Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Leonardo da Vinci: In search of the seat of the soul – Reflections on the anatomical and neuroanatomical explorations of a great master","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki ,&nbsp;Andrzej Dubrowski ,&nbsp;Natalia Dysput ,&nbsp;Julia Sypeń ,&nbsp;Michał Bonczar ,&nbsp;Patryk Ostrowski ,&nbsp;Jakub Dębski ,&nbsp;Piotr Wysocki ,&nbsp;Nikola Haładaj ,&nbsp;Roksana Haładaj ,&nbsp;Magdalena Grzonkowska ,&nbsp;Sara Kierońska-Siwak ,&nbsp;Stanisław Orkisz ,&nbsp;Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Renaissance was an era in which art, science, and philosophy converged in the pursuit of truth about human nature. Leonardo da Vinci combined the talent of an artist with the intellectual curiosity of a scholar and moved beyond the limitations of the epoch, producing anatomical studies that were exceptional and innovative. His observations—unpublished and therefore inaccessible to a wider audience for centuries—were remarkably ahead of their time, both in methodological approach and anatomical accuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This paper offers reflections on selected anatomical and neuroanatomical concepts developed by Leonardo, placing them within the broader intellectual context of his epoch. The analysis aims primarily to reflect the intellectual climate that emerged with the rise of the Renaissance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Leonardo da Vinci's methodological approach was groundbreaking and unprecedented for his time. It can be assumed that, had his anatomical works been published during his lifetime, they would have significantly influenced contemporary understanding of human anatomy and physiology. His research methods, including dissection techniques, were revolutionary and surpassed the limitations of the knowledge and technology of his era.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexor carpi radialis brevis: A systematic review with cadaveric case analysis","authors":"Connor J. Groen ,&nbsp;Shayla S. Rundberg ,&nbsp;Ryan Prohofsky ,&nbsp;Shaina L. Riggs ,&nbsp;Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Variant muscles such as the flexor carpi radialis brevis (FCRB) can have significant implications in orthopedic practice and hand function. However, a thorough biomechanical analysis and systematic review of FCRB are missing from the clinical literature. The purpose of this study is to conduct a biomechanical analysis of a FCRB and discuss its clinical implications in the context of a systematic review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A FCRB was discovered during routine dissection of a human cadaver. Gross parameters of the muscle were collected, and the muscle was photographed. A tissue sample was collected and processed for histological analysis. Mean postmortem fixed sarcomere lengths were measured via digital light microscopy to calculate a normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em>_<em>max</em>). The PRISMA 2020 framework was employed in conducting a systematic review of the literature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 2.81 g unilateral right FCRB was unipennate in form. It originated along the anterolateral distal third of the radius and inserted onto the tubercle of the trapezium. The FCRB presented in a semi-contracted state. Normalization of the FCRB fascicle lengths yielded a <em>F</em>_<em>max</em> of 13.38 N. Systematic review of 43 relevant articles suggests a mean FCRB prevalence of 3.12%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A biomechanical analysis of a FCRB muscle, systematic review of FCRB articles, and a meta-analysis of FCRB pooled prevalence adds new and important information to the literature, providing improved context for discussing FCRB cases. Results from this study may serve as a useful reference for orthopedic physicians, radiologists, physical and occupational therapists, clinical anatomists, and medical educators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A concise historical sketch on the early anatomical understanding of peripheral nerves","authors":"Grzegorz Wysiadecki ,&nbsp;Andrzej Dubrowski ,&nbsp;Wojciech Przybycień ,&nbsp;Natalia Dysput ,&nbsp;Julia Sypeń ,&nbsp;Michał Bonczar ,&nbsp;Patryk Ostrowski ,&nbsp;Jakub Dębski ,&nbsp;Nikola Haładaj ,&nbsp;Roksana Haładaj ,&nbsp;Stanisław Orkisz ,&nbsp;Andrzej Żytkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In early medical traditions, the nervous system was not merely a subject of anatomical interest, but also a lens through which broader questions about life, sensation, and the soul were explored. Discussions of “nerves” addressed not only anatomical structures, but also vital, emotional, and even spiritual functions.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this concise historical sketch is to revisit how the concept of the nerve evolved throughout the history of anatomy — from its ancient roots to the point at which it entered the increasingly precise anatomical vocabulary during the Renaissance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The concept of the nerve, as we understand it today, emerged gradually — grounded in ancient observations and philosophical reflections, and refined over centuries of anatomical inquiry. While successive corrections and innovations helped move anatomical knowledge toward greater precision, the early outlines of neuroanatomical thinking were already present in antiquity. Although modern terminology and classification systems were introduced much later, the foundations for understanding the structure and function of nerves were laid during the formative periods of medical science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind the gap: Reproducibility of methods for studying paraspinal muscles","authors":"Nayia Aza ,&nbsp;David James Halliday ,&nbsp;Chandrasekaran Kaliaperumal","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>We respond to a recent study on Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based measurement of paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic back pain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We reviewed their methodology with a focus on segmentation tools and observer reliability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Key details, including the software used and inter-observer reliability, were not reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Clarifying the methodology would improve reproducibility and support comparability across studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical and clinical perspectives on the distal humeral fossae: A study in South Indian dry bones","authors":"Nandini Prashanth Bhat ,&nbsp;Ashwija Shetty ,&nbsp;Kurian Alapatt ,&nbsp;Nom Kumar Naik Bhukya ,&nbsp;Sushma Prabhath ,&nbsp;Suhani Sumalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The distal end of the humerus features three fossae—radial, coronoid, and olecranon—that accommodate the processes of the forearm bones during elbow movements. Variations in their morphology and morphometry can influence joint biomechanics, fracture fixation, and prosthesis design. However, comprehensive data on all three fossae in South Indian dry humeri remain limited. This study aims to fill this gap by providing clinically relevant morphometric insights.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A total of 120 adult dry humeri (60 right, 60 left) of unknown age and sex were analyzed. Standardized photographs were evaluated using ImageJ software. Sixteen parameters—including the length, width, and circumference of each fossa—were measured. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and t-tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The left humerus was significantly longer (mean difference 1.96 cm) and had a greater distal width (mean difference 0.58 cm) than the right. The coronoid fossa was longer (mean difference 0.13 cm) and had a greater circumference on the right (mean difference 0.23 cm), while the radial and olecranon fossae were larger on left. Morphological analysis identified five olecranon fossa types, with oval being most common (44 %). The coronoid and radial fossae were predominantly triangular. No significant correlation was observed between humeral length or width and fossa circumference. The supratrochlear foramen, an anatomical variation which was found in 28.3 % of bones.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings have important implications for orthopedic surgery, such as intramedullary fixations, prosthetic design for elbow reconstruction, and forensic anthropology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dissection and angiographic study of morphological variations in the anterior communicating artery complex in a South African sample","authors":"Mbalentle Madolo ,&nbsp;Geney Gunston ,&nbsp;Stuart More ,&nbsp;Kentse Mpolokeng","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The anterior communicating artery complex (ACAC), which includes the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), is a common site for anatomical variation and aneurysm formation. While cerebral arterial variations have been linked to aneurysm development, limited data exists on these variations in the South African population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study assessed ACAC morphology through two components: dissection of 68 formalin-fixed adult brains (35 female, 33 male) and analysis of 200 adult magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) scans (145 female, 55 male). Anatomical variations in the ACAC were recorded and evaluated for their prevalence and potential association with cerebral aneurysms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Variations in the ACAC were prevalent in 67.6 % of dissection specimens and 43.5 % of angiographic images. The most frequent variations of the ACoA observed in both dissection and angiographic samples were X-shaped formations and hypoplasia. In dissections, the A1 segment frequently displayed hypoplasia, duplication, and fenestration, while the A2 segment typically presented the 'anastomosed' variation<strong>.</strong> In angiographic scans, the A2 segment often exhibited a triple ACA configuration. A history of ACAC aneurysms was present in 23.9 % of MRA scans. However, no significant correlation was observed between ACAC variations and aneurysm presence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates significant morphological diversity within the ACAC, including newly described variations, and highlights inconsistencies with existing literature regarding aneurysm association. These findings underscore the need for region-specific anatomical data to inform surgical planning and risk assessment in cerebrovascular interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aberrant placental structure is corrected with repeated nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatments in a Guinea pig model of fetal growth restriction","authors":"Baylea N. Davenport ,&nbsp;Rebecca L. Wilson ,&nbsp;Alyssa A. Williams ,&nbsp;Jaimi A. Gray ,&nbsp;Edward L. Stanley ,&nbsp;Helen N. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is most commonly due to placental insufficiency. There are currently no treatments for placental insufficiency or FGR, and the only intervention is iatrogenic pre-term delivery. We have previously shown efficacy of repeated placental nanoparticle-mediated <em>insulin-like 1 growth factor</em> (<em>IGF1</em>) treatment in improving placental efficiency (increased fetal-placental weight ratio) and correcting fetal growth in a maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) guinea pig model of FGR. We hypothesize placenta structural changes (reduced exchange area, altered vascular structure) that we and others have previously shown in the FGR/MNR placenta which lead to deficits in placental function are mitigated by our repeated nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Here we investigate the structural remodeling of the placenta in a maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) guinea pig model following 3 repeated intraplacental injections of nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> that may underpin the published improvements in placental efficiency and fetal growth. Using immunohistochemistry and Dice-CT we investigated the micro- and macrovasculature changes of the placenta structure to identify changes in FGR and treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sham-treated MNR placentas displayed disorganized microvasculature labyrinthine exchange areas with a reduction in placental capillary number and an increase in the volume of the placenta macrovasculature. Repeated nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> treatment, however, resulted in an improved exchange area with normalized placental capillary number and macrovasculature volume.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This data demonstrates repeated nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> delivery corrects aberrant placenta structure during FGR and placental insufficiency likely leading to improved gas exchange and transfer of nutrients to the fetus restoring fetal growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early white matter microstructural alterations in cerebral small vessel disease: A tract-specific diffusion tensor imaging and cardio-cerebrovascular risk perspective","authors":"Zaw Myo Hein ,&nbsp;Muhammad Danial Che Ramli ,&nbsp;Usman Jaffer ,&nbsp;Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Silent cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), marked by white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), are commonly detected incidentally on neuroimaging. Emerging evidence links early brain microstructural changes to modifiable cardio-cerebrovascular risks, even without neurological symptoms. This study aimed to explore the relationship between cardio-cerebrovascular risk, white matter tract integrity, and cognitive performance in asymptomatic adults, using QRISK3 profiling, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and neurocognitive evaluation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixty neurologically asymptomatic adults (mean age: 39.8 ± 11.5 years) with low to moderate QRISK3 scores underwent standardized neurocognitive assessment 3T brain MRI, including DTI sequences. Lesion-guided region-of-interest (ROI) tractography was used to assess six bilateral white matter tracts commonly affected in CSVD: the anterior and superior corona radiata and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>WMHs were identified in 20 individuals (33.3 %). Their presence was significantly associated with aging, systolic blood pressure, hypertension, and QRISK3 score (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). While no significant cognitive impairment was observed, processing speed was negatively correlated with age and QRISK3. Although DTI metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) did not significantly differ across groups, tract-specific analysis revealed that higher QRISK3 scores were significantly associated with reduced white matter integrity in the left SLF.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight the presence of early, subclinical white matter alterations in individuals at cardio-cerebrovascular risk, even in the absence of neurological symptoms. The integration of tract-specific DTI analysis with vascular risk profiling may provide a sensitive approach for detecting preclinical CSVD and guiding early intervention strategies in at-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-trunked anatomical variance of the brachial plexus: A cadaveric case report","authors":"Catherine A. Cash ,&nbsp;Camryn Buskey ,&nbsp;Eistine Boateng ,&nbsp;Adel Maklad ,&nbsp;Hamoun Delaviz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The brachial plexus is a network of nerves connecting five spinal nerve roots (C5-C8 and T1) and is responsible for transmitting motor and sensory signals to the upper limb. The ventral rami typically form three trunks, superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), and inferior (C8-T1), where each trunk channels motor and sensory information to specific upper limb regions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A unique variation of the trunks of the brachial plexus was discovered during a routine dissection of a male cadaver within an anatomy laboratory.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We present a case of a prefixed, two trunk brachial plexus, formed by the fusion of the middle and inferior trunks, along with downstream variations in the terminal nerve branches.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While anatomical variations of the brachial plexus are documented in the literature, fusion of the middle and inferior trunks are not commonly observed in human anatomy and subsequently not documented in the literature. Furthermore, we observed a prefixed plexus and anomalous communicating branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to the median nerve as additional features of the network. Altogether, understanding these variations is crucial for physicians, as it can affect surgical procedures and clinical presentations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining lumbosacral transitional vertebrae classification: Morphological variation in a South African population","authors":"G.J. Paton ,&nbsp;S. Nalla ,&nbsp;S.A. Williams ,&nbsp;G.J. Louw","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are common anatomical variants where the last lumbar vertebra demonstrates unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the transverse processes, with articulation or fusion to the sacrum. This radio-anatomical study sought to investigate the morphological characteristics of LSTV in the South African population and describe unique variations that enhance the traditional Castellvi classification.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective radiographic review was performed on 3096 consecutive thoracoabdominal pelvic radiographs from two South African hospitals. Targeted osteological appraisal was conducted on selected skeletons containing LSTV sourced from the Raymond Dart Collection of Modern Human Skeletons. The presence of LSTV was classified according to Castellvi, identifying Types II, III, and IV, unilateral and bilateral subtypes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of LSTV was 10 %. Morphological distribution was as follows: Type II (67.9 %), Type III (27.6 %), and Type IV (4.5 %). Subtype frequencies were IIA (41.9 %), IIB (26.0 %), IIIB (21.8 %), and IV (5.8 %). Laterality showed a predominance of bilateral cases (47.7 %), followed by left- (26.6 %) and right-sided (21.1 %) variants. Type IV morphology could not be classified by side using traditional methods. Transverse processes at the LSTV level were significantly longer than those in matched controls (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study proposes two refinements to the Castellvi system: First, Type IV morphology should be assigned left or right at the side of the lumbosacral fusion. Second, a novel transversoiliac articulation was associated with Type II morphology, representing a previously undescribed feature in LSTV morphology. These modifications may enhance diagnostic precision, support recognition of Bertolotti syndrome, and formulate appropriate treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}