Water and Ecology最新文献

{"title":"ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE HYDROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF FLOODED PHOSPHATE ROCK QUARRIES","authors":"D. Petrov, A. Danilov","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.63-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.63-69","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. This article presents the results of studying the current environmental state of surface water bodies located in the affected area of phosphate mining enterprises and significantly altered as a result of technogenesis. Objects of accumulated environmental damage caused by mining enterprises contain the bulk (up to 85%) of waste accumulated in dumps, heaps and storages. In the Leningrad region, these are ash and slag dumps of the Slantsy Plant — about 35%, phosphogypsum of Fosforit Production Association and Volkhov Aluminum Smelter — about 18%, quartz sand with the content of phosphorite of Fosforit Production Association — about 17%, limestone — wastes from beneficiating oil shale of Leningradslanets Production Association — 12%, ash and slag dumps of CHPPs and state district power plants — 5%. In this regard, the authors assess the hydrochemical situation that has formed in the territory of the industrial site of ООО PG Fosforit in recent years. Methods. The article describes in detail a method for conducting field and laboratory studies for the period from 2017 to 2019, including a method for sampling and analysis. The authors analyze the content of basic anions and cations in a series of metals using high performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results. In the course of the studies, the authors revealed pollutants, the content of which in surface water bodies exceeds the maximum allowable concentrations. Conclusions. As a result of the studies, the authors identified sources of accumulated environmental damage and post-technological processes affecting the state of water bodies, and determined the trophicity of minor rivers in the affected area of decommissioned mining enterprises.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF THE BLACK SEA COASTAL WATERS BY BIOINDICATION METHODS","authors":"Y. Baeva, N. Chernykh","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.22-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.22-31","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Using bioindication methods, the authors assessed the environmental state of water at the place where the Hadzhiyska River flows into the Black Sea (Slanchev Bryag / Sunny Beach resort, Bulgaria). Methods. The studies were carried out in the summer seasons of 2017–2019 during sea water “blooming”. The quality of river water was assessed by the state of the community of zoobenthic organisms using the Trent biotic index originally developed by Woodiwiss and the Mayer index, and the state of the coastal marine ecosystem was assessed by the species composition of the Black Sea macroalgae. Results. The waters at the mouth of the Hadzhiyska River can be classified as “polluted” and represent the main local source of biogenic elements entering the coastal sea waters. In the marine macrophytobenthos, representatives of green, brown and red algae were identified, including two species listed in the Red Book of the Black Sea — Cystoseira barbata and Zostera marina. The authors noted a displacement of native species — representatives of Cystoseira and Zostera genera — due to an increase in the number of associated algae from Ceramium, Cladophora and Ulva genera, which confirms organic pollution and eutrophication in coastal waters. The taxonomic structure of the macrophytes allows for the conclusion that the environmental state of the marine ecosystem in the area is satisfactory. The authors also provide a rationale for the use of benthic organisms in the express diagnostics of water environment quality in resort areas.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEW DESIGN AND PROCESS SOLUTIONS FOR WATER INTAKE STRUCTURES OF RECLAMATION SYSTEMS IN FOOTHILL AREAS","authors":"S. Kurbanov, A. Sozaev","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.24-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.24-31","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Efficient and reliable operation of water intake structures within reclamation systems in Southern Russia and the North Caucasus is a challenging issue. In this article, we address the operational reliability of reclamation water intakes in the foothill areas of small rivers. Many water intake structures built on small rivers are in poor operating condition and, therefore, need improvement and complete reconstruction. Methods. We performed analytical and field studies on the head structures of foothill reclamation systems. Based on the results, we identified the reasons for the low efficiency and reliability of old water intake structures. Since it is impossible to improve these water intake structures, new types and designs of high-performance water intakes are required. Therefore, we propose some original types of underground horizontal and underflow water intakes and determine corresponding technical parameters and performance criteria. Results. Due to low efficiency as well as high energy and material consumption of existing water intake structures, it is required to significantly reduce the cost of supplied irrigation water by introducing new types of high-performance water intake structures. Based on the studies of alluvial regimes of rivers and retention basins as well as hydraulic regimes of head water intake structures, we prepared design and process solutions that help control sediment effectively, increase the water intake coefficient, and regulate water supply to irrigation canals. The design features of new water intakes have a beneficial effect on river flows and the quality of irrigation water. Conclusion. The study results confirm the high performance and manufacturability of the proposed horizontal and underflow water intakes protected by patents for inventions. This year, our designs have been included in the state grant program for the development of standard hydraulic structures within reclamation systems.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE HYDRAULIC MODES OF OPERATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS","authors":"V. S. Ignatchik, Svetlana Yurievna Ignatchik, N. Kuznetsova, Alina Yanovna Fes’kova, W. Ltd.Aw","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.50-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.50-57","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Based on Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 782 “On water supply and wastewater disposal plans”, the volume of generated wastewater should be forecast for a period of at least 10 years. Along with this, it is also necessary to assess the hydraulic modes of operation of networks and collectors, specified earlier. However, the existing regulatory literature lacks data on the dynamics of calculated rain intensities and their prospective values. The analysis of the subject area showed that it is possible to determine the climatic parameters of an area, and thus establish the values for the characteristics of calculated rain, based on the data of long-term observations (from 20 years) with one self-recording rain gauge, or with a network of similar rain gauges, with a duration of observations of 5 years or more. A similar network of rain gauges is available in St. Petersburg. It makes it possible to assess the actual values of climatic parameters, but due to the lack of statistical data does not allow for assessing the dynamics of their changes. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to roughly estimate the dynamics of changes in climatic parameters in St. Petersburg and the degree of their impact on the hydraulic modes of operation of surface runoff drainage networks and collectors. Methods. In the course of the study, we analyzed the dynamics of changes in the total annual precipitation H and rain force in St. Petersburg and examined the influence of the dynamics of rain force changes on the operation of surface runoff drainage networks and collectors. Results. At the first stage of the study, we obtained the results of linear approximation of the H data, the calculated values of rain force changes Δ, and the results of linear approximation of the Δ data. The second stage of the study resulted in changes in the hydraulic modes of runoff input during the design period and in 50 years. Conclusion. We experimentally substantiated the possibility to determine the dynamics of rain force changes (at P = 0.33 and with acceptable accuracy) depending on the dynamics of changes in the total annual precipitation. For networks designed and laid 50 years ago, the actual rain force changes will be 9 %. As a result of climate change, water consumption in the calculation periods increased by about 26% with an increase in the total volume of discharged water by 9–10 %.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MULTI-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF ABOVE-SLUDGE WATERS IN THE ACCUMULATION CELLS OF BAYKALSK PULP AND PAPER MILL FOR TERRITORY REMEDIATION STRATEGY CHOOSING","authors":"E. Chebykin, Yu. A. Dambinov, A. Suturin","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.67-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.67-80","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Pulp and paper enterprises accumulate large volumes of industrial waste buried in special accumulation cells. In order to choose a technology for treating above-sludge waters, we need to monitor their composition, which depends on the history of cells’ filling and their subsequent use. Methods. In the course of the study, we applied inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results. We determined the content of 72 chemical elements in above-sludge water of 11 cells at Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill and 4 open water flows near industrial waste landfills, and performed a cluster analysis of the sample composition. As a result, we revealed the peculiarities of water composition, related to the history of cell filling and subsequent pilot experiments. It has been found that the cells with non-disturbed sediments have cleaner water. Out of 16 chemical elements subject to limitation (Na, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Mo, Cd, Pb), 11 elements exceed the limits established for wastewater discharged into water bodies within the ecological zones of the Baikal Natural Territory. Each cell is characterized by its own set of elements exceeding maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) and by the extent of such excess. Conclusion. Pilot experiments with cell sediments (joint grouting, drying, dewatering in press-filters) result in the disturbance of the “water/sediment” balance and increase the concentrations of most elements in above-sludge waters. The maximum amounts of elements (6–7) exceeding the MAC values are observed in water in the cells with disturbed sediments, water in the zone of ash slurry discharge, ash and sludge-lignin cells with industrial and household waste. When choosing a technology and procedures for treating above-sludge waters, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of their composition. Using the polluted water flow running into Lake Baikal during catastrophic floods in the summer of 2019 as an example, we show that it is possible to use multi-element ICP-MS analysis to search for sources of pollution from industrial facilities.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPACT OF THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL SITUATION AT CATCHMENTS ON THE MICROELEMENT COMPOSITION OF LAKE TELETSKOYE TRIBUTARIES’ WATERS","authors":"A. Puzanov, S. V. Baboshkina, S. Dvurechenskaya, T. Rozhdestvenskaya","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.70-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.70-78","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The formation of the microelement composition of surface waters in reservoirs and watercourses is determined by the biogeochemical processes in the catchment area. However, the schemes and mechanisms of interaction between watercourses and the soils drained by them have been studied insufficiently. Lake Teletskoye is the largest water reservoir of Altai, one of the deepest lakes in Russia, and its catchment area is 90 times larger than the area of the lake itself. Methods. We collected water samples in Lake Teletskoye tributaries during the summer low water period, in the estuaries of rivers. The ionic composition of waters and water extracts from soils (1:5) was determined using standard methods with a titrimetric finish. The content of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Co, V) in filtered water samples, suspended water matter and water extracts from soils was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using electrothermal atomization on a SOLAAR M6 device. Results. The article presents the results of macro - and microelement composition studies of Lake Teletskoye tributaries’ waters. It is shown that the waters of the studied tributaries are characterized by a low total content of the main salt composition components. A dependence of the content and distribution of trace elements in the “water – suspended matter” system on the catchment landscape and geochemical features was found. Conclusion. The content of the water-soluble forms of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Co, V in Lake Teletskoye tributaries’ waters conforms to environmental and sanitary requirements. It was found that Fe, Zn and Cr migrate mainly as the soluble compounds, while Pb, Mn, Cu migrate mainly in suspension. It was revealed that the different soil cover structure of the eastern and western lake shores determines different conditions for the hydrochemical flow formation of their rivers and, as a result, forms the differences in the physical and chemical composition of the eastern and western tributaries’ waters.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROBLEMS OF USING SOURCES OF DECENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY IN THE SOUTH OF THE TOMSK REGION","authors":"Yu. V. Kolubaeva, I. Ivanova","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.3-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.3-15","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Sources of non-centralized water supply are the most important resource of drinking water for the population of rural areas. As a rule, water is taken from small depths, which makes it vulnerable to pollution. This type of water use is characterized by the absence of any preliminary water treatment. The constant use of groundwater for drinking can negatively affect the health of the local population since the indicators of its chemical and microbiological composition are not controlled in any way and do not always meet the quality standards. All this determines the relevance of the research conducted in the territory of the Tomsk District (Tomsk Region). Methods. Groundwater quality was assessed by comparing the concentrations of substances in the studied water samples with the background values established for the given territory in relation to Sanitary Norms and Regulations as well as microbiological indicators. Changes in the chemical and microbiological composition of the studied water, caused by economic activity, were taken as “pollution” as compared to the natural (background) state for this territory as well as sanitary and hygienic standards. Results. According to the results of studying the chemical composition of water, high levels of the following components were observed: total hardness, Na+, K+, SO42–, Cl–, NO3–, Fe, and Mn. As for NO3–, Fe, and Mn, their concentrations exceed manifold not only the background values but also the maximum allowable concentrations for drinking water. Microbiological analysis showed a large number of microorganisms from various physiological groups, which indicates a high degree of bacterial contamination of water. We present possible reasons for the input of pollutants into the water and review briefly the adverse health effects. Conclusion. In order to prevent the possible negative impact of excessive contents of various components in the chemical composition of water on the health of the local population, preliminary water treatment using available methods is recommended.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF RIVER WATERS AND COASTAL SOILS ADJACENT TO THE TAILING STORAGE FACILITY TERRITORY","authors":"A. Sukiasyan, A. Kirakosyan","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.79-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.79-84","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The operation of the Teghut copper-molybdenum enterprise resulted in the man-made load on the environments in terms of concentrations of some heavy metals (autumn 2016), the migration of which continued even after the plant shutdown (autumn 2018). Methods. The authors studied changes in the concentrations of Mo, Zn, and Cu in samples of Shnogh River water and coastal soils near the tailing storage facility territory. Results. During enterprise operation, in water sampling points 1 and 2, a decrease in the concentrations of these heavy metals after the plant shutdown was noted. According to the analysis of coastal soil samples, in points 1 and 2, after the plant shutdown, the Zn concentration decreased by 75% and the Cu concentration decreased by 84% compared with the analysis of samples during enterprise operation. In samples of coastal soils from sampling points 3 and 4, a concentration reverse was observed. Conclusion. The calculation of the geo-accumulation coefficient for the studied heavy metals in soil sampling points 1 and 2 compared to sampling points 3 and 4 indicates a decrease in the man-made load on the environment, caused by plant operation.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"USE OF SLUDGE FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS","authors":"I. Aubakirova","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.32-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.4.32-37","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Currently, the issue related to the utilization of sludge from water treatment plants (WTP), including in the production of building materials, is quite urgent. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to obtain new compositions of raw mixtures to manufacture building products using WTP sludge as a raw component. Methods and Materials. The paper presents the characteristics of the used binders and WTP sludge, and outlines some experimental methods. Portland cement and gypsum binder were used in non-fired materials, while clay was used in fired materials as binders. Strength properties, air and fire shrinkage were determined using standard methods. Results. Based on the analysis of the results obtained during the tests, we established that it is inexpedient to use WTP sludge without special treatment in combination with Portland cement as a binder in the production of non-fired building materials. We also developed preliminary compositions of gypsum concrete with the use of WTP sludge. Conclusion. WTP sludge can be most effectively used in the production of fired ceramic materials. However, its practical use requires more detailed research aimed at optimizing compositions and designing specific processes, including, if necessary, those related to sludge treatment.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ISSUES OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE WESTERN PART OF CRIMEA","authors":"V. Kobechinskaya, O. Yarosh, A. Ivashov, V. Apostolov","doi":"10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.50-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.50-62","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Until 2014, water supply in Sevastopol city and its municipal districts was combined due to its own surface and underground waters as well as a water conduit running from the Mezhgornoye reservoir located in the Saksky district and filled with the Dnieper waters of the North Crimean Canal. After 2014, this source was shut off. Therefore, it became important to conduct a comparative analysis of the quality of drinking water supplied to the settlements of this territorial entity. Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to assess the quality of drinking water and perform its analysis in Sevastopol city and nearby settlements, taking into account the increase in water intake from rivers and underground sources in recent years. Methods. Objects of the study are surface and underground water supply points, and drinking water for consumers. We used standard methods for the analysis of drinking water with an assessment of its physical, chemical and sanitary-bacteriological indicators using analysis of variance (AoV) methods. Water quality was assessed by the specific combinatorial index of water pollution. Using GIS technologies, maps were built to visualize a number of indicators: chemical oxygen consumption and data on the water pollution complexity coefficient at the stage when consumers receive water from the central water supply system (for all municipal districts). Results. It was established that sanitary and microbiological indicators of tap water quality — by the total microbial count, total coliform bacteria and thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria — immediately before being fed to the central water supply system in the Southern and Northern districts of Sevastopol, did not exceed sanitary standards. Due to the considerable length of the distribution networks and their high deterioration, secondary pollution of drinking water is currently taking place. In a number of municipal districts, it was revealed that the key indicators being assessed exceeded the norms of the State Sanitary Rules and Regulations. For the first time, with the help of GIS technologies in the ArcGis 10.4 software shell, specific ranks of drinking water pollution levels were distinguished for individual municipal districts, which made it possible to visualize the dynamic characteristics of polluting ingredients taking into account their territorial affiliation.","PeriodicalId":38092,"journal":{"name":"Water and Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68782481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}