Journal of Palaeosciences最新文献

{"title":"Progress and challenges in understanding Asian palaeogeography and monsoon evolution from the perspective of the plant fossil record","authors":"Robert A. Spicer, A. Farnsworth","doi":"10.54991/jop.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"Land surface elevation, climate and vegetation are intrinsically linked at a range of spatial and temporal scales. In the case of Asia, complex relief hosts some of the richest biodiversity on our planet and is dominated by a system of monsoons, the features of which are determined in large part by topography and land surface characteristics, including vegetation. Such regions have not only acted as an incubator for evolving species but also as refugia during periods of environmental crisis. The exceptional topography of Asia includes the largest and highest elevated region on Earth, the Tibetan Plateau, along with the Himalaya and the Hengduan mountains, collectively referred to here as the THH region. In recent years there has been a revolution in thinking as to how the THH was formed, how the several monsoons systems that affect it have changed, and how it has influenced regional, even global, biodiversity evolution. Accurately dated plant fossils have played key roles in these advances. Here we review the complex evolution of the THH landscape, the modernization of the biota in the Paleogene, and the transition to the modern landscape and monsoon systems in the Neogene. We show how these changes in understanding have been brought about by recent fossil discoveries and new radiometric dating of previously known assemblages, methodological advances arising from integrating improved proxy data, and numerical palaeoclimate modelling. Significant knowledge gaps remain, however, which demand further advances in proxy and numerical methodologies, as well as new fossil discoveries in key locations for specific time intervals.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131811775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palaeovegetation and climatic variations in the Parvati Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India since last deglaciation","authors":"Anjali Trivedi, M. S. Chauhan, Anupam Sharma","doi":"10.54991/jop.2020.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2020.31","url":null,"abstract":"Pollen proxy records from 1.2 m deep sediment profile from Tundabhuj, Parvati Valley (H.P.) reveals that between 15,260 and 13,280 yr BP, the sub–alpine belt supported alpine–scrub vegetation dominated by Betula and thermophillous broad–leaved allies viz. Quercus, Corylus and Carpinus, interspersed with meadows comprising grasses, Asteraceae, Impatiens, etc. under a warm and moderately moist climate. The dry scrubby element, Juniperus occurred in restricted pockets on the sunny mountain slopes. The frequent record of conifers such as Pinus cf. wallichiana, Cedrus, Abies and Picea implies the proximity of the temperate belt to the study site. Around 13,280 to 7,340 yr BP, the considerable expansion of Betula and broad–leaved allies and a simultaneous reduction in Juniperus elucidate the replacement of alpine scrub forests by temperate Betula–broad–leaved forest in response to onset of a relatively warm and more–moist climate. This change occurred by the upward shift of the timber line as reflected by the improvement in the conifers. The climate deteriorated and turned cold and dry around 7,340 to 5,030 yr BP as manifested by the abrupt reduction in the alpine–scrub vegetation and meadow constituents. Subsequently, between 5,030 and 2,000 yr BP this region witnessed a warm and moist climate again as evidenced from moderate expansion in the alpine–scrubs and conifers. Since 2,000 yr BP onwards deterioration in climate is demonstrated by the depletion in Betula and broad–leaved associates and substantial increase in Juniperus and Ephedra.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130393270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary Floras ‒ revealing large-scale patterns in Palaeozoic vegetation history","authors":"Christopher J. Cleal, Borja Cascales–Miñana","doi":"10.54991/jop.2021.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.9","url":null,"abstract":"The overarching trajectory of Palaeozoic vegetation history can be interpreted as the sequential replacement of the Eotracheophytic, Eophytic, Palaeophytic and Mesophytic evolutionary floras. Each evolutionary flora was characterised by a group of co-existing supra-generic plant taxa (families and orders) that formed relatively coherent communities in time and space. In most cases, the transition between floras was relatively brief and usually reflected the appearance of evolutionary adaptations (e.g., seeds, robust steles) that favoured the plants of the new flora. The main exception was the diachronous appearance of the Mesophytic Flora during the late Carboniferous and Permian, apparently the result of the invasion by upland or extra-basinal vegetation pre-adapted to the drier substrates that were developing then in the lowlands. The mass extinctions that had such a major effect on Sepkoski’s evolutionary faunas had little effect on the dynamics of the evolutionary floras.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115227720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dinosaur fossil records from India and their palaeobiogeographic implications: an overview","authors":"A. Khosla, S. Bajpai","doi":"10.54991/jop.2021.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.15","url":null,"abstract":"The complex palaeogeographic history of India involving a gradual transition from Gondwana to Laurasia with an intervening phase of prolonged physical isolation, and the biotic signatures of this complex history as preserved in India’s Mesozoic fossil record are of much current interest and continue to be debated. Seen in this context, the fossil record of dinosaurs from India provides a unique opportunity to study their diversity and palaeobiogeographic distribution in time and space. The Indian fossil record, as currently documented, is patchy and restricted mainly to three intervals of the Mesozoic era: Late Triassic, Early/Middle Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. The Late Triassic–Jurassic record, representing a Pangean setting, is known primarily from the Gondwana formations of Pranhita–Godavari (P–G) Valley in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, although sporadic Jurassic occurrences are also known from Kutch (Gujarat) and Rajasthan. The earliest Late Triassic dinosaur fauna of India comes from the rhynchosaur–dominated Lower Maleri Formation of Carnian age. Known from fragmentary and isolated specimens, the Late Triassic dinosaur fauna is currently represented by the sole species Alwalkeria maleriensis, which is possibly a basal saurischian with uncertain relationships. A slightly younger dinosaur fauna from the archosaur–dominated Upper Maleri Formation of late Norian–earliest Rhaetian age consists of a more diverse assemblage including the two named basal sauropodomorphs (Nambalia roychowdhurii and Jaklapallisaurus asymmetrica). In contrast to the Late Triassic, the Early Jurassic record of Indian dinosaurs described from the Upper Dharmaram and Lower Kota formations of P–G Valley, is far more abundant, diverse and based on more nearly complete material that is currently referred to four named taxa of stem sauropodomorphs or basal sauropods (Lamplughsaura dharmaramensis, Pradhania gracilis, Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis, Barapasaurus tagorei) plus an ornithischian (Ankylosauria). Kotasaurus, one of the earliest known sauropods, is more primitive than Barapasaurus and shared numerous plesiomorphic characteristics with prosauropods. \u0000Together, the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sauropods dinosaurs of India document the early radiation of this group. Amongst the other important records of Jurassic dinosaurs in India is the oldest known camarasauromorph sauropod whose identification is based on a metacarpal, a first pedal paw and a fibula from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) strata of Khadir Island, Kutch. Fragmentary postcranial skeletal material of an unidentified Middle Jurassic dinosaurs is also known from Kuar Bet (Patcham Island) in the Rann of Kutch and the Jumara area of Kutch Mainland.Post–Gondwana, the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of India occur in a different geodynamic setting in which the Indian Plate, as traditionally considered, was a northward drifting island continent in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Apart from the solitar","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132785609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects of Astrogeology and Astrobiology researches in India: Ladakh as an example","authors":"B. Phartiyal, Jonathan D.A. Clarke, Siddharth Pandey","doi":"10.54991/jop.2021.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.24","url":null,"abstract":"Ladakh sector of the Trans–Himalayan region in India shows a strong fidelity as an analogue of Mars. It is dry, cold arid desert, has abundant rocky ground with dust devils, loose rock blanketing the mountain slopes, segregated ground ice/permafrost, rock glaciers, sand dunes, drainage networks, catastrophic flooding sequences, making it geomorphologically similar as an early Mars analogue. Even for the geochemical fidelity in Ladakh volcanic rocks (basalt); serpentinites, saline lakes, active and fossil hydrothermal systems exist which can give a clue to the processes and chemistry of the Martian grounds. As far as exobiological fidelity is concerned we have permafrost (evidence of water in the past), increased UV and cosmic radiation flux, reduced atmospheric pressure, hot springs (some rich in boron). Hence, Ladakh environment, characters by freezing temperatures, limited precipitation, open water in rivers and lakes, comparatively low atmospheric pressure, thermal springs, and relatively high ultraviolet flux, is an analogue for the Noachian epoch on Mars. Ladakh is surely a treat for geographers, geologists and in recent years also for the astrogeologist’s and astrobiologist’s as well, with its lunar/martian landscapes; exposures of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rock types; glacial, fluvial lacustrine sediments and active climatic and tectonic processes. This article demonstrated the many opportunities for Mars analogue research, mentioning the sedimentary deposits of Ladakh with examples from the variety of sediment exposures along the Indus River and explores possibilities for the future astro work sites–be it the landforms carved from the glacial, fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian deposits to study the sedimentary processes, the hyper saline lakes, the permafrost and the hot springs to study the extremophiles or the million year emplacements of the rocks to study the geochemical constituents.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121135312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correspondence between South African geologist Alex L. du Toit and Birbal Sahni concerning Gondwana Palaeobotany (1925–1944)","authors":"S. Master","doi":"10.54991/jop.2020.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2020.34","url":null,"abstract":"Birbal Sahni (1891-1949) was well known as the first Indian palaeobotanist, and he established the Institute that was named after him, now the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences. Alexander L. du Toit (1878-1948) was the most famous South African geologist, known internationally for advocating the idea of Continental Drift, and for his work on Gondwana geology and palaeobotany. Du Toit was introduced to Sahni by Albert Seward, who was Sahni’s mentor at Cambridge University. They started a correspondence in 1925, involving the exchange of papers, books, and samples, which lasted at least until 1944. Du Toit and Sahni met in 1938 at the Indian Science Congress in Calcutta. Their preserved letters deal with the palaeobotany, correlations, and age of the Rajmahal beds, and later with the palynological investigations of Karoo Dwyka samples sent by du Toit to Sahni, which were worked on by D. D. Pant, who had been a student of Sahni. This correspondence reveals in detail just how these geoscientists involved with problems of Gondwana palaeogeography tackled these questions in spite of the long distances, and slow communications of the time. Information, especially that published in local journals, was disseminated by means of sending reprints, proof copies, and sometimes by handwritten lists of fossils. Although, initially, Sahni had obtained South African and Australian fossil material through the British Museum in London, he later obtained South African samples specially collected for him by du Toit. Samples were also exchanged between South Africa, England, India and Australia.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"442 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115920681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response between tree-rings of Pinus kesiya and daily climate data – A study from Manipur, Northeast India","authors":"Lamginsang Thomte, Santosh K. Shah, Nivedita Mehrotra, A. K. Bhagabati, A. Saikia","doi":"10.54991/jop.2020.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2020.28","url":null,"abstract":"A 39 years (1980–2018 C.E.) long tree–ring width chronology of Khasi Pine (Pinus kesiya) was developed using 36 tree cores collected from Manipur, Northeast India. The significant dendrochronological potential of this tree was achieved from this region, based on tree–ring chronology statistics. A linear response between ring–width chronology of P. kesiya and daily gridded climate (mean temperature and rainfall) records has been established. A significant negative association has been observed between daily mean temperature and tree growth during March 24 to May 27, whereas, rainfall showed positive response from February 24 to March 25. This study is a maiden attempt from India to analyze the response of tree ring growth to the daily climatic records. Further studies with a larger number of samples of P. kesiya are recommended from this region to strengthen the chronology statistics and to extend the chronology time span.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125863111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palaeoflood hydrology of the fluvial continental records of western India: A synthesis","authors":"L. S. Chamyal, Alpa Sridhar","doi":"10.54991/jop.2021.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.23","url":null,"abstract":"Palaeoflood hydrology has emerged as an important tool to infer quantitative and qualitative aspects of ungauged floods based on their physical evidence. Palaeoflood studies in India have largely been undertaken in the rivers of Peninsular India, western India, Ganga plains and the Himalayas to determine the magnitude and age of extreme floods and their connection to variations in the monsoon intensity. Usually, the alluvial domains are unfavourable for the occurrence and preservation of flood deposits and related discharge estimation. However, the alluvial rivers of western India owing to their semi–confined banks comprising late Pleistocene sediments provide an opportunity for investigating both, the high magnitude flood events as well as average flow conditions. In this synthesis we concisely review the recent palaeohydrological studies in western India in terms of flood magnitude, occurrence of extreme events and its relation to the southwest monsoon variability over various time scales. Based on palaeo–fluvial reconstructions, the sedimentation pattern during late Pleistocene appears to be related to changes in channel gradient and the water surface width rather than to discharge variability. On the other hand, the aggradation in channels during early Holocene was largely controlled by the huge sediment influx and the incision that followed was in response to the increase in the discharge and competence of the river flow. The slackwater records from the bedrock channels have revealed that the large magnitude flood events occurred during wet climate phases during the last two millennia. A clustering of high magnitude events at climatic transitions and arid periods during mid–late Holocene has been surmised. Further the flood associated deposits delimited within Quaternary fluvial landforms and channel morphology are vital as these allow quantification of past flood discharges, velocities and stage levels and thus improve the future flood predictions.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128347990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centennial to millennial-scale changes in thermocline ventilation in the Arabian Sea: insights from the pteropod preservation record","authors":"Arun Deo Singh","doi":"10.54991/jop.2021.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.18","url":null,"abstract":"The Arabian Sea hosts one of the three thickest oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the world ocean. Mid–depth oxygen depletion profoundly influences the chemistry of thermocline waters (HCO3 ˉ, CO3 2 ˉ and pH), which in turn significantly influences the preservation state of carbonates. The carbonate preservation is primarily controlled by the degree of saturation level of seawater with respect to the calcite and aragonite. The seawater in OMZ is undersaturated with respect to the aragonite (a metastable polymorph of CaCO3). Pteropod test being aragonitic in composition is therefore highly susceptible to the dissolution and dissolves completely below the aragonite compensation depth (ACD). Because of the current condition of intense OMZ due to high primary productivity, enhanced respiration of sinking organic carbon and reduced thermocline circulation; the ACD is shallow, lying in the middle of the OMZ. Hence, preservation record of pteropods in sea–floor sediment archives past changes in thermocline oxygen condition, carbonate chemistry, the ACD and OMZ intensity. High resolution records of various pteropod preservation indices (total pteropod abundance, transparent Limacina inflata abundance, fragmentation index) in a sediment core from the lower OMZ of the Indian margin (off Goa) enabled to investigate aragonite preservation/dissolution events and their links with the changes in ACD and OMZ intensity in the eastern Arabian Sea during the last 70 kyr BP. The proxy records reveal centennial to millennial scale changes in aragonite preservation condition in concert with Northern Hemisphere climatic events (Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles and Heinrich events). The pteropod preservation spikes apparently correspond to the Northern Hemisphere cold events (D–O stadials and Heinrich events). Whereas, the pteropod tests were either poorly preserved or completely dissolved during the warm phases of D–O cycles (interstadials). The aragonite preservation events are attributed to the low monsoon induced productivity combined with the increased thermocline ventilation by Subantarctic Mode and Antarctic Intermediate Waters (SAMW–AAIW) resulting a weak OMZ and deeper ACD. The novel proxies (abundances of Globorotalia menardii, a planktic foraminifera and Styliola subula, a pteropod species) are used to gain better insights in to the variability of thermocline ventilation and OMZ intensity through time.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132985072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arthropod interactions with the Permian Glossopteris flora","authors":"S. McLoughlin, R. Prevec, Ben J. Slater","doi":"10.54991/jop.2021.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.11","url":null,"abstract":"An extensive survey of literature on the Permian floras of Gondwana reveals over 500 discrete arthropod–herbivory– damage/plant–taxon/stratigraphic–unit associations spanning all regions of the supercontinent from the earliest Asselian to the latest Changhsingian. Margin– and apex–feeding damage is the most common style of herbivory but hole– and surface–feeding, galling, and oviposition damage are locally well represented. Evidence for skeletonization and mucivory is sparse and that for leaf mining is equivocal. Wood and root boring is recognized widely but only where depositional conditions were conducive to the permineralization of plant axes. Wood boring and detritivory may have been especially favoured arthropod feeding strategies in Permian high latitudes where living foliage was scarce during the polar winters. Herbivory damage is most strongly apparent on glossopterid remains; other groups of broad–leafed gymnosperms and sphenopsids host moderate levels of damage. Damage features are under–represented on lycophytes, ferns and spine– and scale–leafed conifers. A survey of insect body fossils from the Gondwanan Permian reveals that most records are from a small number of rich assemblages that are dominated by Blattodea, Hemiptera, Grylloblattida, Mecoptera and Protelytroptera, accompanied by significant representations of Coleoptera, Glosselytrodea, Miomoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Protorthoptera, Palaeodictyopteroida, Paoliida, Paraplecoptera, Plecoptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera and Trichoptera, which collectively adopted a broad range of feeding styles. Oribatid mites and collembolans appear to have been important components of the wood–boring and detritivorous communities. Although temporal trends in herbivory styles and diversity are difficult to resolve from mostly incidental observations and illustrations of plant damage across Gondwana, the results of this study provide a baseline of qualitative data for future studies that should adopt a quantitative approach to the analysis of herbivory, spanning the shift from icehouse to hothouse conditions through the Permian of the Southern Hemisphere.","PeriodicalId":383463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Palaeosciences","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123035355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}