Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) cells: A promising target for neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration","authors":"Zaw Myo Hein ,&nbsp;Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Danial Che Ramli ,&nbsp;Ibrahim El-Serafi ,&nbsp;Banthit Chetsawang","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuron-glial 2 (NG2) cells, or polydendrocytes, are dynamic glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. These cells interact with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, modulating inflammatory responses, synaptic activity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. While NG2 cells have protective roles, their aberrant activation can contribute to scarring, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the molecular and functional properties of NG2 cells with a focus on their involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Relevant studies were identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “NG2 cells,” “neuroinflammation,” and “neurodegenerative diseases.” Articles were selected based on relevance to NG2 cell biology, their interactions with other glial cells, and their therapeutic implications. Findings were categorized into key themes, including NG2 cell activation, inflammatory signaling, and potential therapeutic targets.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>NG2 cells are key players in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, serving both protective and pathological roles. Understanding their mechanisms of action can aid in identifying therapeutic strategies targeting NG2 cell activation, including anti-inflammatory agents, epigenetic modulators, natural compounds, and monoclonal antibodies. Future research should explore NG2 cell-targeted interventions to develop novel treatments for CNS disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical variations of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle: Implications of sex and laterality on morphology and morphometry","authors":"Ndumiso Siphelele Hlengwa ,&nbsp;Okikioluwa Stephen Aladeyelu ,&nbsp;Seke Nzau Mafuika ,&nbsp;Livashin Naidu ,&nbsp;Carmen Olivia Rennie","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>A detailed understanding of the anatomical dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is essential in the surgical treatment of ankle joint injuries and ligament rehabilitation. While previous studies have explored the general morphology and morphometry of the LCL, there remains a gap in understanding how these characteristics vary based on sex and laterality. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and morphometric variations of the LCL, focusing on differences between sexes and between right and left ankles.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Thirty-one ankles from sixteen human cadavers were dissected to investigate the LCL of the ankle. The LCL consists of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). Each ligament of the LCL was classified into three types according to the number of bands, i.e., Type I– single band, Type II– double bands (IIa-partially separated &amp; IIb-completely separated), and Type III– triple bands for morphological observation. The length, width, and thickness of these ligaments were measured using a calliper for morphometric analysis and compared among sex and laterality.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Type I was the most observed in all three ligaments (ATFL-61.3 %; CFL-87.1 %; PTFL-96.8 %). Significant sex differences were observed, with males having more Type I, while females had more Type II and III (p &lt; 0.05). PTFL was significantly longer (25.31 ± 3.87 mm) and wider (7.05 ± 2.07 mm) in females (p &lt; 0.05). CFL was significantly longer on the right (37.09 ± 4.57 mm; p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Morphological and morphometric variations significantly exist in the ligaments that make up the LCL in relation to sex and laterality. These identified variations could improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance surgical planning, and inform sex-specific rehabilitation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Klingler's brain dissection technique: Review of the original procedure and technical considerations","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski ,&nbsp;Jakub Dębski ,&nbsp;Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Klingler's brain dissection technique, originally introduced by Ludwig Klingler in 1935, can be considered an useful research toll for investigating the structural organization of white matter tracts in the human brain. The method involves freezing formalin-fixed brain tissue, which facilitates the separation of fiber tracts, making it a crucial tool for both neuroanatomical education and research on brain connectivity.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Given the practical relevance of this technique in both research and neurosurgical training, this review aims to recall the original Klingler's method, analyze key modifications introduced in recent years, and evaluate its significance in contemporary anatomical and neuroimaging research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The Klingler's fiber dissection technique remains a cornerstone of neuroanatomical research, particularly in combination with modern imaging techniques such as tractography. Its ability to reveal the three-dimensional architecture of white matter fibers has solidified its role in both anatomical education and neurosurgical planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric analysis of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5): Anatomical dimensions and clinical implications in South Indian population","authors":"Nandini Bhat ,&nbsp;Lakshmisha Rao ,&nbsp;Ashwija Shetty ,&nbsp;Souhardya Das ,&nbsp;Nom Bhukya Kumar Naik ,&nbsp;Vanishri Nayak ,&nbsp;Sushma Prabhath ,&nbsp;Kurian Alapatt ,&nbsp;Suhani Sumalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The anatomical features of L5, including its size, shape, and articulation with the sacrum, make it a crucial structure in weight transfer and spinal stability. Understanding its morphometry is vital for diagnosing and treating pathologies associated with the lumbar spine. This study aims to provide normative data on the morphological and morphometric dimensions of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and discover its clinical implications, assisting in preoperative planning for clinicians, including radiologists and spine surgeons.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Anatomical measurements of fifty dry L5 vertebrae including dimensions of the transverse processes, articular facets, body of the vertebra, and intervertebral foramen, were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to assess correlations and differences in morphometric data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><strong>Body of the vertebra:</strong> The mean anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body were 3.35 ± 0.41 cm and 4.74 ± 1.39 cm (superior) and 3.33 ± 0.68 cm and 3.78 ± 1.72 cm (inferior), respectively. Significant differences were noted in the transverse diameter between the superior and inferior surfaces. <strong>Articular Facets:</strong> The superior articular facets were predominantly quadrilateral (46 %), followed by pyramidal (30 %). The inferior facets were most commonly circular (48 %). Significant differences were observed in the distance from the spinous process to the inferior articular facets. <strong>Intervertebral Foramen:</strong> The anteroposterior length of the intervertebral notch on the right and left sides was significantly variable. <strong>Transverse Processes:</strong> The mean distance between the tips of the right and left transverse processes was 7.92 ± 0.92 cm. Weak positive correlations were observed between the distance from the spinous process to the transverse processes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study provides comprehensive morphometric data on the fifth lumbar vertebra, emphasizing important anatomical dimensions that are vital for understanding spinal health and guiding clinical interventions. These findings will aid in the preoperative planning for spine surgeries and the management of lumbar spine disorders. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is recommended to validate and expand these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Cervical vertebral metrics’ A reliable approach to forensic identification: A comprehensive review","authors":"Shreya ,&nbsp;Lydia Shobha Andrade ,&nbsp;Rajagopal K V ,&nbsp;Vikram Palimar ,&nbsp;Muhammad Nasir Ahmad ,&nbsp;Vinod C. Nayak ,&nbsp;Varun Kumar S G ,&nbsp;Bhukya Nom Kumar Naik","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex and stature are the most critical factors to identify an unknown individual. In addition to the skull, pelvis, and other long bones, the vertebral column exhibits significant differences between males and females. It has been shown to have a statistically significant correlation with an individual's stature. Among the cervical vertebrae, the axis vertebra shows remarkable sexual dimorphism.</div></div><div><h3>Body of the study</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus between 1995 and 2023. The main inclusion criteria were studies on adult human cervical vertebral measurements from skeletal remains and Computed tomography images. Sixteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria from various populations estimating the sex and stature.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>An extensive review of relevant studies has established that the axis exhibits the highest sexual dimorphism among the cervical vertebrae, followed by the atlas and the C7 vertebra. Regarding the determination of stature from the various cervical metrics, the axis vertebra significantly correlated with stature. This comprehensive study offers valuable insights into the different measurement methods utilizing cervical vertebrae for sex and stature estimation, thereby serving as a pertinent resource for subsequent anthropometric investigations about cervical vertebrae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accessory cutaneous branch of the deep peroneal nerve: A rare anatomical variation","authors":"Sushma Prabhath,&nbsp;Bhoomi Darak,&nbsp;Suhani Sumalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The deep peroneal nerve typically follows a well-defined course in the anterior compartment of the leg, providing motor innervation to the extensor muscles of the foot and sensory supply to the first interdigital cleft. However, its branching pattern and sensory distribution variations are clinically significant but rarely reported. These anatomical anomalies can have implications for surgical procedures, nerve block techniques, and the interpretation of clinical symptoms in the lower limb.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>An unusual branching pattern of the deep peroneal nerve on the left lower limb of a 57-year-old male cadaver was observed in this case. An accessory cutaneous nerve arising from the deep peroneal nerve at the upper shaft of the fibula was observed. The cutaneous branch of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve supplied only the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot. The accessory cutaneous nerve compensated the supply of the medial aspect of the foot, hence designated as the accessory deep peroneal sensory nerve. The main trunk of the deep peroneal nerve was seen in its usual course, supplying the region's muscles and the 1st interdigital cleft.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The current finding is rare and highlights the importance of understanding the anatomical variations of peripheral nerves. Such variations are clinically significant due to their potential impact on diagnostic evaluations, surgical interventions, and nerve block procedures involving the lower limb.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of the variations in the tendons of the extensor digitorum communis among the Burmese population","authors":"Than Than Win ,&nbsp;Zaw Myo Hein ,&nbsp;Muhammad Danial Che Ramli ,&nbsp;Soe Lwin ,&nbsp;Tin Moe Nwe","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The extensor digitorum communis (EDC) is essential in finger extension. Its tendons vary in distribution among and between different populations. These variations in anatomy can be very important for the diagnosis and management of hand injuries among hand surgeons, anatomists, and clinicians. This study is done to assess the variation of EDC tendons among the Burmese population and assess their distribution patterns on both hands.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a cross-sectional anatomical study involving 32 cadavers (16 formalin-preserved and 16 fresh-frozen-acquired) from various medical institutions in Myanmar. A total of 64 dissected hands were observed for the number, pattern, and distribution of EDC tendons to the index (IF), middle (MF), ring (RF), and little fingers (LF). The Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of tendon variations among the hands.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All IF had a single EDC tendon (100 %). The MF had single (50 %), double (37.5 %), and triple (10.9 %) tendons. The ring finger displayed single (9.4 %), double (50 %), triple (35.9 %), and quadruple (4.7 %) tendons. The LF showed an absent EDC tendon (60.9 %), a single tendon (34.4 %), and a double tendon (4.7 %). Asymmetrical tendon distribution was observed in 62 % of cadavers. Statistical analysis confirmed significant variations in EDC tendon distribution (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study represents valuable data on anatomical variations in EDC tendons among a Burmese population and emphasises an individualised approach to surgery when dealing with tendon repair or hand reconstruction. The high incidence of asymmetrical patterns may alter functional and biomechanical results. Further investigation with advanced imaging techniques and samples of larger sizes is recommended regarding clinical implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odontoid process angulation range in a South African skeletal population sample: An osteological study","authors":"Ricardo Jonker ,&nbsp;Glen J. Paton ,&nbsp;Shahed Nalla","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigated the angulation of the odontoid process in a South African skeletal population to establish normative vertical angulation in the sagittal plane and assess variations across population affinity groups, biological sexes, and age categories. The study also investigated standardizing techniques for measuring the angle of the odontoid process.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 cervical axis vertebrae from the Raymond A. Dart Collection. Angulation measurements were taken using digital photographs, ImageJ software and statistical analyses (one-way ANOVA and t-tests).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean odontoid process angulation (degrees; °) across the sample was 60.45° (±3.10°). No statistically significant differences in angulation were found. Minor variations were observed, with males (60.77° ± 2.94°) showing a slightly higher mean angulation than females (60.08° ± 3.25°). The age groups, “20–40 years” (60.71° ± 3.56°) and “41–55 years” (60.43° ± 3.04°), displayed greater angulation than the 56–70 years age group (60.19° ± 2.68°). Population affinity groups showed that the Black African group had a mean angulation of 60.57° (±3.01°), the White group had 60.06° (±3.04°), and the Coloured group had a slightly higher mean of 60.64° (±3.26°).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study concluded there are statistically insignificant differences in the odontoid process angulation based on population affinity, sex, and age. The findings contribute to a better understanding of cervical spine anatomy and assist in clinical interventions related to the cervical spine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesorectum volumetry in males with rectal cancer: Variabilities observed in pre- and post-neoadjuvant radiotherapy imaging","authors":"D. Lamprecht ,&nbsp;K. Baatjes ,&nbsp;W. Begg ,&nbsp;H. Fourie ,&nbsp;A. Alblas ,&nbsp;L. Witbooi ,&nbsp;T. Forgan","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study utilised magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to describe the within population variations and the variability observed in the volumetry of the mesorectum pre- and post-neoadjuvant radiotherapy, prior to surgical intervention, in a South-African sample of males with rectal cancer.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>Nineteen pelvic MRI scans of males diagnosed with rectal cancer, who underwent neoadjuvant long-course radiotherapy (LCRT) or short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) prior to undergoing a total mesorectal excision (TME), were retrospectively reviewed and analysed. Mesorectal volume was calculated after contouring individual axial slices and creating a three-dimensional compounded structure on both pre- and post-radiotherapy scans, which were subsequently described and compared.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both pre- and post-neoadjuvant radiotherapy mesorectal volumetry displayed great variability. Mean calculated pre-radiotherapy mesorectal volume was 272.94 ± 80.30 cm³. Post-radiotherapy volume equated to 239.19 ± 81.30 cm³, presenting an overall percentage decrease of 12,60 %, resulting in a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001). In sub-group analysis, both patient groups who underwent LCRT and SCRT showed a general decrease and statistically significant difference in mesorectal volume post-radiotherapy when compared to pre-radiotherapy imaging.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Significant variation in the volumetry of the mesorectum pre- and post-neoadjuvant radiotherapy observable on MRI can have important clinical implications for the TME. A change in mesorectal morphometry may require modification of the planned surgical strategy. Therefore, the information obtained from a post-radiotherapy MRI prior to surgical intervention, can be a worthwhile addition to the available armamentarium for surgeons to guide surgical decision-making, encouraging the adoption of optimal individualized and novel treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The medial plica syndrome of the knee – Narrative review of the literature","authors":"Szymon Gryckiewicz ,&nbsp;Łukasz Paczesny ,&nbsp;Anna Brożyna ,&nbsp;Jan Zabrzyński ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Gryckiewicz ,&nbsp;Zofia Paradowska ,&nbsp;Marek Libura","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synovial plicae are physiological tissue found in the knee joint. They are formed in the fetal period as remnants of synovial cavities that are not absorbed in the process of apoptosis. Depending on the location of the plica, medicine distinguishes several types of plicae - suprapatellar, infrapatellar, medial and the lateral one. Based on the shape and size of the fold, the types are divided into subtypes. In the knee joint, the most common is medial plica, which extends from the area of the articular muscle or the vastus medialis oblique muscle, which runs parallel to the medial femoral condyle and patella.</div><div>Medial plica syndrome (MPS) is the medical term for the development of sympthoms caused by a pathological synovial fold. A significant factor in the pathophysiology of medial plica syndrome is the stage of inflammation, occurring either in the direct injury mechanism of plica (e.g. torsional mechanism) or as a consequence of cumulative overload changes. Typical clinical symptoms of a patient with MPS include: dull pain in the antero-medial apspect of the knee, associated with repeated knee flexion movement with possible clicking or locking signs. Clinical provocation tests were described (Mediopatellar Plica Test, Hughston Fold Test, Stutter Test) to confirm the diagnosis. It is crucial to exclude the presence of other knee joint diseases.</div><div>Imaging including ultrasound and MRI may be useful in differential diagnosis but confirmation of the presence of the plica is not sufficient to make a diagnosis. Conservative treatment can be effective and it is based on NSAIDs administration, activity modification, kinesiotherapy and physical therapy. In the case of ineffective conservative treatment, arthroscopic surgery is considered. Usually larger folds in the MPS require surgical intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}