Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"3D modelling in anatomy teaching: state of the art and pilot investigations for its application","authors":"Stella Fahrni,&nbsp;Sara Sabatasso","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Backgroud</h3><div>Technological advancements have revolutionized anatomy education, introducing “virtual anatomy” as complement or alternative to traditional dissection. At the Faculty Unit of Anatomy and Morphology (UFAM) of the University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva (CURML), we integrated digital tools into musculoskeletal and embryology teaching for first-year medical students. <u>Aim</u>: This study presents a state of the art survey on the use of imaging technologies for anatomy teaching and a pilot pedagogical project on 3D imaging at UFAM. Our aims are to present the implementation of 3D printing in practical works on the musculoskeletal system, and the implementation of 3D models to complement embryology practicals.</div></div><div><h3>Material&amp;methods</h3><div>Vertebrae were replicated using high-resolution 3D surface scanning and printing. 3D models of genitalia, brain hemisphere, and thoracic spine with spinal cord were created using photogrammetry. Printed vertebrae were used during musculoskeletal, and anatomical 3D models during embryology practicals. Students received interactive 3D PDFs and usage guidelines beforehand. Feedback was collected via an online questionnaire.</div></div><div><h3>Results &amp; discussion</h3><div>Students reported high satisfaction, improved spatial understanding, and enhanced practical skills. However, large file sizes of 3D PDFs and software compatibility issues limited access. While 3D tools proved effective for anatomy education, improving accessibility and usability remains essential for broader implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External validation of femoral sex estimation equations: Evidence supporting population-specific standards in forensic anthropology","authors":"Chanasorn Poodendaen ,&nbsp;Narawadee Choompoo ,&nbsp;Poonikha Namvongsakool ,&nbsp;Supapit Linlad ,&nbsp;Jetniphat Chalermrerm ,&nbsp;Suthat Duangchit ,&nbsp;Worrawit Boonthai ,&nbsp;Sitthichai Iamsaard ,&nbsp;Phatthiraporn Aorachon ,&nbsp;Phongpitak Putiwat","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex estimation from skeletal remains represents a fundamental step in forensic identification, with femoral measurements offering reliable alternatives when traditional pelvic and cranial elements are unavailable. Population-specific variation significantly affects accuracy, yet no external validation has examined cross-regional applicability of Thai femoral sex estimation equations. This study evaluated the performance of established Thai regional equations when applied to independent samples.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>External validation was conducted using 200 femoral specimens (100 male, 100 female) from northeastern Thailand, representing an independent collection not used in previous equation development. Five femoral parameters were measured following standardized protocols. Performance of sex estimation equations from northeastern, central, and northern Thai populations, plus one Chinese equation, was assessed through comprehensive validation metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's kappa, and area under the curve (AUC) from ROC analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The northeastern Thai equation demonstrated optimal performance with 93.0 % accuracy, κ = 0.86, and AUC = 0.975 when applied to the same population. Cross-regional Thai equations showed moderate accuracy reductions: central Thai achieved 91.5 % and northern Thai achieved 90.5 %. The Chinese equation exhibited the greatest decline at 87.0 %, representing a 6.5 % reduction from optimal performance. Male classification consistently outperformed female classification across all equations with sensitivity ranging from 92.0 to 95.0 % versus specificity ranging from 82.0 to 91.0 %. Performance decline correlated with increasing population genetic distance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>External validation confirms the importance of population-specific standards in forensic anthropological practice. While Thai regional equations maintain acceptable cross-regional performance, optimal accuracy requires population-appropriate equation selection. The substantial performance decline with ethnically distant equations emphasizes careful equation selection for reliable forensic identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intramuscular variations in the exit of C5 and C6 roots of the brachial plexus: A case series from Rwanda","authors":"Paul Ndahimana ,&nbsp;Victor Bassey Archibong ,&nbsp;Akeem Okesina ,&nbsp;Julien Gashegu","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anatomical variations in the brachial plexus, particularly the relationship of its roots to the scalene muscles, can significantly impact surgical approaches, nerve blocks, and trauma management. However, such variations are underreported in human cadaveric studies from the East African region in general, and Rwanda in particular.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This case series documents four distinct variations of the brachial plexus identified during routine cadaveric dissection.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Forty eight brachial plexus (24 human donors) were dissected using Grant's dissector protocol. All specimens were formalin-fixed and dissected in the anatomy laboratory of the University of Rwanda, with ethical clearance obtained.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Four cases (4/48 = 8.33 %) of intramuscular variation in the exit of C5 and C6 were identified. In case 1, right C5 and C6 roots pierced the anterior scalene muscle instead of passing in the scalenic space. Case 2 showed left C5 piercing the anterior scalene. In case 3 and 4 (bilateral variations in one cadaver), C5 and C6 pierced the anterior scalene on both sides but at different locations. These deviations from the classical interscalene passage may pose risks during surgical or anesthetic procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Anatomical variations of the brachial plexus are not rare and warrant routine consideration during clinical procedures. Preoperative imaging and surgeon awareness are recommended to mitigate iatrogenic risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of histogenesis and morphological histopathology in normal and abnormal human fetal cerebellum (20–23 gestational weeks)","authors":"Aamna Kausar ,&nbsp;Shalini S. Nayak ,&nbsp;Sapna ,&nbsp;Deepak Nayak M ,&nbsp;Veeresh ,&nbsp;Mamatha Hosapatna","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The cerebellum plays crucial roles in motor coordination, cognition, and balance. During embryogenesis, its development is regulated by several genetic factors. Aberrant genetic expression leads to cerebellar anomalies, including inferior vermian hypoplasia (IVH) and cerebellar hypoplasia (CH). This study aimed to analyze the histo-morphological changes in abnormal human fetal cerebellar (HFC) tissues compared with their normal counterparts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective observational study was conducted over one year with institutional ethical clearance. Twenty HFC tissues (10 normal and 10 abnormal) from 20 to 23 gestational weeks (GWs) were obtained postautopsy, fixed in formalin, and processed for histological analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed, and the samples were examined under a microscope for morphological differences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant histo-morphological differences were noted between normal and abnormal HFC tissues:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.</div></span></li></ul></div><div><ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Normal HFC (GWs 20–23): Progressive differentiation of cerebellar cortical layers, emergence of Purkinje cells (PCs), and proper foliation.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In IVH cases, poor development of cortical layers, the absence of PCs, and cerebellar anlage formation indicate early developmental arrest.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>CH cases include severe cortical disruption, a lack of foliation, and secondary degenerative changes such as dystrophic calcification, hypoxia, and macrophage infiltration.</div></span></li></ul></div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Histological comparison highlights developmental arrest and structural disorganization in IVH and CH cases. Understanding these differences is essential for increasing the knowledge of abnormal development and planning potential precautions prior to pregnancy in the future. Moreover, this study underscores the need for further research into fetal cerebellar anomalies to improve prenatal diagnostic techniques and potential therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case analysis and clinical implications of a hemangioma located between the pronator quadratus and interosseous membrane","authors":"Arene S. Barwari ,&nbsp;Parker Murphy ,&nbsp;Anders S. Mattecheck ,&nbsp;Yorell Manon-Matos ,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hemangiomas are seldom considered as a differential diagnosis for conditions with common etiologies. Reports detailing hemangiomas in unique locations with comprehensive analyses are scarce. This study aims to investigate a hemangioma uniquely located between the pronator quadratus (PQ) and the interosseous membrane (IOM) with gross, histological, and biomechanical analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A unilateral (right) hemangioma was discovered during routine dissection of an adult human cadaver, measured, weighed, transected, and photographed. Two tissue samples were collected, processed for histology (H&amp;E), and scanned for examination via digital light microscopy. Maximal isometric force (<em>F</em>_<em>max</em>) of the overlying PQ was calculated to determine the central force vector that would compress the hemangioma upon contraction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 4.85 g multilobulated hemangioma was supplied by the anterior interosseous artery and bound by the PQ, IOM, and distal radius and ulna. The hemangioma was roughly circular (r = ∼2.65 cm) in the coronal plane and disproportionally thicker on its ulnar side (1.88 cm vs. 0.45 cm). Histological analysis revealed atrophic skeletal muscle and clusters of leukocytes. The PQ muscle exhibited a <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> of 45.47 N and the ability to compress the hemangioma with 12.56 N.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Despite its likelihood for provoking sequelae, a hemangioma presenting between the PQ and IOM may not be considered when evaluating musculoskeletal pain, distal forearm fractures, compartment syndrome, or carpal tunnel syndrome. This study may provide new and important insights to orthopedists, vascular surgeons, medical educators, clinical anatomists, and allied health professionals when analyzing, diagnosing, or treating related cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visuospatial ability and neuroanatomy learning in health profession education – A scoping review","authors":"K. Anniesmitha ,&nbsp;Edlin Glane Mathias ,&nbsp;Nikita N. Bandekar ,&nbsp;K.G. Mohandas Rao ,&nbsp;P. Ashwini Aithal ,&nbsp;Bincy M. George","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuroanatomy requires learners to interpret and mentally manipulate complex three-dimensional (3D) structures, making visuospatial ability (VSA) a critical factor for success. In recent years, educational technologies have emerged as promising tools to support spatial learning. However, the extent to which these technologies can enhance or compensate for learners' spatial skills remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This scoping review aimed to explore how various educational technologies impact the development or support of visuospatial ability in neuroanatomy education and to identify the assessment tools used to measure spatial ability across different studies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane library, and Embase databases to identify studies that investigated the relationship between educational technology, spatial ability, and neuroanatomy learning. Included studies were analyzed for participant demographics, technology used, spatial ability assessment tools, and reported effects on VSA and learning outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, employing diverse technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed Reality (MR), interactive 3D modules, and volumetric imaging tools. Most studies used standardized psychometric tools like the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), Purdue Spatial Visualization Test (PSVT: R), or Santa Barbara Solids Test (SBST) to measure VSA. Evidence suggests that immersive technologies, particularly VR and MR, offer significant support to students with initially low spatial ability, narrowing the performance gap and, in some cases, enhancing spatial skills through repeated exposure and interactive visualization. While not all studies assessed VSA pre- and post-intervention, several studies reported improved spatial task performance and user engagement linked to technology use. Studies using 2D or non-immersive platforms showed limited benefit for low-VSA learners.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Emerging educational technologies, especially 3D, VR, and MR tools, have shown potential not only to support but also to enhance visuospatial ability in the context of neuroanatomy education. Integrating these tools strategically could improve spatial reasoning and reduce disparities among learners with varying cognitive profiles. Future research should focus on longitudinal evaluations, standardized spatial assessments, and adaptive technologies that respond to learners’ spatial needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts of Galen","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Balawender ,&nbsp;Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Claudius Galen was one of the most influential medical authors of antiquity. His anatomical and neuroanatomical doctrines, derived primarily from animal dissection, shaped medical thought from the Roman era through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview of the life and anatomical concepts of Galen, with a focus on his influence on the development of neuroanatomy and humoral theory. Particular attention is given to the sources of his knowledge, the historical context of his writings, and their reception in subsequent centuries.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although many of Galen's anatomical beliefs were later proven inaccurate, they reflected the intellectual context and methodological constraints of his time. His work synthesized earlier knowledge with original observations and had a lasting impact on the development of medical theory. Galen's legacy illustrates the importance of critically evaluating historical sources within their cultural and scientific framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145059898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical parameters and intermuscular comparability of asymmetrical pronator quadratus muscle variations with reversed tendon aponeuroses","authors":"Fischer A. Clarke ,&nbsp;Branden C. Fox ,&nbsp;Jessica Pillatzki ,&nbsp;Joseph X. Anders ,&nbsp;Robert E. Van Demark Jr. ,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The pronator quadratus (PQ) is a quadrangular muscle deep in the anterior compartment of the forearm that executes pronation and stabilizes the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). A thin, superficial tendon aponeurosis is commonly present on its ulnar side. Reports of non-typical PQ morphologies involving biomechanical parameters and intermuscular comparability are scarce despite the important knowledge they would contribute to understanding PQ variations and their clinical implications. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the biomechanical parameters and intermuscular comparability of asymmetrical PQ variations with reversed tendon aponeuroses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A case of asymmetrical bilateral PQ variations was discovered during routine human cadaver dissection. The variations were photographed in situ with scale, and anatomical parameters of each muscle were measured. Mean postmortem fixed sarcomere states were evaluated via light microscopy to calculate a normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em>_<em>max</em>) for each muscle. Intermuscular architectural comparability indices (<em>δ</em>_2,1) were calculated between each muscle to indicate suitability as flap/autograft tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Despite differences in mass and <em>F</em>_<em>max</em>, the left distal PQ muscle (PQ_d; 3.81 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 2.22 N), left proximal PQ muscle (PQ_p; 4.13 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 2.72 N), and right PQ_d (6.97 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 4.16 N) were architecturally indifferent (0.30 &lt; <em>δ</em>_2,1 &lt; 0.80). However, each of these muscles were significantly different in structure (<em>δ</em>_2,1 ≥ 0.80), size, and functional capability compared to the right PQ_p (0.87 g; <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> = 0.79 N). Notably, each ipsilateral pair of variant PQ muscles exhibited reversed location of their tendon aponeuroses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The PQ is encountered and utilized in many surgical procedures, including volar (modified Henry) or open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) approaches for surgically repairing a distal radius fracture. Chronic refractory myofascial pain in the distal forearm and DRUJ osteoarthritis may warrant differential evaluation for variations of the PQ. This report may provide new and important insights to orthopedists, clinical anatomists, and allied health professionals when diagnosing and treating patients with PQ variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microarchitectural changes in the urethral wall after injecting hyaluronic acid based bulking agent (Zhoabex G): an experimental study in New Zealand white female rabbits","authors":"Bhagath Kumar Potu ,&nbsp;Diaa Rizk ,&nbsp;Wael Amin Nasr El-Din ,&nbsp;Aisha Rashid ,&nbsp;Ammar Muhsen Marwani ,&nbsp;Stefano Salvatore","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the most prevalent conditions in women that has a significant adverse effect on the quality of life. There is a wide variety of surgical treatment approaches for female SUI. Although many surgical procedures are available, all are associated with procedure-related complications. Urethral bulking agents (UBA's) have been perceived as the safest alternatives in this regard due to their tissue compatibility. This prompted us to explore a potential bulking agent composed of hyaluronic acid named “Zhoabex G”.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>5-months-old female New Zealand white female rabbits (n = 27) weighing 2 kg ± 2.2 kg were used and divided into three equal groups: Group A (control group, n = 9) received no agent, Group B (sham group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of 10 % NaCl, and Group C (study group, n = 9) were injected with 0.5 ml of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid). At the end of experiment, after 5 months, all rabbits were sacrificed under anesthesia. The urethrae were dissected from all the groups for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies to evaluate the effect of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) on the collagen content, urethral lumen diameter, epithelial thickness, extent of inflammation and vascularity in the urethral wall.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Masson's trichrome stained sections revealed a mild increase in the collagen content of the submucosal layer of the urethra of Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group with a significant reduction in diameter of the urethral lumen and the epithelial thickness. Furthermore, immunostaining studies revealed a significant increase in the expression of CD31 antibodies (vascular endothelial cell markers) in Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) treated group when compared to the control and sham groups, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the extent of inflammation in studied groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Results of this study suggest that the Zhoabex G (cross-linked hyaluronic acid) causes a significant cooptation of the urethral lumen in female rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative anatomy of the rotator cuff muscle in the human fetus based on the teres minor muscle","authors":"Maciej Biernacki ,&nbsp;Magdalena Grzonkowska ,&nbsp;Michał Kułakowski ,&nbsp;Alicja Szulc ,&nbsp;Mariusz Baumgart","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The teres minor muscle is one of the components of the rotator cuff.</div><div>Particularly in terms of anatomical variability and prenatal development it is less thoroughly.</div><div>Described in current literature.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the teres minor muscle in the human fetus, based on its linear and planar parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0), and statistical tools (Student's t-test, ANOVA, regression analysis), morphometric parameters of the teres minor muscle were measured in 36 human fetuses of both sexes (17♂, 19♀), aged 18–30 weeks of gestation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The teres minor muscle showed no significant sex- or side-related differences. Muscle length increased logarithmically with gestational age, while width, circumference, and projection surface area followed linear growth patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The normative values obtained for the teres minor muscle may serve as a developmental reference for prenatal anatomical studies and have potential clinical relevance in pediatric imaging, surgery, and neonatology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}