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Water deprivation as military strategy in the Middle East, 3.700 years ago 3700年前，在中东地区，缺水是军事战略
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2017-02-08 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.8000
K. Lerberghe, D. Kaniewski, K. Abraham, J. Guiot, E. Campo
{"title":"Water deprivation as military strategy in the Middle East, 3.700 years ago","authors":"K. Lerberghe, D. Kaniewski, K. Abraham, J. Guiot, E. Campo","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.8000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.8000","url":null,"abstract":"Oil, which sparked the first Gulf War, is not the only liquid resource that may trigger global crises from within a Middle Eastern theater. Water - or the lack of it - could be a cause of future conflicts because it is the most precious natural resource that can be manipulated and controlled by humans. Here, we report the written evidence for the diversion of the Tigris for repression purposes in Iraq, 3700 years ago, during a period marked by precipitation decline. Our study shows the perverted role of human control over water in the Middle East, using freshwater supplies as a weapon of war, especially at times when drought may have affected the inhabitants, leaving them weak and vulnerable. The translation of 75 cuneiform tablets from the Cornell Archive has revealed the development of military forts for the protection of the Babylonian heartland, and has highlighted one of the oldest known attempts to dry up the Mesopotamian marshes to starve the southern lowlands. Independent palaeoenvironmental data and climate modelling show that relatively drier conditions may have increased the efficiency of this military strategy.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48646165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
When the Lagoon was frozen over in Venice from A.D. 604 to 2012: evidence from written documentary sources, visual arts and instrumental readings 从公元604年到2012年，当泻湖在威尼斯被冻结时：来自书面文献来源、视觉艺术和乐器读物的证据
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2017-02-07 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.7983
Dario Camuffo, C. Bertolin, Alberto Craievich, Rossella Granziero, S. Enzi
{"title":"When the Lagoon was frozen over in Venice from A.D. 604 to 2012: evidence from written documentary sources, visual arts and instrumental readings","authors":"Dario Camuffo, C. Bertolin, Alberto Craievich, Rossella Granziero, S. Enzi","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.7983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.7983","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reconstructs when the Lagoon of Venice, Italy, was frozen over in the last 1400 years. The paper combines various proxies and instrumental readings, i.e.: written documentary sources since the origin of Venice; evidence from visual arts referring to 1709, 1789 and 1791 as well as some pictures taken in 1929 and 2012; finally, instrumental observations since 1716. A critical revision has been made of all sources in order to reject duplications or exaggerations introduced by late compilations. To this aim the various dating styles, the social and historical context of the city of Venice over time and the combined historical, statistical and climatological criteria necessary to validate data have been considered. The physics of ice formation, the influence of tides, the ice bearing capacity have been useful to interpret data. The passage from proxies to index and temperature in modern units is also discussed. The written sources provide basic information before the instrumental period and made possible a classification of winter severity. The visual arts provide a general view of what happened when the Lagoon was frozen over in the 18th century; in addition, they allow an estimate of the ice slab thickness. Visual arts, however, cannot be used for dating purposes. Finally, the instrumental readings are compared with the proxies in order to improve the interpretation of the above proxies. The result is a comprehensive, critically revised list of the harsh winters in Northern Italy and the meteorological situation responsible for their occurrence.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48703882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Geoarchaeology of the Roman harbour of Ierapetra (SE Crete, Greece) 埃拉佩特拉罗马港口(希腊克里特岛东南部)的地质考古
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2017-01-31 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.7965
N. Mourtzas, Eleni Kolaiti
{"title":"Geoarchaeology of the Roman harbour of Ierapetra (SE Crete, Greece)","authors":"N. Mourtzas, Eleni Kolaiti","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.7965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.7965","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we reconstruct the palaeogeographical evolution of the ancient seafront of Roman Ierapetra, using historical evidence, maps and new bathymetric data. Modern human interventions in the coastal zone have significantly altered the primary data necessary for determining past sea levels. During Roman times, when the sea level was 1.30 m lower than it is at present, major technical interventions were needed in order to form a safe harbour on the coast of Ierapetra, which was exposed to southerly waves. It was then that an elongated eastern breakwater was constructed that bounded the basin of the outer harbour to the east. The inner and outer beachrock reefs were the southern and northern boundaries of the basin, respectively. The western breakwater was constructed by using the outer beachrock reef and a small islet aligned with it. The inner basin was formed by extending the western breakwater further to the west and joining it to the coast.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43892560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Étude de la vulnérabilité des nappes à la pollution en zones semi-arides : cas de la nappe phréatique des Béni Amir au Maroc. 半干旱地区地下水污染脆弱性研究:以摩洛哥beni Amir地下水为例。
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2016-09-08 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.7853
Najat Knouz, Abdelghani Boudhar, E. Bachaoui, Brahim Aghzaf
{"title":"Étude de la vulnérabilité des nappes à la pollution en zones semi-arides : cas de la nappe phréatique des Béni Amir au Maroc.","authors":"Najat Knouz, Abdelghani Boudhar, E. Bachaoui, Brahim Aghzaf","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.7853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.7853","url":null,"abstract":"Cette etude consiste a determiner les degres de vulnerabilite intrinseque de la nappe des Beni Amir (Maroc) a toute forme de contaminant introduit a partir de la surface du sol. Une des methodes les plus utilisees de caracterisation de la vulnerabilite des nappes a la pollution a ete appliquee, la methode DRASTIC modifiee (SINAN et al., 2000) couplee a un systeme d’information geographique. La methode est basee sur differents parametres : profondeur de la nappe, recharge de la nappe, nature du sol, topographie et impact de la zone non saturee. Elle permet d’elaborer une carte qui montre trois classes de vulnerabilite ; 54 % du territoire presente une vulnerabilite tres faible, 38 % est caracterise par une vulnerabilite faible et 8 % est moyennement vulnerable. Cette approche permet de contribuer a une gestion plus durable des ressources naturelles, en gerant les risques lies a la ressource en eau, en surveillant sa qualite et en actualisant les donnees sur la ressource.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70390402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Le retrait du glacier du Drac Blanc (massif des Écrins, Alpes françaises) Drac Blanc冰川的退缩(massif des ecrins，法国阿尔卑斯山)
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2016-06-20 DOI: 10.15496/PUBLIKATION-13788
H. D. Costanzo, F. Hofmann
{"title":"Le retrait du glacier du Drac Blanc (massif des Écrins, Alpes françaises)","authors":"H. D. Costanzo, F. Hofmann","doi":"10.15496/PUBLIKATION-13788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15496/PUBLIKATION-13788","url":null,"abstract":"Les fluctuations glaciaires dans le bassin versant amont du Drac Blanc (massif des Ecrins, Alpes francaises) n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’une etude detaillee. Pour combler cette lacune, nous proposons une chronologie relative des depots morainiques du glacier du Drac Blanc. Notre etude se base sur l’observation morphometrique des depots morainiques dans le vallon de Rougnoux. Nous avons realise un modele numerique de terrain en appliquant l’approche « Structure-from-motion ». Le modele numerique de terrain a permis de preciser la chronologie relative. De plus, il a rendu possible un calcul du volume potentiel du glacier a partir de l’equation etablie par BAHR et al. (1997). Grâce a l’analyse des depots d’origine glaciaire et du modele numerique de terrain, nous avons identifie quatre stades et un sous-stade morainiques dans le vallon de Rougnoux.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67151614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Le Parc national de Samaria (Montagnes Blanches, Crète) 撒玛利亚国家公园(克里特岛的白山)
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2015-12-08 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.7275
Camille Girault, Lionel Laslaz
{"title":"Le Parc national de Samaria (Montagnes Blanches, Crète)","authors":"Camille Girault, Lionel Laslaz","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.7275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.7275","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article propose une analyse de la frequentation touristique et des modalites de protection du parc national des Montagnes Blanches (ou de Samaria) en Crete (Grece). Situe au sud-ouest de l’ile, occupant 48 km², cet espace protege cree en 1962 connait une grande notoriete en raison de ses gorges difficiles d’acces et marquees par un resserrement au niveau des « Portes de fer ». Dans un contexte de difficultes socio-economiques en Grece, mais aussi de problemes chroniques de gestion de l’environnement dans ce pays, l’article pose la question de l’efficacite de la gouvernance d’un espace protege parcouru par 210 000 visiteurs en moyenne par an. Cette gestion s’appuie sur des financements et des dispositifs de protection empiles nationaux et europeens conduisant a une « surprotection » dont les effets environnementaux semblent peu probants et qui s’apparente davantage a une labellisation.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70390310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Quelle métropolisation pour Alger ? 阿尔及尔的哪个大都市?
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2015-09-17 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.7267
Tarek Medjad, M. Setti, Guy Baudelle
{"title":"Quelle métropolisation pour Alger ?","authors":"Tarek Medjad, M. Setti, Guy Baudelle","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.7267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.7267","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article propose une reflexion sur le projet de metropolisation de la ville d’Alger que les autorites nationales veulent faire acceder au rang de metropole mediterraneenne internationale. Les nombreux projets metropolitains lances ces dernieres annees questionnent cependant la reponse aux besoins les plus courants des Algerois. Le retard d’insertion d’Alger dans le reseau metropolitain mediterraneen et les efforts d’adaptation aux exigences d’un statut metropolitain seront evoques dans un premier temps. Dans un second temps, nous poserons la question de la suffisance des moyens developpes pour faire acceder l’agglomeration au rang de metropole fonctionnelle. Enfin, nous soulignerons qu’Alger entretient une relation desequilibree avec son arriere pays, ce qui pose la question du territoire de reference pour la planification de la metropolisation algeroise.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70390242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The long-term failure of rubble mound breakwaters 碎石丘防波堤的长期失效
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2014-12-11 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.7078
A. D. Graauw
{"title":"The long-term failure of rubble mound breakwaters","authors":"A. D. Graauw","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.7078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.7078","url":null,"abstract":"Les brise-lames en enrochements existent depuis sans doute 3000 ans et les ingenieurs maritimes modernes les construisent encore pour creer des espaces a l’abri de la houle. Certains brise-lames antiques sont encore en bon etat aujourd’hui, alors que beaucoup d’autres sont maintenant erodes et submerges a la suite de plusieurs millenaires de tempetes.La presente etude vise a decouvrir une relation simple entre les parametres qui regissent la position d’equilibre de la crete des brise-lames a talus (profondeur d’eau, hauteur de structure, taille des enrochements) sous l’effet de l’attaque repetee de la houle deferlante pendant de nombreux siecles.Il est conclu qu’un brise-lame initialement emergeant mais sous-dimensionne, sera erode par la houle et finalement reduit a une digue submergee dont la hauteur au-dessus du fond marin dependra de la taille des enrochements utilises et de la profondeur d’eau.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70390165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Les paysans de la Délégation de Nasrallah (Tunisie) 纳斯鲁拉代表团的农民(突尼斯)
Mediterranee Pub Date : 2014-12-11 DOI: 10.4000/mediterranee.7067
Sbai Chokri
{"title":"Les paysans de la Délégation de Nasrallah (Tunisie)","authors":"Sbai Chokri","doi":"10.4000/mediterranee.7067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.7067","url":null,"abstract":"La delegation de Nasrallah se situe au sud de la region Kairouanaise. Elle se caracterise par des terres favorables aux activites agricoles. Aux environs de 1850, cette region a ete une destination prisee par les colons europeens attires par des conditions d’installation favorables. Apres l'independance, l'Etat tunisien a recupere les terres des colons, ce qui aboutit enfin a la coexistence de deux structures foncieres : d'une part, de grandes parcelles domaniales fertiles, de l'autre, des petites proprietes privees sur les mauvais sols. Cet article essaye de montrer l'impact de l'inertie du paysage agraire, presque fige depuis le XIXe siecle, sur la population locale. A travers l’espace rural de Nasrallah, nous tentons ainsi de determiner l’emergence d’une ideologie territoriale locale bâtie au fil du temps, elaboree, tranchee et adoptee par les paysans pauvres.","PeriodicalId":38417,"journal":{"name":"Mediterranee","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70390096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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