Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"An analytical study of the greater palatine foramen in adult human skulls using anatomical planes for clinical considerations","authors":"Naveen Kumar ,&nbsp;Ravi Bhaskar ,&nbsp;Anjana Shidaraddi ,&nbsp;Melissa Glenda Lewis ,&nbsp;Swamy Ravindra Shanthakumar ,&nbsp;Ashwini P. Aithal","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The greater palatine nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve, enters the oral cavity through the greater palatine foramen (GPF). Accurate localization of the GPF is essential while negotiating the greater palatine canal to block the maxillary nerve within the pterygopalatine fossa.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to elucidate the shape, orientation, and position of the greater palatine foramen in relation to the surgically encountered anatomical landmarks and maxillary molars in an adult Indian population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study was conducted on 80 human adult skulls of unknown gender. Both sides of the hard palate were assessed, and the number of GPF was recorded by direct visual inspection. Morphometric measurements were recorded with regard to the topographic relation of GPF with the neighbouring bony landmarks. The data were analysed using an independent sample <em>t</em>-test and Spearman rank correlation to check the relationships between the measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The average distance from the incisive fossa to the posterior nasal spine was 40.68 mm. The distance between GPF and incisive fossa was 40.68 and 36.32 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The distance between GPF and lesser palatine foramen was 2.99 and 2.81 mm on the right and left sides, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The present study provides additional metrical values that help locate the GPF accurately. The data presented here will also provide an index for future studies and help with various invasive procedures in the field of dentistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel psoas muscle variant coexisting with femoral nerve bifurcation by psoas quartus: A case report","authors":"Bryan Ashley,&nbsp;Laurieanne Hemric,&nbsp;Keith Lustig","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Anatomical variations of the iliopsoas complex can have clinical relevance, particularly those involving the femoral nerve. This report describes a previously undocumented psoas muscle variant and two additional muscular anomalies which may have implications for nerve entrapment and hip dysfunction, though further research is required to establish clinical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Routine dissection of the posterior abdominal wall was performed in 2024 on an adult female cadaver as part of an anatomy course at Liberty University. The dissection was carried out by a graduate teaching assistant (medical student) under the supervision of faculty anatomists. Detailed anatomical observations were recorded and compared to existing literature on iliopsoas variants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A bilateral muscle was identified originating from the medial aspect of the iliolumbar ligament and inserting into the posterior fibers of psoas major. It received distinct innervation from the femoral nerve. A review of literature revealed no prior documentation of this variant. Two additional variants were observed: prominent medial loops of the iliacus muscle and bilateral psoas quartus muscles dividing the femoral nerve.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These variants may contribute to femoral nerve compression or snapping hip syndrome, especially in patients with idiopathic or recurrent symptoms. Recognition of such anatomical variations can aid in diagnosing unexplained groin pain or failed regional anesthesia and supports the need for more comprehensive documentation of iliopsoas morphology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the frontier of lung alveolar regeneration: Cellular dynamics, aging effects, and emerging therapeutics","authors":"Rashid A. Aldahhan,&nbsp;Amal Ahmed El-Sheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Alveolar regeneration is essential for maintaining lung function and enabling recovery following lung injury. Impairment of this process contributes to the progression of various respiratory diseases. A detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving alveolar repair is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar focusing on the history of alveolar regeneration and the cells involved in this process, the effects of aging, and associated therapeutic implications. The keywords used in the search included “alveolar regeneration,” “aging,” “cell senescence,” “stem cells,” “growth factors,” and “therapeutic potential.”</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review explores the key cellular players involved in alveolar repair, focusing particularly on alveolar type 2 cells and other progenitor populations that contribute to alveolar epithelial renewal. This review also highlights how aging affects regenerative capacity, as age-related cellular dysfunction may impair lung repair and exacerbate chronic pulmonary conditions. Furthermore, novel insights into alveolar regeneration are reviewed, including recent advancements in <em>in vivo</em> and in vitro models as well as single-cell technologies that provide a deeper understanding of the regenerative process. Emerging therapeutic strategies, such as stem cell–based therapies, gene editing, and pharmacological interventions, are also discussed in the context of enhancing alveolar regeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>By integrating recent discoveries and identifying key knowledge gaps, this review provides a comprehensive overview of alveolar regeneration and emphasizes potential therapeutic approaches for promoting lung repair and restoring respiratory function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining lumbosacral transitional vertebrae classification: Morphological variation in a South African population","authors":"G.J. Paton ,&nbsp;S. Nalla ,&nbsp;S.A. Williams ,&nbsp;G.J. Louw","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are common anatomical variants where the last lumbar vertebra demonstrates unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the transverse processes, with articulation or fusion to the sacrum. This radio-anatomical study sought to investigate the morphological characteristics of LSTV in the South African population and describe unique variations that enhance the traditional Castellvi classification.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective radiographic review was performed on 3096 consecutive thoracoabdominal pelvic radiographs from two South African hospitals. Targeted osteological appraisal was conducted on selected skeletons containing LSTV sourced from the Raymond Dart Collection of Modern Human Skeletons. The presence of LSTV was classified according to Castellvi, identifying Types II, III, and IV, unilateral and bilateral subtypes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of LSTV was 10 %. Morphological distribution was as follows: Type II (67.9 %), Type III (27.6 %), and Type IV (4.5 %). Subtype frequencies were IIA (41.9 %), IIB (26.0 %), IIIB (21.8 %), and IV (5.8 %). Laterality showed a predominance of bilateral cases (47.7 %), followed by left- (26.6 %) and right-sided (21.1 %) variants. Type IV morphology could not be classified by side using traditional methods. Transverse processes at the LSTV level were significantly longer than those in matched controls (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study proposes two refinements to the Castellvi system: First, Type IV morphology should be assigned left or right at the side of the lumbosacral fusion. Second, a novel transversoiliac articulation was associated with Type II morphology, representing a previously undescribed feature in LSTV morphology. These modifications may enhance diagnostic precision, support recognition of Bertolotti syndrome, and formulate appropriate treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circle of Willis variations and features in an American Midwestern cadaver population","authors":"Swathi Sridhar ,&nbsp;Farida Mehrhoff ,&nbsp;Dominic Maiuro ,&nbsp;Chloe Maye ,&nbsp;Cameron Smith ,&nbsp;Phil Sheridan ,&nbsp;Robert Hillard","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Circle of Willis (CoW) is a critical cerebral arterial network. This study investigates CoW variants in a Midwestern U.S. cadaveric population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The CoWs of 25 formalin-fixed human cadavers were evaluated with vessel measurements obtained through ImageJ software. Variations were classified per a previously published system with R Studio statistical analysis, including comparisons by sex and body mass index (BMI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A typical CoW configuration was identified in 2 of 25 specimens (8 %), with the remaining 92 % demonstrating anatomical variants. The most common variations were unilateral hypoplasia (38.3 %), bilateral hypoplasia (21.3 %), and duplications (12.8 %). Variations most commonly involved the posterior communicating artery (73.9 %; PComA; especially PComA hypoplasia), the anterior communicating artery (60.9 %; AComA), and the anterior cerebral artery (52.2 %). Rare anatomical variants included quadruplication of the A2 segment, fetal-type PComA, and AComA aplasia.</div><div>Males exhibited significantly greater vessel diameters and lengths across most segments, except for PComA diameter, which was larger in females (p &lt; 0.05). Non-overweight body mass index (BMI &lt; 25) correlated positively with the diameter of the extra triplicated A2, and increased BMI ( ≥ 25) showed a significant increase in the right A1 ACA diameter (p &lt; 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in arterial lengths.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights the high prevalence of CoW anatomical variations in the Midwestern population, including several distinctive variants, adding to the literature. Significant differences based on sex and BMI were identified, suggesting potential implications for neurosurgical and vascular surgery considerations. Further research with additional cohorts is necessary to validate and expand upon these observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of online educational modules on learning musculoskeletal anatomy for health professionals. A systematic review","authors":"Nikita Bandekar,&nbsp;Mohandas Rao K.G.,&nbsp;Ashwini Aithal P.,&nbsp;Anniesmitha K.,&nbsp;Bincy M. George","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Musculoskeletal (MSK) anatomy is fundamental to clinical practice in various healthcare disciplines, including medicine, physiotherapy, and orthopedics. Advancements in technology have led to an increased focus on online learning tools, providing alternatives to traditional teaching methods.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review assesses the impact of online learning (e-learning) modules on musculoskeletal anatomy education among health professionals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The eligibility criteria included studies involving health professionals and students in anatomy education using online learning interventions such as video lectures, 3D models, and virtual labs. The risk of bias of the studies was evaluated via the JBI Checklist.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 947 records, 18 studies were included in this review. This review included 8 quasi experimental, 7 cross-sectional, 1 case‒control, and 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A total of 78 % of the studies incorporated multiple online interventions, such as video tutorials, interactive 3D models, and virtual laboratories. Additionally, 67 % of the studies indicated that learners preferred hybrid models that combined online and in-person teaching, as they significantly enhanced the learning experience compared with traditional methods in improving anatomical knowledge and musculoskeletal competency. Modules that incorporated practical elements significantly increased learners’ confidence in handling musculoskeletal cases. The pandemic accelerated the adoption of online anatomy education, with many studies demonstrating that digital platforms successfully replaced traditional methods while achieving comparable educational outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Online educational modules offer a beneficial alternative to traditional anatomy teaching methods, particularly when interactive and hybrid models are in use. They enhance MSK knowledge retention, clinical skills, and learner satisfaction. Future studies should aim to optimize these technologies to integrate theoretical knowledge with clinical practices and patient education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dissection and angiographic study of morphological variations in the anterior communicating artery complex in a South African sample","authors":"Mbalentle Madolo ,&nbsp;Geney Gunston ,&nbsp;Stuart More ,&nbsp;Kentse Mpolokeng","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The anterior communicating artery complex (ACAC), which includes the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), is a common site for anatomical variation and aneurysm formation. While cerebral arterial variations have been linked to aneurysm development, limited data exists on these variations in the South African population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study assessed ACAC morphology through two components: dissection of 68 formalin-fixed adult brains (35 female, 33 male) and analysis of 200 adult magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) scans (145 female, 55 male). Anatomical variations in the ACAC were recorded and evaluated for their prevalence and potential association with cerebral aneurysms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Variations in the ACAC were prevalent in 67.6 % of dissection specimens and 43.5 % of angiographic images. The most frequent variations of the ACoA observed in both dissection and angiographic samples were X-shaped formations and hypoplasia. In dissections, the A1 segment frequently displayed hypoplasia, duplication, and fenestration, while the A2 segment typically presented the 'anastomosed' variation<strong>.</strong> In angiographic scans, the A2 segment often exhibited a triple ACA configuration. A history of ACAC aneurysms was present in 23.9 % of MRA scans. However, no significant correlation was observed between ACAC variations and aneurysm presence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates significant morphological diversity within the ACAC, including newly described variations, and highlights inconsistencies with existing literature regarding aneurysm association. These findings underscore the need for region-specific anatomical data to inform surgical planning and risk assessment in cerebrovascular interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroregenerative effects of Clitoria ternatea in sciatic nerve crush injury: Morphological, morphometric, and functional analysis in rat model","authors":"Nur Zulaikha Azwan ,&nbsp;Blaire Okunsai ,&nbsp;Zaw Myo Hein ,&nbsp;Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Danial Che Ramli","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sciatic nerve injury, characterised by radiating pain from the lumbosacral region and associated motor-sensory deficits, remains a challenging condition with limited regenerative therapies. <em>Clitoria ternatea</em> (CT), a medicinal plant known for its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown promise in promoting nerve regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of CT extract in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A total of 54 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: normal, toxicity control, negative control (injury without treatment), positive control (methylcobalamin), and three CT treatment groups (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Hepatic and renal histology confirmed no toxicity in CT-treated groups. Functional recovery was assessed on days 14 and 28 using walking track analysis, rotarod, toe-spreading reflex, and hot plate tests, all showing significant improvement in CT-treated and positive control groups. Muscle histology (gastrocnemius, soleus, and extensor digitorum longus) and weight analysis revealed reduced atrophy and enhanced regeneration, particularly in the high-dose CT and positive groups. Morphometric evaluation using toluidine blue and cresyl violet staining indicated accelerated remyelination and increased neuronal cell body preservation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further demonstrated increased myelin sheath thickness in treated groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings suggest that CT promotes axonal regrowth and functional recovery without detectable toxicity. This study provides novel preclinical evidence supporting the neuro regenerative and protective potential of <em>Clitoria ternatea</em> in peripheral nerve injuries, highlighting its promise as a plant-based therapeutic candidate for future translational applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of the absence of palmaris longus muscle tendon in the population of the eastern province of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Buthainah A. Al Azman ,&nbsp;Bushra A. Al-Ghamdi ,&nbsp;Wedad S. Al Muhaish ,&nbsp;Wejdan H. Al Hakami ,&nbsp;Reem K. Al Khaldi ,&nbsp;Hayat A. Al Otaibi ,&nbsp;Bhagath Kumar Potu ,&nbsp;Abdel Halim Salem","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Palmaris longus (PL) muscle is one of the most variable muscles in the human body. Racial differences in its variation are well known. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of absence of the PL and its association with gender and side in the population of eastern province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The presence of PL was clinically determined in 200 Saudi subjects using Schaeffer's test. Three other tests (Thompson, Pushpakumar and Mishra tests) were performed to confirm the result in subjects with an absent PL.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall prevalence of absence of PL in the eastern province population of the Saudi Arabia was 24 %. The prevalence of right, left, and bilateral absence of the PL were: 2 %, 4.5 %, and 17.5 %, respectively. There was no significant difference in PL absence with regard to the gender and side.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The prevalence of PL absence in the eastern province population of the Saudi Arabia represents more or less similar patterns reported in Arab and Pan Arab populations, but it was higher than those reported from East and West Asian populations as evident from our extensive literature review.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The medial plica syndrome of the knee – Narrative review of the literature","authors":"Szymon Gryckiewicz ,&nbsp;Łukasz Paczesny ,&nbsp;Anna Brożyna ,&nbsp;Jan Zabrzyński ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Gryckiewicz ,&nbsp;Zofia Paradowska ,&nbsp;Marek Libura","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synovial plicae are physiological tissue found in the knee joint. They are formed in the fetal period as remnants of synovial cavities that are not absorbed in the process of apoptosis. Depending on the location of the plica, medicine distinguishes several types of plicae - suprapatellar, infrapatellar, medial and the lateral one. Based on the shape and size of the fold, the types are divided into subtypes. In the knee joint, the most common is medial plica, which extends from the area of the articular muscle or the vastus medialis oblique muscle, which runs parallel to the medial femoral condyle and patella.</div><div>Medial plica syndrome (MPS) is the medical term for the development of sympthoms caused by a pathological synovial fold. A significant factor in the pathophysiology of medial plica syndrome is the stage of inflammation, occurring either in the direct injury mechanism of plica (e.g. torsional mechanism) or as a consequence of cumulative overload changes. Typical clinical symptoms of a patient with MPS include: dull pain in the antero-medial apspect of the knee, associated with repeated knee flexion movement with possible clicking or locking signs. Clinical provocation tests were described (Mediopatellar Plica Test, Hughston Fold Test, Stutter Test) to confirm the diagnosis. It is crucial to exclude the presence of other knee joint diseases.</div><div>Imaging including ultrasound and MRI may be useful in differential diagnosis but confirmation of the presence of the plica is not sufficient to make a diagnosis. Conservative treatment can be effective and it is based on NSAIDs administration, activity modification, kinesiotherapy and physical therapy. In the case of ineffective conservative treatment, arthroscopic surgery is considered. Usually larger folds in the MPS require surgical intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}