Food and Waterborne Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Human gnathostomiasis: A review on the biology of the parasite with special reference on the current therapeutic management","authors":"Kathyleen Nogrado ,&nbsp;Poom Adisakwattana ,&nbsp;Onrapak Reamtong","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Gnathostoma</em> is a parasitic nematode that can infect a wide range of animal species, but human populations have become accidental hosts because of their habit of eating raw or undercooked meat from a wide variety of intermediate hosts. While gnathostomiasis is considered an endemic disease, cases of human gnathostomiasis have been increasing over time, most notably in nonendemic areas. There are several complexities to this parasitic disease, and this review provides an update on human gnathostomiasis, including the life cycle, diagnosis, treatment, and treatment strategies used to combat drug resistance. Even now, a definitive diagnosis of gnathostomiasis is still challenging because it is difficult to isolate larvae for parasitological confirmation. Another reason is the varying clinical symptoms recorded in reported cases. Clinical cases can be confirmed by immunodiagnosis. For <em>Gnathosotoma spinigerum</em>, the detection of IgG against a specific antigenic band with a molecular weight of 24 kDa from <em>G. spinigerum</em> advanced third-stage larvae (aL3), while for other species of <em>Gnathostoma</em> including <em>G. binucleatum</em>, the 33-kDa antigen protein is being used. This review also discusses cases of recurrence of gnathostomiasis and resistance mechanisms to two effective chemotherapeutics (albendazole and ivermectin) used against gnathostomiasis. This is significant, especially when planning strategies to combat anthelmintic resistance. Lastly, while no new chemotherapeutics against gnathostomiasis have been made available, we describe the management of recurrent gnathostomiasis using albendazole and ivermectin combinations or extensions of drug treatment plans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article e00207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/27/15/main.PMC10502356.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10289346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protozoan parasites and free-living amoebae contamination in organic leafy green vegetables and strawberries from Spain","authors":"L. Moreno-Mesonero ,&nbsp;L. Soler ,&nbsp;I. Amorós ,&nbsp;Y. Moreno ,&nbsp;M.A. Ferrús ,&nbsp;J.L. Alonso","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the presence of <em>Acanthamoeba</em> spp., <em>Blastocystis</em> sp., <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp., <em>Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia</em> sp., <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and <em>Vermamoeba vermiformis</em> was assessed in organic leafy green vegetables (lettuce, spinach, cabbage) and fruits (strawberry), which are usually consumed raw. A total of 110 organic samples were collected in Valencia (Spain). Protozoa were concentrated before detection by immunofluorescence (<em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. and <em>Giardia</em> sp.) or real-time qPCR (<em>Acanthamoeba</em> spp., <em>Blastocystis</em> sp., <em>C. cayetanensis</em>, <em>E. histolytica</em>, <em>T. gondii</em> and <em>V. vermiformis</em>). The most abundant protozoa in organic vegetables and berry fruits were <em>Acanthamoeba</em> (65.5%), followed by <em>T. gondii</em> (37.2%), <em>V. vermiformis</em> (17.3%), <em>C. cayetanensis</em> (12.7%), <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. (6.8%), <em>Blastocystis</em> sp. (1.8%) and <em>Giardia</em> sp. (1.7%). <em>E. histolytica</em> was not found in any of the organic samples. Thus, results showed that consumers can be exposed to protozoan parasites by consuming organic vegetables and berry fruits. This is the first report in Spain describing the presence of the protozoan pathogens <em>Acanthamoeba</em> spp., <em>Blastocystis</em> sp., <em>C. cayetanensis</em>, <em>T. gondii</em> and <em>V. vermiformis</em>, <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. and <em>Giardia</em> sp. in organic fresh produce. The results of this research will help determine the risk of foodborne protozoan parasites on organic leafy greens and strawberries that are available at local markets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ef/52/main.PMC10316001.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9858302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Board Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2405-6766(23)00021-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2405-6766(23)00021-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49899373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low prevalence of Contracaecum third-stage larvae parasitizing Sea of Galilee fisheries: 1-year survey after 57 years of no information","authors":"Nadav Davidovich ,&nbsp;Perla Tedesco ,&nbsp;Monica Caffara ,&nbsp;Valentina Luci ,&nbsp;Alessia Cantori ,&nbsp;Danny Morick ,&nbsp;Maria Letizia Fioravanti ,&nbsp;Andrea Gustinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Freshwater and marine ecosystems are a suitable habitat for parasitic nematodes of the genus <em>Contracaecum</em> (family: Anisakidae) to complete their complex life cycle. Several fish species of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) were reported in 1964 as second intermediate/paratenic hosts of <em>Contracaecum</em> spp. larvae. The lack of taxonomically relevant morphological features of these larvae hindered their proper identification. Here we report the results of a 1-year survey conducted in 2021, 57 years after the first (and only) such survey. We analyzed 352 specimens from 10 fish species (native and non-native) of the Sea of Galilee (Israel) ichthyofauna. We compared our results with those of the first parasitological survey conducted by Paperna in 1964; the overall prevalence of nematodes referable to <em>Contracaecum</em> larvae was 16.8% and 0.85% in 1964 and in 2021, respectively. Different from the first survey that identified <em>Contracaecum</em> larvae morphologically, we used both morphological and molecular tools. Two wild native cyprinids—Jordan himri (<em>Carasobarbus canis</em>) and Jordan barbel (<em>Luciobarbus longiceps</em>)—were infected (a single specimen each) with <em>Contracaecum quadripapillatum</em> larvae in their abdominal cavity. A single specimen of blue tilapia (<em>Oreochromis aureus</em>) was infected with two larvae of <em>Contracaecum multipapillatum</em> E, localized in the pericardial cavity. The findings of our study, which is part of a large project focused on <em>Contracaecum</em> spp. infecting both piscivorous birds and fish collected in Israel, advance our knowledge about the distribution and host range of this potentially zoonotic parasite in fishery products of the Sea of Galilee.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49899367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of digenean parasites in freshwater snails in the Murrumbidgee catchment area, Australia","authors":"Shokoofeh Shamsi ,&nbsp;Alice Banfield ,&nbsp;Nidhish Francis ,&nbsp;Diane P. Barton ,&nbsp;Matthew McLellan","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Freshwater snails are important hosts in the life cycles of many medically important parasites, particularly for digenetic trematodes such as liver flukes and schistosomes. The current study was conducted to determine the infection of freshwater snails with parasites that can potentially be transmitted to humans within the Murrumbidgee catchment area which is an area of widespread intensive aquaculture in Australia. A total of 116 freshwater snails, belonging to three species (<em>Isidorella hainesii, Glyptophysa novaehollandica</em> and <em>Bullastra lesson</em><em>i</em>)<em>,</em> were examined for the presence of parasites in both man-made and natural environments. The analysis of sequence data, including the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, small subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA, and large subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA, indicated that the collected parasites belonged to two distinct genera, namely <em>Clinostomum</em> and <em>Echinostoma</em>. It is noteworthy that species of both of these digenean parasites have the potential to be zoonotic. Cercariae of both <em>Clinostomum</em> and <em>Echinostoma</em> were observed in snails collected from aquaculture settings. It is important to highlight that infectious stages of <em>Clinostomum</em>  has been previously detected in edible fish within Australia. This information raises concerns regarding the potential transmission of these parasites to humans through the consumption of contaminated fish. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and controlling the presence of <em>Clinostomum</em> and <em>Echinostoma</em> in aquaculture environments to minimise the risk of zoonotic infections and ensure food safety. Further research and surveillance are needed to better understand the prevalence, transmission dynamics, and potential public health implications associated with these parasites in the context of aquaculture in Australia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/c9/main.PMC10504687.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10279483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spread of Toxoplasma gondii among animals and humans in Northern Italy: A retrospective analysis in a One-Health framework","authors":"F.M. Dini ,&nbsp;S. Morselli ,&nbsp;A. Marangoni ,&nbsp;R. Taddei ,&nbsp;G. Maioli ,&nbsp;G. Roncarati ,&nbsp;A. Balboni ,&nbsp;F. Dondi ,&nbsp;F. Lunetta ,&nbsp;R. Galuppi","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toxoplasmosis occurs worldwide and is considered one of the most important food-borne parasitic zoonoses. The consumption of undercooked meat containing viable tissue cysts and ingestion of environmental oocyst are the most important sources of infection. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the spread of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> in the province of Bologna (Emilia-Romagna region) in northern Italy, with a One Health approach, comparing seropositivity rates in different animal species and in humans over the last 19 and 4 years respectively. Analyses were performed on serological data collected over different periods at three separate locations: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e della Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER); Veterinary University Hospital Clinical Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna; and Unit of Microbiology, St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna. Most relevant seropositivity rates observed in animals were 15.5% (wild boar), 25% (roe deer), 18.7% (goat), 29.9% (sheep), 9.7% (pigs), 42.9% and 21.8% in cat and dog, respectively. A comprehensive screening was conducted on a population of 36,814 individuals, revealing a prevalence of 20.4%. Among pregnant women, a frequence of 0.39% for active toxoplasmosis was observed. Despite certain limitations, this study provided valuable insights into the extensive distribution of this parasitic infection among diverse animal species and human populations in the province of Bologna. These findings underscore the importance of implementing consistent and proactive toxoplasmosis screening protocols during pregnancy, while emphasizing the critical need for adopting a One Health approach for effective control of this parasitic disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49899372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii in meat of adult sheep in Spain","authors":"María Paz Peris,&nbsp;Amalia Xía García,&nbsp;Juan Antonio Castillo,&nbsp;Juan José Badiola,&nbsp;Nabil Halaihel,&nbsp;María Serrano,&nbsp;María Jesús Gracia","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, an intracellular parasite that presents a worldwide risk. Humans can become infected by ingesting meat infected with <em>T. gondii</em>, and the consumption of infected sheep and goat meat is a significant public health issue. Antibodies against <em>T. gondii</em> have been found in sheep in Spain, indicating the presence of the parasite in the country. However, no previous studies have assessed the presence of <em>T. gondii</em> in sheep meat in Spain. In view of the significance of the transmission of <em>T. gondii</em> through meat consumption and given the lack of previous studies in Spain, we carried out an investigation to evaluate the presence of <em>T. gondii</em> in adult sheep meat (mutton). A total of 216 muscle samples were analyzed by digestion, and a real-time PCR assay was used to determine the presence of <em>T. gondii</em> DNA. A total of 24.5% of the samples were found to be parasitized, indicating that the consumption of sheep meat can present an important risk for human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49899368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium in resident wildlife species in Arctic Alaska","authors":"Caroline Van Hemert ,&nbsp;Lora R. Ballweber ,&nbsp;David R. Sinnett ,&nbsp;Todd C. Atwood ,&nbsp;Anthony Fischbach ,&nbsp;David D. Gustine ,&nbsp;Kristy L. Pabilonia","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Giardia</em> and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> are zoonotic protozoan parasites that can infect humans and other taxa, including wildlife, often causing gastrointestinal illness. Both have been identified as One Health priorities in the Arctic, where climate change is expected to influence the distribution of many wildlife and zoonotic diseases, but little is known about their prevalence in local wildlife. To help fill information gaps, we collected fecal samples from four wildlife species that occur seasonally on the northern Alaska coastline or in nearshore marine waters—Arctic fox (<em>Vulpes lagopus</em>), polar bear (<em>Ursus maritimus</em>), Pacific walrus (<em>Odobenus rosmarus divergens</em>), and caribou (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>)—and used immunofluorescence assays to screen for <em>Giardia</em> cysts and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts. We detected <em>Giardia</em> cysts in 18.3% and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts in 16.5% of Arctic foxes (<em>n</em> = 109), suggesting that foxes may be potentially important hosts in this region. We also detected <em>Giardia</em> cysts in a single polar bear (12.5%; <em>n</em> = 8), which to our knowledge represents the first such report for this species. Neither parasite was detected in walruses or caribou.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49899365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in commercial oysters in southern Thailand","authors":"Mayuna Srisuphanunt ,&nbsp;Polrat Wilairatana ,&nbsp;Nateelak Kooltheat ,&nbsp;Thanis Damrongwatanapokin ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Karanis","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The enteric parasite <em>Cryptosporidium</em> is spread through the fecal-oral pathway, most commonly by the consumption of contaminated water but also through food. Because eating raw or barely cooked shellfish might put consumers at risk for cryptosporidiosis, identifying the parasite in oysters is important for public health. A total of 240 oysters, collected from two shellfish aquaculture sites in Thailand's Gulf coast, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Surat Thani, were tested for the presence of <em>Cryptosporidium</em>. <em>Escherichia coli</em>, enterococci, and thermotolerant coliform total levels were measured to assess seawater quality in the shellfish production regions. Oocysts of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. were detected in 13.8% of the samples processed by immunofluorescence analyses. The detection of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. oocysts in oysters obtained from Surat Thani (17.5%) was higher than in those obtained from Nakhon Si Thammarat (9.2%). The difference in detection of positive samples obtained from Nakhon Si Thammarat and those obtained from Surat Thani may be attributed to the effects of physical, ecological, and anthropogenic conditions, resulting in an increased level of marine water contamination by <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. oocysts. These findings demonstrate that native commercial oysters obtained from Thailand's southern Gulf coast contained <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. oocysts which might serve as a source of human infection. Consequently, these findings pose a serious public health concern and suggest that more quality control measures need to be implemented by the oyster aquaculture business to ensure the safety of seafood.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49899366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Lactobacilli acidophilus and/or spiramycin as an adjunct in toxoplasmosis infection challenged with diabetes","authors":"Enas A. El Saftawy ,&nbsp;Safaa A. Turkistani ,&nbsp;Hadel M. Alghabban ,&nbsp;Emad A. Albadawi ,&nbsp;Basma EA Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Suzan Morsy ,&nbsp;Mohamed F. Farag ,&nbsp;Nashwah S. Al Hariry ,&nbsp;Rania Y. Shash ,&nbsp;Aly Elkazaz ,&nbsp;Noha M. Amin","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current study assessed the anti-parasitic impact of probiotics on <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> infection either solely or challenged with diabetes in Swiss albino mice. The study design encompassed group-A (diabetic), group-B (non-diabetic), and healthy controls (C). Each group was divided into infected-untreated (subgroup-1); infected and spiramycin-treated (subgroup-2); infected and probiotic<em>-</em>treated (subgroup-3); infected and spiramycin+ probiotic-treated (subgroup-4). Diabetic-untreated animals exhibited acute toxoplasmosis and higher cerebral parasite load. Overall, various treatments reduced intestinal pathology, improved body weight, and decreased mortalities; nevertheless, probiotic + spiramycin exhibited significant differences. On day 7 post-infection both PD-1 and IL-17A demonstrated higher scores in the intestine of diabetic-untreated mice compared with non-diabetics and healthy control; whereas, claudin-1 revealed worsening expression. Likewise, on day 104 post-infection cerebral PD-1 and IL-17A showed increased expressions in diabetic animals. Overall, treatment modalities revealed lower scores of PD-1 and IL-17A in non-diabetic subgroups compared with diabetics. Intestinal and cerebral expressions of IL-17A and PD-1 demonstrated positive correlations with cerebral parasite load. In conclusion, toxoplasmosis when challenged with diabetes showed massive pathological features and higher parasite load in the cerebral tissues. Probiotics are a promising adjunct to spiramycin by ameliorating IL-17A and PD-1 in the intestinal and cerebral tissues, improving the intestinal expression of claudin-1, and efficiently reducing the cerebral parasite load.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49899369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}