade various tissues within the peritoneal cavity. However, most of these inbred mouse strains have a weak immune system and are often ovariectomized, which is not reflective of the human population in general. Hence, this study used the ovary intact ICR mouse strain as a model to study the immune response during endometriosis development using a non-surgical syngeneic model with no estrogen supplementation. We showed that ICR mice developed ectopic endometrial tissues after 8 wk, but these were mostly necrotic. Reducing the induction period to 4 wk increased the number of ectopic tissues, and endometriotic lesions were also formed in 30% of the induced recipient mice, albeit with a relatively low incidence rate. Endometriotic lesions in ICR mice were also associated with fewer lesion-resident macrophages and lesser vascularization than in C57BL/6J mice. This is further supported by a significantly downregulated expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and M2 macrophage activity in ICR versus C57BL/6J donor endometrium. Conversely, inflammatory response genes were significantly upregulated in the endometrium of ICR versus C57BL/6J mice. Overall, these data implicate the role of inflammation in inhibiting the establishment of endometrial lesions in ICR mice and the involvement of macrophage in promoting endometriosis in C57BL/6J mice. The present work reports the establishment of endometriotic lesions in outbred ICR mice by a less invasive syngeneic intraperitoneal injection procedure.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91280916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) in the Philippines","authors":"N. Mendez, K. S. A. Dargantes, Adriane B. Tobias","doi":"10.56899/152.03.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.40","url":null,"abstract":"During expeditions in the province of Bukidnon, southern Philippines, populations of Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe – a major plant invader in New Zealand, Hawaii, and La Réunion – were documented. This paper formally reports the presence of H. flavescens, an escaped species with invasive potential in the country. The species was recorded in the municipalities of Impasug-ong and Maramag in Bukidnon in 2018 and 2020, respectively. H. flavescens is the third species of Hedychium in the Philippines, adding to the two previously known species – namely, H. coronarium Koenig and H. philippinense K.Schum. Information on its distribution, habitat and ecology, phenology, colored photographs, and key to different species of Hedychium in the Philippines are provided in this paper.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78955215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on the Use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils in the Philippines","authors":"Dominique Ysabel Trocio, Diana P. Paguntalan","doi":"10.56899/152.03.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.31","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal (HM) contamination is a global issue characterized by high concentrations of HMs beyond safe and tolerable standards. Plants may receive the brunt of their toxicity due to physiological uptake mechanisms and extreme consequences, leading to plant growth and yield impairment, plant parts system translocation, and eventually plant death. The introduction of these HMs into the food web may occur if not treated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) treatment can potentially pose as a biological method to reduce HMs in local terrestrial soils. They are popularly known to enhance plant growth and yield and fortify plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. AMF has also been extensively probed to protect plants against the effects of HM toxicity. Through the systematic collection and summarization of multiple reliable scientific articles, this review reports that AMF are capable of alleviating HMs from the soil through various plant-assisted mechanisms. In this study, information on the current status of HM contamination in the country and the role of AMF as a sustainable tool to address this problem is explored. While increasing metal uptake, they are also able to improve plant metal stress tolerance by acting as a buffer, increasing the “dilution effect,” chelating HMs, and sequestering HM ions in their hyphal cells. In the Philippines, there is little knowledge of the status of HM contamination in the soil, but the majority of the studies reported HM contamination in multiple sites. Therefore, there is a need for the implementation of biological solutions such as the use of AMF, as well as further investigation of the outcomes of this innovation in different laboratory and field conditions.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84251044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on the Real-time Implementation of IoT-enabled UAV in Precision Agriculture and the Overview of Collision Avoidance Strategies","authors":"Tamilselvan Ganesan, Niresh Jayarajan, P. Sureshkumar","doi":"10.56899/152.03.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.29","url":null,"abstract":"Drone-based monitoring is very convenient and effective in the modern era for monitoring large and dense areas where humans cannot monitor efficiently. Precision agriculture (PA) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring techniques make farmers more protective and knowledgeable about their fields. Modern PA drone employs a 5G-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) that captures field data and transmits it to the cloud with extremely low latency to make quick decisions. From anywhere, farmers can keep an eye on their farms. Also, they have a choice of manual or automated methods for executing the proper data-driven actions. Smart farming is substantially more efficient than traditional farming. This article gives an in-depth analysis of UAVs’ real-time deployment of hardware, software, sensors, and IoT in agriculture for crop monitoring, weed identification, and collision avoidance. This research also covers the wide variety of collision avoidance algorithms utilized in both outdoor and interior conditions.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72710650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two New Species of Darkling Beetles of the Genus Gauromaia Pascoe, 1866 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Cnodalonini) from Central and Southern Mindanao with Updated Species Geographic Distribution and a Key to Species of the Philippine Fauna","authors":"M. Medina, Rizalyn Cudera, Jhonnel Villegas, A. Cabras","doi":"10.56899/152.03.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.03.34","url":null,"abstract":"Two new species of Gauromaia from Mindanao Island Philippines are described and illustrated: G. dorsu Medina & Cabras sp. nov. and G. purpurea Medina & Cabras sp. nov. In total, seven species of the genus are distributed in the Philippine archipelago, five of which are known on Mindanao Island. An updated key to the species in the Philippines and species distribution is also included.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84088814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}