Annales Aequatoria最新文献

{"title":"Divergences en dialectes Tiene, (bantou B.81). Origine disparate ou perte séparée d'identité linguistique ?","authors":"M. Mangulu","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V25I1.5580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V25I1.5580","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000L'etude est une comparaison systematique de deux parlers de la region du lac Inongo (ouest de la Republique Democratique du Congo). Il s'agit du tiene classe B.81 par Guthrie (1970 : 12) et de l'ikonya parle en pays sengele C.33, consideres comme des dialectes d'une meme langue (Ellington 1977 : viii) ; mais presentant des divergences tres marquees tant du point de vue phonetique que grammatical. De l'analyse, il ressort que l'ikonya et le tiene ne peuvent etre consideres comme parlers relies que par leur appartenance a deux couches tres anciennes de la region en comparaison avec les langues voisines parlees par des groupes arrives dans la region bien apres. Le tiene est une langue de zone B, avec quelques elements de la zone H, qu'il faut rattacher au boma ; tandis l'ikonya est un parler proche du bobangi ancien, c'est-a-dire avec des elements qui rappellent les langues de l'Ubangi-Uele. Mots cles: Dialectologie, Bantou, Lac Inongo, Tiene, Sengele, Bobangi. Abstract \u0000This is a systematic comparison of two varieties spoken in the region of the Inongo lake (in the western part of the Democratic Republic of Congo). The first one is Tiene classified as B.81 by Guthrie (1970 : 12) and the second one Ikonya, spoken in a Sengele territory and classified as C.33. They are considered dialects of one language (Ellington 1977 : viii) yet display marked phonetic as well as grammatical divergences. The analysis reveals that Ikonya and Tiene can only be considered to be related to one another in terms of their going back to two very old language layers in the region – old, as compared to neighbouring languages also spoken in the region but by groups that arrived there only much later. Tiene is a language of zone B, with some elements of zone H that are to be linked up with boma. Ikonya is close to old Bobangi, i.e. it displays elements reminiscent of the languages of the Ubangi-Uele. Keywords: Dialectology, Bantu, Lake Inongo, Tiene, Sengele, Bobangi. \u0000Annales AEquatoria 25(2004)151-202","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130286746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'analyse de deux lexiques de l'arabe vehiculaire parle dans l'etat independant du Congo (1903 et 1905)","authors":"Xavier Luffin","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V25I1.5608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V25I1.5608","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000A la fin du 19e siecle et dans la premiere decennie du 20e siecle, l'arabe etait l'une des linguae francae utilisees dans le bassin de l'Uele et dans l'enclave de Redjaf-Lado, territoires sous administration de l'EIC. Cette langue avait ete introduite par les commercants soudanais et les militaires au service l'armee egyptienne, stationnes dans la province d'Equatoria. Deux livrets multilingues publies en 1903 et en 1905, rediges par des officiers europeens ayant servi dans la region, fournissent des informations utiles a propos de cette lingua franca. En effet, malgre leurs defauts – transcription approximative, fautes d'orthographe, nombre limite de phrases… – ces deux opuscules nous montrent que le ou les parlers arabes utilises dans la region etaient lies aux zones dialectales soudano-tchadienne et egyptienne. Mots cles: Parler Arabe, lingua franca. Abstract \u0000At the end of 19th century and in the first decade of the 20th century, Arabic was one of the languages used as lingua franca in the Uele Basin as well as in the Redjaf-Lado area, both territories being administrated by the Congo Free State. This language had been introduced in the region by the Sudanese traders and the Egyptian soldiers serving in Equatoria. Two multilingual booklets, published in 1903 and 1905, were written by European officers serving in the area. Though they have many defaults – orthography, transcription, lack of sentences… – these works show that the Arabic used in the region was related to Chadian-Sudanese and the Egyptian dialects. Keywords: Arabic, lingua franca Annales AEquatoria 25(2004) : 373-398","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115913119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict and subversion in the Central Congo between 1920 and 1940","authors":"N. Veerle","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5562","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000au Congo, la periode d'entre les deux guerres, est souvent consideree comme etant pacifique et un exemple de stabilite sous l'Administration Belge. Revoltes et insurrections se seraient produites avant et apres, mais pas pendant les annees vingt. Le but de cet article est de prouver le contraire. Les preuves qui sont avancees ici s'appliquent sur trois districts: l'Equateur, le Sankuru et le Lac Leopold II. La majorite de l'information provient de documents d'archives coloniales. Mots-cle: Congo Belge; Leopold II; Entre les deux guerres; revoltes; insurrections; Equateur; Sankuru; Lac Leopold II. Summary \u0000The interwar colonial period in the Congo is often considered as a peaceful and stable example of the ideal Belgian rule. Revolts and contestations arose before and after, but not during these twenty years. It is the aim of the article to counter this idea by providing proof of the contrary. The evidence that is presented here focuses on three districts that were located in the central Congo, namely the Equateur/Tshuapa district, the Lac Leopold II district and the Sankuru district. The majority of the information is based on colonial archival data. Keywords: Belgian Congo; Leopold II; Interwar; revolts; Equator; Sankuru; Lac Leopold II. Annales AEquatoria 24(2003): 77-96","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115446806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution à l'histoire du lingala: L'Essai sur la langue congolaise d'Emeri Cambier (1891), Situation historique et texte intégral","authors":"Michael Meeuwis, H. Vinck","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5568","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000Nous presentons ici, en reproduction photographique, la premiere et probablement la seule publication jamais parue sur la langue iboko. Il s'agit du livre d'Emeri Cambier de 1891, intitule “Essai sur la langue congolaise”. L'iboko est (ou etait) une langue bantoue de la zone C, parlee au groupe de villages du nom d'Iboko dans la province de l'Equateur en Republique Democratique du Congo. Au mois de decembre 1889, Cambier et son confrere Camille Van Ronsle, arrive a Berghe au mois de septembre 1889, sont envoyes a Mpombo tout pres de Bangala-Station pour y fonder une mission. C'est l'exemplaire personnel d'Egide De Boeck que nous presentons ici, contenant ainsi ses notes personnelles faites sur l'iboko dans le but d'utiliser celui-ci pour ‘transformer' et ‘etendre' le bangala a devenir le lingala. Ainsi, nous voulons offrir un regard ‘de l'interieur' sur les origines interventionnistes qu'a connues le lingala, qui est un cas de planification linguistique coloniale des plus remarquables. Mots-cles: bangala, Bangala-Station, Cambier, De Boeck, iboko, lingala, planification linguistique, Van Ronsle Abstract \u0000In this article, we present --in photographic reproduction-- the first and probably the only publication ever on the Iboko language. It is the book by Emeri Cambier of 1891, \"Essai sur la langue congolaise\". Iboko is (or was) a Bantu language of the C zone, spoken in the group of villages also called Iboko in the Equateur Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In December 1889, Cambier and his colleague Camille Van Ronsle, who had arrived at Berghe in September of the same year, are sent to Mpombo near Bangala-Station to found a mission. It is the personal copy of Egide De Boeck that we present here, containing thus his personal notes on Iboko, which he wrote with the intention to use this language in the transformation and expansion of the Bangala language that was to become Lingala. Thus, we want to offer an inside look on the interventionist origins of Lingala, which is a most remarkable case of colonial linguistic intervention. Keywords: bangala, Bangala-Station, Cambier, De Boeck, iboko, lingala, linguistic intervention, Van Ronsle Annales AEquatoria 24(2003): 283-431","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122650499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Le parler Buja des Yambuli (Bantou C.37)","authors":"M. Mangulu","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5566","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000Les presentes notes grammaticales concernent le parler buja du groupement Yambuli (Secteur Molua, Territoire de Bumba). Elles ont ete obtenues en juin et juillet 1993 a Bamanya aupres du seminariste Maleki Ambwa, originaire de Kwanja, un village pres de la M.C. Ebonda. Il se constate que ce parler presente des faits qui font penser a la fois aux parlers de la Haute-Ngiri et du bas Lomame. Selon L.B. De Boeck (1951) il existerait une dizaine de dialectes buja. Cette variation dialectale correspondrait aux diverses chefferies que Toulmond (1937) enumere a l'introduction de sa grammaire. Nous avons aussi constate que les divergences entre ces divers parlers peuvent etre assez considerables. C'est ce qui s'est degage de la confrontation entre le parler des Yambuli et celui des Yaliambi (Secteur de l'Itimbiri). L'egbuta (Motingea 2002a) parle dans la chefferie de BowE2la-BomEngE pres d'Ibembo (Territoire d'Aketi) s'ecarte encore davantage de ces deux. Mots-cles: buja; Bumba; Yambuli; Molua; Kwanja; Ebonda; Haute-Ngiri; Bas Lomami; L.B. De Boeck; Toulmond; Yaliambi; egbuta; BowE2la-BomEngE; Ibembo; Aketi; C37 Abstract \u0000The present grammatical notes concern the Buja language as spoken by the Yambuli groupe (Sector Molua, Territory of Bumba). The data were collected in June and July 1993 in Bamanya by a student of the Major Seminary, Maleki Ambwa, original of Kwanja, a village close to the M.C. Ebonda. This dialect presents facts which suggest a similarity with the dialects of the High Ngiri and the low Lomame. According to L.B. De Boeck (1951), about ten Buja dialects would exist. This dialectal variation would correspond to the various \"chefferies\" that Toulmond (1937) enumerates in the introduction to his grammar. We also noted that the differences between this various dialects can be considerable. This appears clearly from a confrontation of the language of the Yambuli with the one of the Yaliambi (Sector of the Itimbiri). The Egbuta (Motingea 2002a) spoken in the \"chefferie\" of Bowela-Bomenge close to Ibembo (Territory of Aketi) differs even more from these two. Keywords: BowE2la-BomEngE; Ibembo; Aketi; C37; buja; Bumba; Yambuli; Molua; Kwanja; Ebonda; Haute-Ngiri; Bas Lomame; L.B. De Boeck; Toulmond; aliambi; egbuta; BowE2la-BomEngE, Ibembo;Aketi; C37; dialect . Annales AEquatoria 24(2003): 205-261","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127746547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mbandaka-Coquilhatville (1883-2002). Echec d'un plan de développement exogène. Une lecture par la chanson populaire","authors":"M. Mangulu","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5565","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000Notre expose est un examen de la situation sociale de la ville de Mbandaka (RDC) de l'epoque coloniale a nos jours a travers deux series de chansons populaires. \u0000Le but est de montrer d'abord comment et pourquoi cette ville, peut-etre comme d'autres, est restee indifferente vis-a-vis de l'action civilisatrice de grande envergure menee par la politique coloniale pour son developpement socio-economique. \u0000Il s'agit ensuite dans le meme ordre d'idees de chercher a comprendre pourquoi, malgre la crise sociale commencee dans les annees 1975, consequence de la zairianisation, les pillages qui ont precede la chute de Mobutu, le non paiement des salaires aux fonctionnaires de meme que les atrocites de la guerre civile dont le front ennemi au gouvernement, celui du MLC, se trouve a quelque 150 km en amont, la terre n'a pas tout cesse de tourner a Mbandaka comme telle. On y vit encore tant bien que mal. \u0000Les animateurs du nouvel ordre social ne sont pas cependant les Mongo, qui constituent la majorite au sein de la population, mais les riverains appartenant aussi bien au groupe le plus anciens (Libinza, Makutu, Baloi) qu'a celui de nouveaux venus de la Province Orientale qu'on groupe sous le nom generique des Lokele. Ces riverains qui n'etaient en 1954 que 3.724 contre 16.420 Mongo (De Thier 1956: 112) ont su devant la faillite de l'Etat et l'arret du circuit economique moderne retablir de maniere spontanee le circuit commercial traditionnel (Mumbanza 1979, Van Leynseele 1979) par l'organisation de divers marches hebdomadaires sur le fleuve, la Ruki, l'Ikelemba et l'Ubangi; sans lesquels aucun vol civil ne pourrait plus faire escale a Mbandaka. Malheureusement, ils doivent en faire les frais: l'administration urbaine a tous les echelons fonctionne grâce aux taxes de toute sorte percues aupres de ces malheureux qui se battent pour leur survie. Mots-cles : Baloi, chansons populaires, developpement, Libinza, Lokele, Makutu, marches, Mbandaka, Mongo, politique coloniale, zairianisation Abstract \u0000Our essay is an examination of the social situation in the town of Mbandaka (RDC) from colonial time until today. This is done by means of two sets of popular songs. \u0000Our goal is to show how and why this city, maybe as others, remained opposite to the large-scale civilizing action led by the colonial authorities for its socio-economic development. \u0000Also, we try to understand why, in spite of the social crisis since 1975, the depredations that preceded the fall of Mobutu, the non payment of the wages of the civil servants as well as the atrocities of the civil war, the earth didn't stop turning in Mbandaka. One lives there again somehow. \u0000However, the animators of the new social order are not the Mongo, who constitute the majority of the population, but the residents belonging to the oldest group as well (Libinza, Makutu, Baloi) and the newcomers from the Oriental Province, known under the generic name of the Lokele. These residents, who in 1954 were about 3.724 ","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130692628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'évolution sémantique du terme Ritāna dans les parlers arabes soudano-tchadiens","authors":"Xavier Luffin","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5564","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000La racine r-t-n dont sont issus le verbe ratana et le substantif ritana, recouvre en arabe classique la notion de \"langue etrangere\" par opposition a l'arabe. Ce sens n'est pas forcement pejoratif, meme s'il peut parfois signifier egalement \"mauvaise expression orale\". \u0000Le terme a ete conserve par les dialectes arabes d'Egypte, du Soudan et du Tchad, ainsi qu'en kinubi, creole arabe d'Afrique de l'est parle par les Nubi (Kenya, Ouganda), en presentant quelquefois une evolution semantique interessante: dans certains parlers, il garde le sens de langue etrangere par opposition a l'arabe, sans connotation particuliere. Dans d'autres, il se refere aux langues locales africaines uniquement, voire a l'une d'entre elles en particulier. Mais l'emploi le plus original de cette racine est celui qu'en font les Nubi, pour qui le terme rutan – variante dialectale de ritana - signifie \"langue\" sans restriction particuliere, s'appliquant tant a l'arabe qu'aux langues africaines et europeennes. \u0000On retrouve ce processus d'appropriation dans d'autres creoles, ou les termes signifiant \"'langue\" ou \"parler (une langue)\" ont une etymologie negative, pejorative qui n'apparait plus comme telle dans leur usage actuel. \u0000Le fait que les termes derives de la racine r-t-n aient ete conserves dans la zone geographique precitee, mais pas dans d'autres pays ou vivent d'importantes communautes non arabophones - Kurdes, Berberes...- s'explique certainement par l'Histoire des rapports entre populations arabes et non-arabes dans cette partie de l'Afrique: l'identification de la culture arabe a l'Islam, l'impact moral de l'esclavage, la depreciation de l'animisme... Mots-cles : Soudan, Tchad, arabe, dialectologie, creoles, kinubi, prejuges Abstract \u0000In Classical Arabic, the root r-t-n, from which the verb ratana and the noun ritana are generated, has the general meaning of « foreign language », implying any other idiom than Arabic. Its meaning is not always negative. \u0000This term is still in use in the Arabic dialects of Egypt, Sudan and Chad, as well as in Kinubi, an Arabic-based Creole spoken in East Africa (Uganda and Kenya), though it shows a semantic evolution : in some dialects, the term ritana keeps the original meaning of « any foreign language », without any negative connotation. In other dialects, it refers to local African languages only, or even to one particular African language. But the most original use of this word appears in Kinubi, where rutana means « language » in general, whether it is an African language, a European language or even Arabic. \u0000This late semantic process can be found in other creoles, where the term which means « language » or the verb which means « to speak » have a depreciatory etymology which is no more understood as such now. \u0000If we want to understand why the root r-t-n has been conserved in this particular geographical area and is not found in other Arab countries where non Arabic-speaking communities live – like the Kurds in the Midd","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117319408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Villages entourés des fosses, abandonnés dans le Sud-Ubangi au milieu du 19e siecle? A quels peuples appartenaient-ils?","authors":"J. M. M. Bawele","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5561","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000Durant les annees 1920-1930, des vestiges de villages entoures de fosses ont ete decouverts dans le District actuel du Sud-Ubangi. Le territoire couvert par ces anciens villages abandonnes vers le milieu du XIXe siecle (avant l'arrivee des populations actuelles) est assez vaste. Il comprend une bonne partie des territoires de Libenge, Kungu, Gemena et Budjala. Selon divers auteurs et enqueteurs des annees 1930, cette Civilisation des fosses devait etre attribuee aux Lobala (ou Manganzi) situes le long del'Ubangi a cheval entre les territoires de Bomongo et de Kungu. Ainsi, Vedast Maes affirmait recemment que les Lobala sont les anciens occupants Bantu du Sud-Ubangi. Mais les migrations font venir les Lobala du sud-est de la vallee de la Ngiri. Les Lobala et les Likoka Ntanda ont remonte cette vallee avant de prendre la direction ouest-nord, jusq'au confluent de l'Ubangi avec la Lua. Ils ne viennent pas du nord et leurs villages abandonnes sont a l'est. Pendant ce temps, un groupe connu sous l'appellation de Bomboma-Likaw, venu de la rive droite de l'Ubangi, occupait le territoire entre un bras de la Lua et les sources de la Ngiri. Les Bomboma-Likaw possedaient le meme systeme de defense que les Lobala. Ce systeme etait aussi adopte par leurs voisins Ngombe du groupe Bobo. Sous la poussee des Ngbandi, Mbanza et Ngbaka, les Bomboma-Likaw et les Bobo se sont replies vers le sud, aux sources de la Ngiri et de la Moanda. D'autres Likaw sont alles a la Ndolo-Liboko jusqu'a la Saw-Mbeko, au sud de Budjala. Les villages entoures des fosses et abandonnes dans le sud Ubangi appartenaient, selon nous, aux Bomboma-Likaw et leurs voisins Bobo. Mots-cles Bomboma Likaw, Bomongo, Budjala, Gemena, Kungu, Libenge, LikokaNtanda, Lobala, Lua, NdoloLiboko, Ngiri, Saw-Mbeko, Sud-Ubangi, Ubangi, Vedast Maes Abstract \u0000Between 1920 and 1930, vestiges of villages surrounded with ditches were discovered in the present District of South-Ubangi. The territory covered by these former villages, abandoned around the middle of the 19th century (before the arrival of the present populations), is quite vast. It consists of large parts of the territories of Libenge, Kungu, Gemena and Budjala. According to various authors and investigators of the 1930s, this civilization of ditches was to be assigned to the Lobalas (or Manganzi) situated along the Ubangi River, on the territories of Bomongo and Kungu. Vedast Maes affirmed lately that the Lobala are the former Bantu occupants of the South-Ubangi. But through migrations the Lobala came from the southeast from the valley of the Ngiri. The Lobala and the Likoka Ntanda went back up this valley before heading in north-west direction, up to confluent of the Ubangi with the Lua. They don't come from the north and their abandoned villages are in the east. During this time, a group known under the name of Bomboma-Likaw, who had come from the right bank of the Ubangi, occupied the territory between an affluent of the Lua and the source","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128955440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L'enseignement au Congo Belge dans le diocèse de Basankusu 1905 – 1960, Organisé par les Missionnaires de Mill Hill","authors":"J. Hendriks","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5563","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000L'auteur, lui-meme missionnaire de la Societe des Missions Etrangeres de Mill Hill, Londres, brosse un tableau des efforts que les missionnaires de Mill Hill ont faits entre 1905 et 1960 pour developper un systeme d'enseignement catholique d'apres les 'Dispositions Generales' imposees par l'Etat Belge et le Gouvernement du Congo. Apres un debut tâtonnant, parce qu'aucun des missionnaires n'avait de l'experience dans l'enseignement, ni de la mentalite de la population, ils se sont mieux organises des 1928 et surtout apres la IIe Guerre Mondiale. Etant d'une nationalite etrangere, la Societe a envoye un nombre de missionnaires suivre des etudes en Belgique pour obtenir les qualifications necessaires pour l'enseignement au Congo. Au moment de l'independance, ils avaient cree pour la majorite des jeunes du diocese de Basankusu, un enseignement primaire de bonne qualite, mais ils ont ni pu ni songe a organiser un enseignement secondaire. Les seules ecoles de ce genre qu'ils ont creees sont l'Ecole de Moniteurs, le Petit Seminaire, l'EAP et l'EPA. Mots-cles: enseignement coloniale, Congo Belge, Basankusu, Mill Hill. Summary \u0000The author is a member of the Society of Mill Hill Missionaries, London. He sketches the efforts made by the missionaries in the Basankusu region, now diocese of Basankusu, between 1905 and 1960 to develop a good working catholic school system. After the first difficult tentatives between 1905 and 1928, since none of them had any teaching experience, they have been able at the hand of regulations imposed by the State to arrive at a better organization of their school system. Mill Hill members, however, did not have the Belgian nationality and after World War II all foreigners were forced to spend a year in Belgium and obtain Belgian teaching diplomas for teaching in the Congo. More than twenty of them attended courses in Belgium. At the moment of independence they had established a quality system of primary schools for the majority of children in their region. They did not, unfortunatly, establish secondary schools, except a teachers' training center and a minor seminary. Keywords: colonial schools, Belgian Congo, Basankusu, Mill Hill. Annales AEquatoria 24(2003): 97-157","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"84 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120914857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gustaaf Hulstaert et l'historiographie de Mbandaka","authors":"L. Lufungula","doi":"10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AQ.V24I1.5559","url":null,"abstract":"Resume \u0000La production scientifique de Gustaaf Hulstaert, Missionnaire au Congo pendant 66 ans et decede et enterre a Bamanya en R.D.C. en 1990, se revele incontestablement abondante et riche. Sa contribution a l'historiographie de la ville de Coquilhatville/Mbandaka ou il a sejourne pendant un demi siecle, est pourtant restee modeste. Le present travail essaie d'elucider ce paradoxe. Pour nous y prendre, nous rappellerons les etudes historiques sur l'espace concerne, ensuite, nous tenterons d'expliquer ce paradoxe. Mots cles: Hulstaert; Bamanya; Coquilhatville; Mbandaka; Abstact \u0000The scholarly production of Gustaaf Hulstaert, Missionary in the Congo during 66 years, deceased and buried in Bamanya in the R.D. Congo in 1990, is incontestably abundant and rich. Yet, his contribution to the historiography of the city of Coquilhatville/Mbandaka, where he lived for a half century, remained modest. The present contribution tries to explain this paradox, among other through a discussion of Hulstaert's historical studies on the town. Key words: Hulstaert; Bamanya; Coquilhatville; Mbandaka Annales AEquatoria 24(2003): 31-38","PeriodicalId":379883,"journal":{"name":"Annales Aequatoria","volume":"127 21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124620266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}