Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Morphological variation of the soleus muscle: Determining general patterns and characteristics of the connective tissue architecture","authors":"Keanna Theobalt ,&nbsp;Miles Turk ,&nbsp;George Kalu ,&nbsp;Robert Steele ,&nbsp;Charles B. Withnell","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The tendons within the soleus muscle are commonly utilized to delineate location of injury for soleus muscle strains. Strains within the soleus frequently involve the myotendinous (MTJ) or myofascial (MFJ) junctions, although spatial relationship between these tendinous structures are not well understood. This study aimed to structurally identify the MTJs and MFJs within the soleus as a starting point to understanding the distribution of connective tissue for further anatomical classification.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Forty (n = 40) soleus muscles, representing left and right sides from twenty (n = 20) formalin-embalmed cadavers (average age 78 years old; 10 males, 10 females) were dissected in-situ to analyze the distribution and orientation of the MTJs and MFJs within classified morphological variants. Muscles were cut in cross-section at three measured locations, proximal, middle, and distal, which allowed for analyzation of tendons through the course of the muscle. Additionally, anterior surfaces of morphological variants were visualized and reconstructed in three dimensions using a handheld blue light 3D scanner.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The study revealed five morphological variants. Bipennate-Midline (n = 25), Bipennate-Medial Deviation (n = 6), Bipennate-Lateral Deviation (n = 3), Unipennate (n = 3), and Hypopennate (n = 3). Muscles included an anterior aponeurosis that was split into medial and lateral components, with each side made up of interconnections between the MTJ and MJF. The average width of the medial aponeurosis was greatest in the middle location, while the average lateral aponeurotic width decreased from proximal to distal. Regression analysis at the middle location revealed that 65 % of the change in width of the medial aponeuroses is due to the width of the medial MFJ.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Proximal-to-distal interconnections between the lateral and medial anterior aponeuroses and their corresponding MTJs and MFJs likely play a role in soleus injury patterns, especially in morphological variants. Awareness of anatomical variations in the location and orientation of these tendinous relationships is crucial for understanding lesions on diagnostic imaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000554/pdfft?md5=13aed098c475967def5053318b45a095&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000554-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141963121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovations in cardiac conduction system research: Female frontiers and global disparities","authors":"Abimbola J. Aminu ,&nbsp;Kenisuomo C. Luwei ,&nbsp;Halina Dobrzynski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The cardiac conduction system (CCS) initiates and propagates electrical impulses across the heart. Scientists of both sexes have played unprecedented roles in discovering the CCS and advancing our anatomical, electrophysiological, and molecular understanding of the CCS in health and disease. Here, we review the underrepresentation of women in cardiac research and global disparities in cardiacresearch, specifically CCS research.</p><p>Despite the invaluable contributions of women in advancing our cardiac understanding, sex disparities exist. There is a stark underrepresentation of women in cardiac academia, the cardiac industry, and cardiac-related associations globally. However, female researchers have played pivotal roles in expanding our anatomical and molecular understanding of the CCS. In addition to this sex disparity, there is a global disparity in the output and funding of cardiac research. Even though low- and lower-middle-income countries account for over half of cardiovascular deaths worldwide, they contribute to less than 3% of the global cardiovascular research output.</p></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><p>This review aims to provide insights into the roles women researchers have played in transforming the landscape of CCS research. It also aims to shed light on the global disparities in cardiac research. The main goals are to draw attention to women's innovative contribution to cardiac research, to provide initiatives to create equal opportunities for women in cardiac academia and industry, and to enhance global cardiac research.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This review shows that there are innovative contributions by women researchers in advancing our understanding of the anatomy, function, and physiology of the CCS. It also shows that there is an underrepresentation of women at various levels: in academia and industry. Furthermore, we describe the global disparities in cardiac research owing to various contributing factors, such as underfunding. This review provides valuable initiatives (such as conference invitations and research funding assessments) that could be implemented in order to create a more inclusive future in global cardiac research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000542/pdfft?md5=27220fd62d3dac8f021252048ed53aa4&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000542-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141950675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of anthropometric measurements related to the medial longitudinal arch of feet between non-dancers and Bharatnatyam dancers- an observational study","authors":"Shwetha Acharya ,&nbsp;Chandni Gupta ,&nbsp;Vikram Palimar ,&nbsp;Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur ,&nbsp;Vaishali Yagain","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Bharatnatyam is an Indian classical dance form that involves rhythmic barefoot tapping at varying speeds. The intense impact forces generated during this dance can result in biochemical alterations in the feet, potentially causing injuries to ligaments, tendons, and fascia. This can lead to changes in the structure of the foot over time. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare anthropometric measurements related to the medial longitudinal arch of the foot in non-dancer, mid-stage, and last stage Bharatnatyam dancers.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study was conducted on 192 participants. They were divided into three groups: 1) Non dancers 2) Mid-stage Bharatnatyam dancers, and 3) Last-stage Bharatnatyam dancers. Each group consisted of 64 participants each. Various measurements were taken on both the right and left foot using a wooden platform, foot image, and footprint. Later the results were analyzed statistically.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>On comparing the parameters in non-dancers and mid-stage Bharatnatyam dancers it was found that all the parameters were found to be significant except right and left arch index. On comparing the parameters of mid-stage and last-stage Bharatnatyam dancers, it was found that none of the parameters showed significant value. On comparing the non-dancers and last-stage Bharatnatyam dancers, it was found that except right and left arch index all the parameters were found to be significant.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that there were significant changes in the arches of the foot between the non-dancers and mid-stage and last-stage Bharatnatyam dancers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000530/pdfft?md5=b4268ff8377466679899243d1572c3d8&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000530-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141963122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive morphometric analysis of superior and inferior mesenteric arteries using cadaveric dissection and MDCT angiography","authors":"Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur ,&nbsp;Rajagopal Kadavigere ,&nbsp;Vrinda Hari Ankolekar ,&nbsp;Dhiren Punja ,&nbsp;Rohini Punja","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) are vital vascular structures supplying the majority of the intestinal tract. Despite their clinical significance, comprehensive morphometric studies combining traditional cadaveric dissection with modern imaging techniques are scarce in literature. This study aimed to provide a detailed morphometric analysis of the SMA and IMA using both cadaveric dissection and multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study utilized a dual approach, combining cadaveric dissection (30 formalin-fixed cadavers) and MDCT angiography (images from 50 patients). Measurements including stem lengths, diameters at origin, and distances from the aortic bifurcation were taken, along with assessment of vertebral levels of origin and branching patterns. Data from both components were analyzed using descriptive statistics.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Key findings for SMA include: Mean stem length: 3.19 ± 0.72 cm (cadaveric) vs. 2.53 ± 0.53 cm (MDCT); Mean diameter at origin: 0.93 ± 0.22 cm (cadaveric) vs. 0.57 ± 0.10 cm (MDCT); Most common vertebral level of origin: Upper border of L1 (78 % of cases); Branching pattern variations observed in 23.3 % of cadaveric specimens, which included the origin of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the first jejunal artery, a common trunk for right colic and ileocolic arteries, and absence of middle colic artery. For IMA: Mean stem length: 3.61 ± 1.29 cm (cadaveric) vs. 3.41 ± 0.69 cm (MDCT); Mean diameter at origin: 0.50 ± 0.11 cm (cadaveric) vs. 0.26 ± 0.05 cm (MDCT); Most common vertebral level of origin: Upper border of L3 (40 % of cases). No variations observed in branching pattern.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The detailed measurements, frequency of variations, and comparison between traditional and modern assessment techniques offer a nuanced understanding of mesenteric vascular anatomy. This study bridges the gap between classical anatomical knowledge and contemporary imaging capabilities, potentially improving surgical planning, interventional procedures, and radiological interpretation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000529/pdfft?md5=8b647fa217adafde794255ad22ef6fec&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000529-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141961824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of the metatarsal diaphyseal nutrient foramen in estimating sex in the South African Africans population","authors":"Arthur Tsalani Manjatika ,&nbsp;Pedzisai Mazengenya ,&nbsp;Joshua Gabriel Davimes","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Sex estimation is challenging in cases where dismembered or non-intact skeletal remains are recovered. Therefore, the development of sex estimation standards using various bones that present with high recovery rates during forensic investigations, like the metatarsal bones, is needed. The usefulness of the dimensions around the metatarsal diaphyseal nutrient foramen in sex estimation has not been assessed in South African Africans (SAA), constituting the majority of the country's population.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Five measurements around the nutrient foramen were taken from 995 metatarsal bones (first to fifth) from 200 individual skeletons (100 males, 100 females). Measurements subjected to direct and stepwise discriminant function (DFA) and logistic regression (LRA) analyses included the total length, distance from proximal end to nutrient foramen, circumference, and mediolateral and dorsoplantar diameters at the level of the nutrient foramen.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The original classification accuracies for multivariable functions of the stepwise and direct DFA ranged from 75.1 to 80 % and 76–79.5 % respectively. The original classification accuracies for multivariable functions of the stepwise and direct LRA ranged from 76.3% to 79.5 % and 75%–80.5 % respectively. The cross-validation classifications showed a drop of 0–2% for DFA and 0.2–1.9 % for LRA. Overall breadth measurements showed better classification accuracies than length measurements and females were classified with higher accuracy rates than males.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The dimensions around the nutrient foramen of the metatarsal bones show sexual dimorphism in the SAA. The generated DFA and LRA functions produced high average classification accuracies which can be appropriate for use in sex estimation in forensic settings, especially when an isolated foot is recovered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000517/pdfft?md5=f3c536f11dbc330487906c0d560cb481&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000517-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141843307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The coexistence of the internal jugular vein duplication with a contralateral internal jugular drainage of the external jugular vein","authors":"George Triantafyllou ,&nbsp;Katerina Vassiou ,&nbsp;Marianna Vlychou ,&nbsp;George Tsakotos ,&nbsp;Răzvan Costin Tudose ,&nbsp;Mugurel Constantin Rusu ,&nbsp;Maria Piagkou","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The current imaging report describes a unique coexistence of the neck venous system morphological variants.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The imaging study of a 75-year-old male patient was isolated due to its unique venous system.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>An internal jugular vein (IJV) duplication (main-typical and accessory IJVs) was identified on the right side, coexisting with a facial vein (FV) drainage into the accessory IJV. On the left side, the external jugular vein (EJV) was draining into the IJV and the FV into the EJV. A transverse anastomosis of the EJV and anterior jugular vein (AJV) was identified.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The IJV duplication is a rare morphological variant, and its coexistence with other co-variants complicates the area's anatomy. Understanding these morphological variants is crucial for anesthesiologists and surgeons, as it can help prevent iatrogenic injury.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000505/pdfft?md5=b2185ecebbc01649c79a3971ded1e698&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000505-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141842272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of ‘Complete Anatomy’ (CA) to conventional methods for teaching laryngeal anatomy to first-year dental and dental hygiene students in Ireland","authors":"Sarah Alturkustani ,&nbsp;Sinead Mary Ryan ,&nbsp;Siobhain M. O’Mahony ,&nbsp;André Toulouse ,&nbsp;Conor O'Mahony ,&nbsp;Mutahira Lone","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Digital 3D visualisation tools have been increasingly used to supplement anatomy teaching with positive results reported in knowledge acquisition, 3D spatial understanding, and active student engagement. Despite their well-documented benefits, evidence of their learning effect on head and neck anatomy is limited.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cross-over design study aimed to compare using Complete Anatomy (CA) and conventional methods (prosections and plastic models) to learn laryngeal anatomy. Fifty-four first-year dental and dental hygiene students were randomly assigned to a CA and a conventional group. Pre- and post-tests were used to compare groups' knowledge gains, and a feedback questionnaire was used to compare students' perceptions towards CA.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both groups improved significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test (Cohen's d ≥ 0.8). The conventional group significantly outperformed their counterparts in total (Cohen's d = 0.57) and written questions (Cohen's d = 0.9). However, both groups performed equally in the identification questions. Question-based analysis shows that the CA group performed significantly better in the identification questions than in the written questions (Cohen's d = 0.51). Nearly half the students perceived the CA application as easy to use, and the same proportion believed CA assisted their learning of laryngeal anatomy.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study provides further evidence of the effectiveness of CA in knowledge gain and anatomical recognition and supports its use as supplementary to anatomy education in general and head and neck anatomy in particular.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000487/pdfft?md5=3aafae4ca6f34088d1543a5cfbd5a143&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000487-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141842780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gross and functional analyses of the tensor fasciae suralis muscle with magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"Ethan L. Snow ,&nbsp;Branden C. Fox ,&nbsp;Hunter A. Eide ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Vilburn","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The tensor fasciae suralis (TFS) is a non-typical skeletal muscle that develops from one of the hamstring muscles and attaches to the deep fascia of the posterior leg (i.e., crural/sural fascia). By spanning the popliteal region, TFS can present as an unsuspected mass, impinge contiguous neurovasculature, complicate surgical access to posterior knee, and strain under typical use of the lower limb. Despite the necessary clinical discussion TFS generates, information about comparative gross anatomy examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional analyses of TFS is scarce in the literature. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to present a comprehensive report of a left unilateral TFS with gross imaging, detailed anatomical descriptions, MRI, biomechanical analysis, comparative review of published TFS cases, and discussion of clinical implications.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A left unilateral TFS was discovered during routine human cadaver dissection. After initial discovery of its proximal segment, axial and sagittal T1-and T2-weighted MRI was performed to visualize the entire TFS and its relation to nearby structures. The entire TFS and contiguous anatomy were then dissected, carefully cleaned of extraneous fascia, and photographed in situ. Gross and microscopic architectural features of TFS were measured, and its maximal isometric force was calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The 13.4 cm long, 5.02 g muscular belly of TFS branched 27.2° from the long head of biceps femoris and inserted into the investing fascia of the gastrocnemius medial head via a prominent 2.6 cm × 4.8 mm x 0.5 mm tendon. Gross imaging and MRI showed TFS crossing over the common fibular, tibial, and medial sural nerves. Biomechanical analysis determined TFS to be capable of producing 8.10 N of force.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The course of TFS offers notable clinical discussion about distal motor and sensory loss resulting from compression-based lesions of the underlying nerves. MRI, paired with full gross imaging and biomechanical analyses, provides a catalog of comparative information on TFS that may aide in differential diagnosis of an unsuspected mass in the popliteal region and guide subsequent treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000499/pdfft?md5=303383cd6fc37cea707deee30d5fd758&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000499-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141846602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain lymphatic vessels accompanying meningeal arteries in the human","authors":"Safiye Çavdar ,&nbsp;Damlasu Altınöz ,&nbsp;Tevriz Dilan Demir ,&nbsp;Acar Bayraktaroğlu ,&nbsp;İlke Ali Gürses ,&nbsp;Gülnihal Özcan","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Recent studies showed the connection between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and deep cervical lymph nodes (dCLN) via lymphatic vessels (LV)s. These LVs accompany dural sinuses, cranial nerves, and arteries. The present study aimed to show in addition to the main trunk of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) whether the anterior and posterior branches of MMA; the anterior (AMA) and posterior (PMA) meningeal arteries also have a role in brain lymphatic drainage in humans.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and method</h3><p>Samples of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and its two main branches (anterior and posterior), anterior and posterior meningeal arteries (AMA and PMA) were obtained from 3 cadavers and 6 autopsies. Podoplanin (PDPN) (lymphatic endothelial marker) and CD31 (vascular endothelial marker) immunohistochemistry (IHC) were applied to 5 μm thick transverse sections and counterstained with hematoxylin. Furthermore, western blotting techniques were applied to the same tissue samples in 3 autopsy cases to demonstrate the presence of PDPN.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We observed the presence of the LVs along the main trunk of MMA and its two branches, AMA, and PMA. The LVs along the MMA (main trunk) had a larger diameter range than its branches and the AMA and PMA. The diameter of LVs of the PMA was larger than AMA. Furthermore, fluid channels with varying diameters and densities were closely localized to the LVs. The western blot PDPN protein expression confirmed IHC results.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The LVs along the main trunk, anterior and posterior branches of the MMA, AMA, and PMA also provide an extracranial pathway for thought drainage of waste from the brain tissue in humans. Thus, the organization of the extracranial transport of LVs of the brain should be well-defined for understanding the role of lymphatic drainage in various neurological diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000438/pdfft?md5=b9655f9c9a7e4b02b4527301b9b6d807&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000438-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141605247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of Skin Grafting: Ode to Dr. Otto Lanz","authors":"Kevlian Andrew ,&nbsp;Robert Hage","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2024.100318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>It usually takes many years for new techniques to translate into medical practice. While this can be due to several reasons, it often results in significant delays in medical advancement. For instance, shifts in societal and cultural norms can lead to different techniques or procedures being ‘lost’ to the field when certain practices are prohibited. It sometimes takes years for initiatives to reemerge, and dutiful research to recognize the true historical origins. In skin grafting, one such example is that of Dr. Otto Lanz’s Hautschlitzapparat invention, the instrument considered to be the prototype of the device now used to create skin mesh grafts. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the history of skin grafting with a focus on how Lanz’s theory and device for what is now known as a meshed skin graft did not become mainstream practice until decades later.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar on the history of skin grafting and the contribution of Dr. Otto Lanz to this field was conducted. The keywords used in the search criteria were “skin grafting” and “Otto Lanz”. The results were summarized into a narrative discussion, along with a brief biography of Dr. Otto Lanz.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The prototype for the skin grafting device is credited to Dr. Otto Lanz who invented the Hautschlitzapparat (Skin Slit Apparatus) in 1907. This device was similar to the scarificator apparatus that existed since at least the 16^th century. However, Lanz was the first to propose its use for expanding skin grafts, and instruments thereafter were based on the principle laid out by Otto Lanz. It took almost three decades for Lanz’s insight to fully translate to methods of skin grafting procedures utilizing mesh grafts.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Dr. Otto Lanz can be viewed as one of the pioneers of skin grafting as his invention laid a foundation for what is now known to be the skin mesher. The mesher has revolutionized skin grafting procedures by reducing the required size of donor skin grafts as well as the time for healing. The time delay between Dr. Lanz’s invention and the mainstream use of meshers demonstrates, once again, the time it usually takes for the translation of innovative ideas into practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000402/pdfft?md5=8c8aaa8c0d49ceeec167490a43f75ba2&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000402-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141592830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}