Arboriculture and Urban Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Landscape Below Ground IV: Introduction to a Special Issue","authors":"G. Watson","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.019","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue is dedicated to research presented at the 2018 Landscape Below Ground IV conference. We describe highlights from the ten original research articles included in this issue. With these articles, we aim to support the advancement of tree care practices and inform managers and policymakers to choose, site, plant, and care for healthier, longer-lived trees by focusing on their critical and vulnerable root systems and the soil that surrounds them.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45814589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boulevard Tree Failures During Wind Loading Events","authors":"G. Johnson, C. Giblin, Ryan Murphy, Eric North, A. Rendahl","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.022","url":null,"abstract":"Wind loading events vary in their intensity and degree of damage inflicted on urban infrastructure, both green and gray. Damage to urban trees can begin with wind speeds as low as 25 miles per hour, especially when those trees harbor defects that predispose them to structural failures. The tree damage triangle integrates the three main factors that influence tree failures during wind loading events, namely the site characteristics, the (wind) loading event and any defects of the trees in question. The degree of damage that trees experience is generally a function of these factors overlapping each other. For instance, when the potential damage from wind loading events is exacerbated by poor tree architecture and compromised site conditions, the likelihood of significant damage is realized. Two studies on the damage to urban trees and the predictability of damage are reviewed; one study is a longterm gathering of wind loading events and accompanying damage to trees while the other is a case study of one storm in one city on one day. Both studies revealed critical pre-existing conditions that left trees vulnerable to whole tree losses: large trees in limited boulevard widths and severed roots as a result of sidewalk repair.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45019028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species Variation in Root Tolerance of Soil Compaction and Poor Drainage","authors":"A. Hewitt, F. Balestri, Marvin Lo, G. Watson","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.021","url":null,"abstract":"Loam-over-compacted-clay and loam soil profiles were created in 10 cm × 10 cm × 25 cm containers. Containers were placed in trays of water to simulate poor subsoil drainage in the landscape. Four urban tolerant species, Acer negundo, Catalpa speciosa, Gleditsia triacanthos, Ulmus americana, and two less tolerant species, Quercus rubra and Acer saccharum, were direct seeded in the containers. Soil volumetric water content and oxygen diffusion rate were monitored. At the conclusion of the study, length of fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) was measured throughout the soil profile. Oxygen decreased and moisture increased with soil depth. Fine root density of all species decreased with depth except Ulmus Americana. Catalpa speciose was the only species showing a difference in root growth between soil types throughout the profile and had up to seven times the root density of other species at the surface and up to four times at the bottom. Root growth of most species seemed to be reduced more by high soil moisture and reduced aeration than soil texture and compaction.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49638040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability Recovery in London Plane Trees Eight Years After Primary Anchorage Failure","authors":"Andrea Detter, Philip van Wassenaer, S. Rust","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.024","url":null,"abstract":"As the intensity and frequency of strong storms increase, the potential for damage to urban trees also increases. So far, the risk of ultimate failure for partially uprooted trees and how they may recover their stability is not well understood. This study sets out to explore if and to what extent trees can regain anchoring strength after their root systems have been overloaded. In 2010, ten London Plane (Platanus × acerifolia) trees were subjected to destructive winching tests. Two trees were pulled to the ground while eight were loaded until primary anchorage failure occurred and were left standing with inclined stems. In 2013, two trees had failed and six were re-tested nondestructively. By 2018, another tree had failed, and we tested the remaining five again. Rotational stiffness was derived for all trials and served as a nondestructive proxy for anchoring strength (R² = 0.91). After eight years, one tree had regained its original strength, while four had reached between 71 and 82% of their initial rotational stiffness. However, three trees failed during the observation period. The results indicate that partially uprooted trees may re-establish stability over time, but some will not and may fail. In our small data set, it was not possible to identify visual criteria that could provide a reliable indication of tree stability recovery, but our data support the assumption that nondestructive pulling tests can be successfully employed to determine good vigorous candidates for retention after partial uprooting.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46027838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observation of Wind-Loading Influences in Nonconcentric Radial Root Growth in Two Maple Species","authors":"J. Grabosky","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.025","url":null,"abstract":"In 2010 and 2016, Acer saccharinum and Acer rubrum roots were harvested and processed into transverse serial sections to observe crosssectional radial growth patterning in response to wind. Trees on the edge of a plantation and from interior positions were selected, and windward/leeward roots were targeted for a comparative assessment. While some observations were suggestive of a response to wind exposure, they were not definitive. Particularly in the windward versus leeward comparison within either edge or interior ground in terms of root size or radial growth pattern, there were no differences observed. In general, the loss of observed upward radial growth bias very closely coincided with the ending of the Zone of Rapid Taper in the architecture of the root plate.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44322754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Tree Responses to Different Soil Treatments Under Concrete Pavement","authors":"E. Smiley, J. Urban, Kelby L. Fite","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.027","url":null,"abstract":"In urban areas there is a limited amount of soil space available for tree root growth. However, many systems have been developed that provide rooting space below pavement while supporting the weight of vehicles and pedestrians. Two main approaches have emerged: 1) supported pavement, and 2) structural growing media. This research was composed of two controlled studies that compare variations of these two approaches. The first was a 10-year study using elm trees that compared gravel-based structural soil (GBSS), expanded slate structural soil (ESSS), expanded slate (ES) alone, a concrete supported pavement and a compacted control. The second study was a four-year study using Liriodendron trees that compared GBSS, sandbased structural soil (SBSS), Silva Cells™, Stratacells™, an open control, and a compacted control. The results of these two studies showed that the trees growing in the supported pavement treatments with low-density soil media resulted in significantly greater tree growth and a healthier appearance. The treatments with the highly compacted soil media had less root development and less top growth. However, soil media that were highly compacted experienced less subsidence.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root Growth of Accolade™ Elm in Structural Soil Under Porous and Nonporous Asphalt After Twelve Years","authors":"N. Bassuk, G. Raffel, Miles Schwartz Sax","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.026","url":null,"abstract":"Accolade™ Elm trees were planted in CU Structural Soil® overlaid with porous or nonporous asphalt in 2005. At three separate points (2012, 2015, and 2016) over the last twelve years, root densities were measured with Ground Penetrating Radar to a depth of 30 inches (76.2 cm) beneath the asphalt. Roots under the porous asphalt were more numerous and tended to grow deeper in the structural soil profile. Shoot growth was reduced in trees that grew under the nonporous asphalt beginning in the eighth year after planting. CU Structural Soil® is a viable medium for tree growth and stormwater capture when paved with porous asphalt.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42331463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Compaction Affects the Growth and Establishment of Street Trees in Urban Australia","authors":"Gregory Moore, A. Fitzgerald, P. May","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.020","url":null,"abstract":"Growing conditions for street tree roots are generally harsh with restricted space and soils compacted from streetscape infrastructure. Allocasuarina littoralis, Corymbia maculata, Cupressus sempervirens var. stricta, Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Lophostemon confertus, Olea europaea, Quercus palustris, and Waterhousea floribunda were grown in compacted and uncompacted soils for 20 months in experimental blocks. The bulk density and penetrative resistance of the soils and height, canopy spread, trunk diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured regularly. Root and shoot biomass were determined after harvesting. Since the bulk density of compacted compared to uncompacted soil was root growth limiting, it was hypothesised that species would have reduced growth in compacted soils. However, C. maculata and E. polyanthemos grew better, C. sempervirens, Q. palustris, and W. floribunda grew well, and A. littoralis, L. confertus, and O. europaea were the worst performing in compacted soil. E. polyanthemos, L. confertus, and Q. palustris had higher canopy:root ratios in compacted soil. Q. palustris had greater mass below ground than above, which has implications for its use in confined sites. In a field study, C. maculata, E. polyanthemos, L. confertus, O. europaea, and Q. palustris growing as street trees were surveyed to determine their rates of establishment and growth under urban conditions. In addition to the soil and tree parameters mentioned above, a Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) was undertaken. E. polyanthemos had the largest trunk diameter, height and canopy spread, indicating its potential for rapid establishment in streets. It was the only species with a larger mean leaf area in compacted soil. E. polyanthemos and O. europaea were the only species classed as healthy from chlorophyll fluorescence but there was no significant difference in fluorescence between compacted and uncompacted soils. VTA showed that C. maculata and O. europaea performed best and that E. polyanthemos, L. confertus, and Q. palustris had reduced but acceptable growth in compacted soil. Soils ranged from non-saline to moderately saline and were slightly to strongly acidic. All soils were compacted to some degree and penetrative resistance was at root limiting levels. The results suggest that careful species selection and soil amelioration for species prone to the effects of compaction would facilitate street tree establishment.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47827469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root Penetration of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Stormwater and Sewer Pipes","authors":"Gregory Moore, Susan Bendel, P. May","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.028","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments investigated factors influencing root penetration of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Allocasuarina littoralis, Lophostemon confertus, Callistemon salignus, Acer palmatum, and Pyrus calleryana seedlings were grown in containers containing 150-mm lengths of sealed 75-mm PVC stormwater pipe with cracks 0.04 mm, 0.66 mm, or 1.48 mm wide on their upper surface. The buried pipes contained water, water and stormwater, soil, or soil and stormwater. There were six replicates and 432 plants. There was no significant difference in the mass of roots entering the pipes for the two larger crack widths with 70% of pipes penetrated and strong growth inside the pipes. While the roots of all species penetrated cracks greater than 0.66 mm, only roots of C. salignus, E. leucoxylon, and L. confertus penetrated 0.04 mm cracks. Roots penetrated 50 to 60% of pipes containing soil, or soil and stormwater, and 40% of pipes containing water, or water and stormwater were penetrated. The plants with roots penetrating pipes containing water and stormwater grew tallest. No roots penetrated the welded caps of the stormwater pipes. A second experiment using E. leucoxylon, Melaleuca ericifolia, Ficus macrophylla, A. littoralis, and Salix fragilis investigated root penetration of different sized holes in polycarbonate plates. The plates, installed in containers with growing medium above and below, had either 2 × 4 mm holes, 8 × 2 mm holes, 127 × 0.5 mm holes, or a mixture of holes (1 × 4 mm, 2 × 2 mm and 32 × 0.5 mm holes), total pore area in all being 25.14 mm2. Below the plates, the growing medium was capillary irrigated with stormwater or water. All species grew through 0.5-mm holes and had strong root growth below the plates. When irrigated with stormwater, all species were taller and had greater biomass, and most species had a greater root mass below the plates. In general and regardless of hole size, the more holes in the plates, the more roots penetrated them. Properly installed PVC pipes are impenetrable, but the width and number of openings in a pipe influence the capacity for penetration and subsequent root growth so protocols minimizing damage to pipes should be enforced. Since species have different capacities for penetrating stormwater pipes, appropriate species selection for urban environments where damaged pipes may occur could reduce incidences of pipe damage.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42921597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey of Key Arthropod Pests on Common Southeastern Street Trees","authors":"Steven Frank","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2019.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.014","url":null,"abstract":"Cities contain dozens of street tree species each with multiple arthropod pests. Developing and implementing integrated pest management (IPM) tactics, such as scouting protocols and thresholds, for all of them is untenable. A survey of university research and extension personnel and tree care professionals was conducted as a first step in identifying key pests of common street tree genera in the Southern United States. The survey allowed respondents to rate seven pest groups from 0 (not pests) to 3 (very important or damaging) for each of ten tree genera. The categories were sucking insects on bark, sucking insects on leaves, defoliators and leafminers, leaf and stem gall forming arthropods, trunk and twig borers and bark beetles, and mites. Respondents could also identify important pest species within categories. Some tree genera, like Quercus and Acer, have many important pests in multiple categories. Other genera like Liriodendron, Platanus, and Lagerstroemia have only one or two key pests. Bark sucking insects were the highest ranked pests of Acer spp. Defoliators, primarily caterpillars, were ranked highest on Quercus spp. followed closely by leaf and stem gallers, leaf suckers, and bark suckers. All pest groups were rated below ‘1’ on Zelkova spp. Identifying key pests on key tree genera could help researchers prioritize IPM development and help tree care professionals prioritize their training and IPM implementation. Recommendations for future surveys include having more respondents and tree taxa represented and identifying trees to species within large genera, such as Acer and Quercus.","PeriodicalId":39043,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture and Urban Forestry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42889033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}