Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Arbor vitae cerebelli: Fractal properties and their quantitative assessment by novel “contour scaling” fractal analysis method (an anatomical study)","authors":"Nataliia Maryenko,&nbsp;Oleksandr Stepanenko","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Arbor vitae cerebelli (tree-like branching white matter of the cerebellum) has a complex spatial configuration that is challenging to assess using conventional morphometric methods. This study proposes a fractal approach to describe and quantify the anatomy of Arbor vitae cerebelli. For this purpose, a new “contour scaling” method for fractal analysis of cerebellar white matter was developed.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>The cerebella of 100 cadavers (50 male and 50 female) who died from causes unrelated to brain pathology, aged 20–95 years, were examined. Mid-sagittal sections of the cerebellar vermis were studied. The fractal dimension values of the cerebellar white matter were determined using both the developed fractal analysis method and the conventional “box counting” method, along with measurements of non-fractal parameters including cerebellar weight, area and perimeter of the vermis cross-section, perimeter-to-area ratio, and circularity.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Considering the cerebellar white matter as a tree-like fractal, it was found to have 7 or 8 primary branches, which subdivide into 10-18 second-iteration branches, 19–38 third-iteration branches, and 34–53 fourth-iteration branches. Females more often had 8 primary branches compared to males, while males had a greater number of branches in the second to fourth iterations. The mean fractal (Hausdorff) dimension was 1.697 (1.721 in males, 1.674 in females, P = 0.01). The fractal dimension correlated most strongly with the perimeter and area of the vermis cross-section and had no significant relationship with age.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The fractal (Hausdorff) dimension, determined using the novel “contour scaling” method, quantitatively assesses the degree of branching of the cerebellar white matter. An increase in the absolute size of the cerebellum leads to a higher degree of branching of its white matter and an increase in the number of its constitutive components – white matter branches and folia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000761/pdfft?md5=0a1bda12743f863f6ae2cdea973a54d8&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000761-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective denoising and sharpening effects on postmortem computed tomography images of formalin-fixed human cadavers for human anatomy education and research","authors":"Tomokazu Kawashima,&nbsp;Norihiro Sudou,&nbsp;Makoto Sakai,&nbsp;Fumi Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The value of formalin-fixed postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has significantly increased in human anatomy education and research. However, improving embalmed PMCT images with high noise, low contrast, and multiple artifacts is an important challenge in enhancing the quality of clinical images. Retrospective denoising methods for embalmed PMCT data are essential for anatomical education and research when new-generation CT scanners with denoising functions are unavailable.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The three currently available standalone software denoising methods, including image summation methods (Fused CT), noise-reduction system methods (iNoir), and iterative reconstruction (IR, SafeCT), were used to analyze the retrospective noise-reduction effect on 13 human formalin-fixed PMCT datasets.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Fused CT had some advantages; however, it was not useful for embalmed cadavers because of high noise, which doubled with the addition. iNoir and SafeCT improved the visual image quality of the noisy cadaver images. Statistical examination showed a 22–67 % and 18–56 % improvement in noise reduction in the non-artifact and metal artifact parts, respectively, depending on the methods and denoising intensities. However, this improvement was not statistically or morphologically significant in the presence of strong metal artifacts. In contrast, the scattered metal and streak artifacts peculiar to cadaveric images showed effective morphological and statistical improvement.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Retrospective denoising of embalmed PMCT images showed significant morphological and statistical improvements in noise reduction and is feasible for current anatomy education and research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000748/pdfft?md5=abf9664bee5cf246b6e08b455b2e3247&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000748-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of occipitalisation in a South African Black population: An original study of 1119 skulls with a review of the literature","authors":"Bernard T. Boekkooi ,&nbsp;Glen J. Paton ,&nbsp;Shahed Nalla","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Occipitalisation is the most prevalent congenital abnormality at the craniovertebral junction; however, it is rare in the general population. There is a paucity of literature on osteological prevalence studies within the South African Black and broader African populations. This study aimed to establish baseline data for the prevalence of occipitalisation in the South African Black population group.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One thousand two hundred thirteen skulls from a South African Black population were initially sampled, and after exclusion criteria were applied, the sample was reduced to 1119 skulls (male 766; female 353). A morphological description of the skulls that exhibited occipitalisation was included in this study.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Occipitalisation was observed in three skulls (3/1119; 0.27 %); two of the skulls were female (2/353; 0.57 %), and one was male (1/766; 0.13 %). The three occipitalised skulls exhibited fusion in three areas of the atlas: the anterior arch, lateral masses, and transverse processes. No skulls exhibited posterior arch fusion of the atlas.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study established a baseline prevalence of occipitalisation in the South African Black population at 0.27 % and found no significant association between sex and occipitalisation (p = 0.236). This study highlights the need for further studies in the other African population affinity groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000736/pdfft?md5=a28aae5c6d63c04c3214eb08dbdcbc89&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000736-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A topographical and surgical anatomical description of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: Observations from cadaveric dissection and thyroidectomy patients","authors":"Joshua BL. Kiluba ,&nbsp;Candice Small ,&nbsp;Ifongo Bombil ,&nbsp;Kasonga Paul Bulabula ,&nbsp;Thifhelimbilu Emmanuel Luvhengo ,&nbsp;Pedzisai Mazengenya","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injuries account for most successful litigations against surgeons following head and neck surgery. Most injuries to the RLN occur during thyroidectomy with the best strategy to reduce injury to the RLN being through intraoperative monitoring of its normal anatomy, extra-laryngeal trajectory and topography. Identification of the RLN during thyroidectomy is possible at the tracheoesophageal groove (TEG), where it crosses the inferior thyroid artery (ITA) and or pierces the suspensory ligament of the thyroid gland (ligament of Berry). The extra-laryngeal course and branching patterns of the RLN are highly variable, increasing the likelihood of iatrogenic injury.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>The current study investigated the extra-laryngeal course, branching patterns and topographical relationships of the RLN in the TEG in adult cadavers and patients who underwent thyroidectomy. The study examined 30 thyroidectomy patients and 50 adult cadavers.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The mean diameters of the RLN were 1.74 ± 0.59 mm and 1.63 ± 0.47 mm on the left and right sides, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the genders and sides (P ≥ 0.05). The majority of the RLNs on the left side coursed in the first 0–15⁰ relative to the TEG while on the right side the majority deviated from the TEG at an angle ranging between 0 and 30⁰. The distribution of the RLN in relation to the inferior thyroid artery in the cadaveric sample was as follows: 29.6 % posterior to the artery, 33.7 % anterior to the artery and 36.7 % in-between its branches with statistically significant differences between genders (P ≤ 0.05). The majority of the RLN exhibited two or more branches on both sides, with a maximum of four branches being observed. In the surgical cohort, majority of the RLN ran posterior to the ITA followed by the anterior course and least in-between the branches of the ITA.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The present findings augment the vital information about the course, topography and branching patterns of the RLN along the TEG by outlining differences between the a cadaveric and a surgical sample as well as between two major South African population groups in order to minimise the iatrogenic injuries to the RLN and also to improve the diagnoses and management of the disorders of the neck, larynx and voice production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000724/pdfft?md5=f4608e591287126898b1e3517b3febf1&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000724-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Atlas” - First cervical vertebrae: Deciphering morphological complexity, quantifying morphometry and integrating clinical perspectives","authors":"Nandini Bhat ,&nbsp;Souhardya Das ,&nbsp;Lakshmisha Rao ,&nbsp;Ashwija Shetty ,&nbsp;Vanishri Nayak ,&nbsp;Sushma Prabhath ,&nbsp;Kurian Alapatt ,&nbsp;Suhani Sumalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100346","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000700/pdfft?md5=609a7362adcbce20a4a16b7d343bdcca&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000700-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The classification of sacral foramina in a South African sample using cadaveric and osteological remains","authors":"J. van Schalkwyk ,&nbsp;S. Matshidza ,&nbsp;N. Mogale","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sacroiliac (SI) joint fixation is a technique used for SI joint fractures, SI joint dislocations and sacral fractures. Sacral screws can be placed either into the S1 or the S2 vertebrae if S1 is insufficient. Malpositioning of the screws is a common surgical complication as sacral variations exists amongst populations. Complications associated with the misposition of screws can lead to injury of the sacral venous plexus, iliac vessels, or sacral nerve roots. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate sacral variations in a South African sample by determining distances between the first and second sacral foramina and classifying the common types of sacra found.</p><p>A quantitative cross-sectional comparative study was conducted. One hundred and twenty (n = 120) dry human sacra and 11 formalin-fixed cadavers were measured to determine the linear distances between the first two anterior and posterior sacral foramina. Additionally, the dry human sacra were classified according to Mahato's classification system. A cadaver SI joint fixation simulation was performed by an orthopaedic surgeon.</p><p>The mean sacral promontory height was found to be 31.81 mm and 37.52 mm in osteological and cadaver specimens, respectively. The mean anterior pedicle height was significantly different for the left (18.81 mm) and right (21.67 mm) side measurements. A statistically significant difference was found between cadavers and osteological samples for all measurements taken. In the osteological sample, ancestry and age mostly influenced the variations noted.</p><p>Using Mahato's classification system, sacra with five sacral segments, auricular surfaces extending from the superior part of S1 to the middle of S3 and no accessory L5/S1 articulations had the highest prevalence of 59.17 %.</p><p>The South African sample exhibited similarities but did not fully compare to other populations. The results in this study should be considered as a reference for surgeries involving the SI joint and sacral foramina. However, where possible, the exact anatomy with possible variations of the patient should be evaluated preoperatively using X-rays and angiograms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000712/pdfft?md5=7e74ebc803dc697589b2f603b1f6eb14&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000712-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of anatomical landmark consistency in the external auditory meatus using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging","authors":"Fernanda Sanders-Mello,&nbsp;Julius de Schwartz,&nbsp;Jan Harm Koolstra","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The present study evaluated the consistency and reliability of five anatomical landmarks in the external auditory meatus using CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) scans. The goal was to determine if these landmarks could reliably replace the commonly used point Porion for superimposing CBCT scans in clinical practice. Consistent anatomical features in the external auditory meatus are essential for accurate cranial assessments in dentistry and medicine. Despite their importance, these features have been underexplored, making this study a valuable contribution to improving clinical evaluation accuracy.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>22 CBCT scans were analyzed using ITK-Snap software. The shape of the External Auditory Meatus had been rendered by segmentation. These segmentations were used as a basis to locate the landmarks. The spread in location of the suggested landmarks concerning a reference coordinate system was treated as a measure for consistency. For that purpose, the absolute mean distance from all registered landmarks to the center of the location cloud was calculated for each dataset.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The smallest spread in locations was measured for the so-called Epitympanic Notch, with 4.3 mm on average (SD 1.7). However, recognizing this landmark in the segmented images appeared to be relatively difficult. The landmark with the second smallest spread in locations (4.4 mm (SD 2.2)) and an easier recognition in the segmented image was the most superior point of the external auditory meatus. The most inferior point appeared to be the least reliable of all five landmarks.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Based on the present study, a consistently reliable landmark in the External Auditory Meatus to replace point Porion could not be identified. The hypothesis that any landmark could suffice for superimposing CBCT scans was not confirmed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000645/pdfft?md5=28b5d12c4b212649f8bf296276e2b331&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000645-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The iliac and femoral arteries: Dimensions and tortuosity in a South African radiological sample","authors":"Robyn Lunn-Collier ,&nbsp;Lee-Roy Witbooi ,&nbsp;Karin J. Baatjes ,&nbsp;Kerri A. Keet","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Arterial morphology varies and changes with increasing age. This may challenge the success of endovascular procedures and influence candidate selection. The study aimed to determine the mean dimensions, tortuosity severity, and tortuosity phenotype of the iliofemoral pathway of adult males and females from a South African sample. Furthermore, the relationship between increased age and changes in vessel morphology was investigated.</p></div><div><h3>Design</h3><p>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 224 (117 males and 107 females) computed tomography angiograms of patients hospitalized due to traumatic injuries (aged 18–80 years), accessed from Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The arterial lengths and lumen diameters of the common iliac (CIA), external iliac (EIA), and femoral arteries (FA) were measured. Tortuosity severity was described by visual estimation and quantified using the tortuosity index (TI) and inflection count metric (ICM). The data were compared between right and left sides of the body, the sexes, and age categories.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>On average, the common iliac artery was the widest (9.50 ± 1.53 mm), while the external iliac artery was the longest (110.89 ± 16.04 mm). Bilateral asymmetries were observed. Arterial diameters were larger in males. Regression analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between arterial tortuosity and increasing age, particularly in females. Tortuosity was most frequently observed in the external iliac artery. However, the c-shaped curving tortuosity phenotype was observed in all three arteries investigated.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The morphology of the iliofemoral arterial pathway varied bilaterally, between the sexes, and with increased age. These findings align with previous studies, noting the variable morphology of the iliofemoral pathway, in countries outside of Sub-Saharan Africa. Sex- and age-specific descriptions of arterial anatomy may enhance the safety of endovascular procedures and interventions. These descriptions contribute towards the development of a reference database of typical arterial anatomy in South Africa, ultimately assisting with patient selection and the identification of vascular pathologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000657/pdfft?md5=a7c26dadd5f670dfe2455718325d5f45&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000657-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canalis basilaris medianus: An anatomical study","authors":"S. Malakhov ,&nbsp;A. Shmarhalov ,&nbsp;H. El Falougy ,&nbsp;P. Lukacikova ,&nbsp;A. Polovinshchykov ,&nbsp;O. El Hassoun ,&nbsp;S. Polak","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The clivus, a key skull base structure for neurosurgeons due to its proximity to brainstem areas, is formed by the fusion of two bones. A rare variation, the canalis basilaris medianus (CBM) or clival canal, can exist within the occipital bone. The clivus has a rich venous network, and the CBM's presence might be linked to veins or embryonic structures. Understanding the CBM is valuable for interpreting clival fractures and during neurosurgery. This study aimed to determine the frequency and morphometric parameters of the CBM.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>Fifty-nine dry adult skulls were selected for the investigation. Morphometric measures included establishing the diameters of the internal and external foramina of the CBM, the length of the canal, and its distance from the foramen magnum (FM), jugular tubercles, and lateral margins of the basilar part of the occipital bone.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Out of the 59 skulls investigated, only a single specimen contained the CBM. Thus, the frequency of canal presence in our sample was 0.59 %. The internal foramen of the CBM was located on the internal surface of the clivus, 4.03 mm anteriorly to the FM with a diameter of 2.84 mm. Further, the canal passed through the clivus and had its external foramen on the external surface of the clivus at 0.11 mm above the pharyngeal tubercle and its distance from the FM was 9.19 mm. The length of the CBM was established at 8.16 mm.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The CBM is a rare variation of the basilar part of the occipital bone. Therefore, the possibility of the existence of this variation should be considered when analyzing CT and MRI images to avoid misinterpretation of their results and during surgical interventions in this area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000694/pdfft?md5=36795142f0f1fcddcb0c7ef027b59a3d&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000694-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure of the facial nerve within the facial canal: A technical report","authors":"Shavana Govender ,&nbsp;Tania Hanekom ,&nbsp;Rene Human-Baron","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The facial canal lies in the petrous part of the temporal bone and contains the facial nerve. The facial canal and nerve are divided into three segments: the labyrinthine, tympanic and mastoid segments, which travel in different planes. These segments are closely related to the structures of the middle- and inner-ear, so pathology of the intracranial facial nerve is often evident in cochlear implant users. The facial canal and nerve are of great concern to otologists during electrode placement for a cochlear implant, as any damage to the nerve may result in untreatable facial paralysis. Few studies have been conducted on a cadaveric population, with most carried out on CT images of the cochlea and facial nerve. Thus, there is no standard or straightforward methodology to visualise the facial canal and nerve directly. We propose a detailed dissection technique to bridge this gap in research.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Four cadavers were used, and both the left and right facial canals were dissected. After the exposure of the cranial floor, the internal acoustic meatus and the facial canal were dissected out using drilling tools to remove the surrounding temporal bone and expose the facial nerve within the facial canal.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>This technique allowed for morphometric analyses and observations of the facial canal in relation to the middle- and inner-ear.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Knowledge of the facial canal may assist otosurgeons in safely dissecting the region without injuring vital structures within this area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X24000669/pdfft?md5=f95a5409b85ebc6ceb4d676d4972181c&pid=1-s2.0-S2214854X24000669-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142088470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}