Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing最新文献

{"title":"The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A)","authors":"P. Patel, J. Mentall","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700210","url":null,"abstract":"The Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) developed a new method for estimating tropical cyclone (TC) minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) from TC warm core intensity as observed using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A). This approach is based on regression between TC warm core intensity data obtained from AMSU-A 55-GHz band brightness temperatures and MSLP values in best-track data archived by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo Typhoon Center for TCs in the western North Pacific basin during the 2008 TC season. The root mean square error and bias of MSLP values estimated using the new method with reference to best-track data for TCs observed in 2009–2011 were 10.1 hPa and 0.3 hPa, respectively. Based on several TCs as examples, this paper also explains the characteristic aspects of MSLP values estimated by the new method in relation to TC cloud pattern and TC size.","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"1994 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125546881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote Sensing Of Atmospheric And Surface Parameters In A Cloudy Atmosphere Using Airs/amsu Sounding Data","authors":"J. Susskind, J. Joiner","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700173","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction AIRS and AMSU are the prototype low Earth Orbiting Operational Sounding System which will first fly on the EOS PM Platform in 2000. AIRS (Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder) is a high spectral resolution IR sounder with spectral resolving power u / A u 21 1200 and roughly 3000 channels with essentially complete spectral coverage from 650 cm-' to 2700 cm-'. Figure 1 shows a simulated AIRS spectrum and indicates the principle absorbing species in each spectral region. AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit) A, B contain approximately 20 channels with the majority centered around the 50 GHz oxygen cluster and 183 GHz water vapor line. The sounding goal for AIRS/AMSU is to provide temperature profiles with l 0 C RMS error in 1 km thick layer temperatures and water vapor profiles with 10% RMS error in layer precipitable water in 2 km thick layers throughout the troposphere. In addition, information will be obtained about ozone profile, surface skin temperature and spectral emissivity, cloud fraction, cloud top pressure, cloud spectral emissivity, and spectral components of OLR. We have developed a methodology for use in inverting a large number of channel radiances, which produces accurate results even under extensive partial cloud cover. In this methodology, the microwave and infrared channels complement each other. The AMSU-A microwave channels are used for cloud filtering because they are relatively insensitive to clouds. The AMSU-A microwave channels also have superior vertical resolution for retrieving the temperature profile in the stratosphere. Once the cloud filtering has been performed, the infrared channels, used in conjunction with the microwave channels, provide superior vertical resolution for retrieving temperature and water vapor profiles in the troposphere.","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116009416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation Of Polar Stratospheric Clouds Using Remote Sensors, In Situ Instruments, And The Perseus Remotely Piloted Aircraft","authors":"D. Toohey, B. Gary, J. Langford","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700200","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are believed to catalyze a series of chemical reactions that simultaneously remove oxides of nitrogen (NO,) from the air and activate a type of chlorine chemistry that destroys ozone rapidly (1). The total amount of ozone that is subsequently lost depends critically on the timing of, and on the rate of release of, NO, back into the airmass to bind with reactive chlorine. PSCs composed of nitric acid and water (called “Type I” PSCs) form when temperatures in the lower stratosphere drop below about 196-200 K (depending on altitude), and water ice clouds (called “Type 11” PSCs) form at temperatures another 5 to 10 degrees lower. Temperatures for Type I PSCs occur annually over both polar regions during the winter season (with few exceptions over the Arctic), while colder temperatures for Type I1 PSCs occur regularly over Antarctica, but less frequently over the Arctic. it is thought that nitric acid can be irreversibly removed from the air when larger PSC particles, especially those composed mainly of water ice, sediment (or snow) to lower altitudes. If this denitrification is extensive enough, as it is over Antarctica each austral winter, there is insufficient nitric acid remaining as a source of NO, to bind the reactive chlorine in springtime, and a large “ozone hole” forms [l]. Over the Arctic, denitrification has also been observed, but on a much smaller scale than over Antarctica, so ozone depletion is more limited in both altitudinal and geographic extent.","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"429 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122866653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison Of Columnar Water Vapor Determined From Microwave Emmision And Solar Transmission Measurements","authors":"R. Peter, B. Schmid","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700218","url":null,"abstract":"Water vapor and liquid water (clouds) play a major role in remote sensing applications as ground-based mm-wave spectroscopy (Peter and Ksmpfer, 1991, Kknpfer et al. 1991) and communications due to their effect on the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Since the columnar water vapor or integrated precipitable water vapor IWV and the liquid water content ILW in the troposphere are highly variable in time and space only continuous measurements of these quantities can provide adequate corrections for remote sensing observations. Dual channel microwave instruments (20/30 GHz) measuring the atmospheric emission, are well known for their capability to measure continuously IWV and ILW also during night and cloudy conditions (Guiraud et al., 1979, Westwater, 1978 and Elgered et al. 1982). The same capability is attributed to photometers measuring the absorption of the radiation of the sun in the range of 350 1000 nm, however only during clear sky conditions. During half a year simultaneous measurements of both types of instruments have been performed in order to validate the accuracy of both instruments as well as to estimate the retrieval quality depending on the used emission (MW) and absorption (IR/Vis) models included in the IWV retrieval algorithms. The retrieved IWV from the water vapor radiometer (WVR) and the sun photometer (SPM) exhibiting a rms scatter of about 9 % (SPM) and 13 % (WVR) show a good agreement with radiosonde data taken a t noon. Between both instruments with independently retrieved IWV, the comparison yielded a mean IWV difference of 1.6 mm (10 %) and a rms scatter of 1.3 mm (8 %) for the whole periode of observation. Thus the rms is lower between the WVR and the SPM than with the radiosonde data, while the difference of the mean between both instruments is higher, reflecting possible calibration offsets or inconsistencies in the MW emission or IR/Vis absorption model. I) Microwave measurements","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121900437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Use Of Optical And Microwave Remotely Sensed Data For The Estimation Of Surface Energy Balance Components Over A Semi-arid Watershed","authors":"K. Humes, W. Kustas, T. Jackson, T. Schmugge, M. Moran","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121280516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrieval Algorithms Of Aerosol Profile For Ilas Measurements","authors":"S. Mukai, I. Savo, Y. Sasano, T. Yokata","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700198","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes algorithms t o estimate vertical distribution of st,ratosplieric aerosols based on tlie solar occultation measurements of the Improved Limb At,mospheric Spectronieter (ILAS), which will be installed on tlie Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) in 1996. Our retrieval analysis involves following two steps: the vertical structure inversion, which provides t,he profile of local atmospheric extinction from TLhS transmittance data , and the species inversion which inverts the conceiitration of air molecules, oxygen and aerosols from the derived extinction at, ILAS visible wavelengths (from 0.i53 t o 0.784 p i i ) . I t is found tha t tlie retrieved temperature and pressure profiles from ILAS oxygen A-band analysis can improve and simplify tlie aerosol retrieval.","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129997893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects Of Radiosonde Type On Satellite-derived Humidities","authors":"J. Morrissey, J. Pickle, V. Falcone, M. Griffin","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700219","url":null,"abstract":"Instrument differences between radiosonde types as well as errors in individual radiosondes have been the subject of many investigations. The influence that these errors and or differences have on simulated satellite-measured radiances and the resultant derived humidities is examined. The difficulty posed by using a worldwide radiosonde data base to calibrate/validate satellite water vapor sounders is discussed.","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":" 46","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132189132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave Radiometric Calibration Of Airborne Weather Radars Under Rain-free Conditions Over The Ocean","authors":"J.L. Schots, J. Weinman, R. Meneghini, J.R. Wang, T. Iguchi","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700169","url":null,"abstract":"Because o f the grouing i n te res t in the e f f e c t o f the global d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r a i n f a l l on climate, the space agencies of Japan arid the United States have i n i t i a t e d the developnent o f a Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) s a t e l l i t e . The s a t e l l i t e u i l l carry a 14 GHz radar along u i t h 10, 19, 22, 37 and 86 GHz radiometers. I n order t o s imulate those measurements, a major e f f o r t has been i n i t i a t e d t o measure p r e c i p i t a t i o n from airborne radars and microuave radiometers (1). I n the present study, an a i r c r a f t uas f i t t e d u i t h nadi r paint i n g radars and radiometers operat ing a t near ly the same frequencies as those that u i l l be used on the TRMM s a t e l l i t e . Deploying 10, 19, 34 and 92 GHz microuave radiometers permit ted the measured br ightness temperatures t o be used t o cMnpute the ocean surface u ind speed and the t o t a l path at tenuat ion o f a r a i n f r e e a t mosphere. The normalized surface radar backscatter ing cross section, a t 10 and 35 GHz, was then computed using the surface u ind speed. The e f f e c t i v e surface radar backscatter ing cross sect ion per u n i t area, a t these frequencies, uas ca lcu lated by apply ing the knouledge of the transmission of the ra in f ree atmosphere. Adding measurements of the returned surface radar pouer, allowed the determinat ion of the radar constants.","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128834691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lidar Measurements Of Aerosol Scattering In The Troposphere And Stratosphere","authors":"C. R. Philbrick, D. Lysak, Y. Rau","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700196","url":null,"abstract":"A twocolor Rayleigh/Raman lidar has been developed to study the properties of the middle and lower atmosphere. The LAMP (Lidar Atmospheric Measurements Program) lidar profiler was placed in service at Penn State University during the summer of 1991. The LAMP lidar uses two wavelengths, 532 and 355 MI, in the transmitted beam and up to eight detectors in the receiver. The instrument is arranged in a monostatic configuration, which permits useful measurements in the near field, as well as in the far field. The detector system uses a mechanical shutter to block the high intensity low altitude signal from the high altitude detectors until the beam has reached an altitude of 20 km. The Nd:YAG laser includes a doubling crystal and a mixing crystal to produce a 532 and a 355 nm beam. The low altitude backscatter signals of the visible and ultraviolet beams are detected as analog signals and digitized at 10 MSps to provide 15 meter resolution from the surface to 25 km. The high altitude signals, obtained by photon counting techniques, are separated into 500 nanosecond range bins to provide 75 meter resolution, from 20 to 80 km. The detector also contains two first Stokes vibrational Raman channels to measure the N2 signal at 607 nm and the H,O signal at 660 nm. Measurements of the rotational Raman backscatter provides the possibility to obtain temperature profiles in the presence of clouds and in the boundary layer. The results reveal the continuous presence of a relatively small aerosol particles through the troposphere. These particle sizes are comparable to the wavelength of the light and exhibit a signal, in the vicinity of 5 km, which is typically greater than the molecular backscatter by a factor of 2 at the 532 nm wavelength and by a factor of I O at the 355 nm wavelength. The small aerosol component of the tropospheric backscatter was found to be relatively uniform as a function of latitude over the ocean, from Arctic (7C\"N) to Antarctic (65%). III the presence of clouds, the variation in the background small aerosol was remarkably small. The cloud presence does not significantly change the slope or magnitude of the small aerosol component near the cloud layer except for the expected attenuation by the cloud. The magnitude of the ultraviolet extinction due to this small aerosol component is quite significant. The influence of the turbidity due to small aerosol scattering has been investigated to prepare these results for a study of the turbidity contribution to the radiative transfer in the atmosphere. EXPERIMENT BACKGROUND Results from the ARL/PSU LAMP (Lidar Atmospheric Measurements Program) lidar instrument have been examined to determine the aerosol component of the lower atmosphere. The instrument has been used since mid1991 to measure the properties of the atmosphere and is based upon developments of two previous instruments (Philbrick, 1991). The two-color lidar approach is most useful in examining and separating the molecular, aerosol and","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127070534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Microwave Measurements Of Ocean Wave Spectra","authors":"D. Schuler, J. Lee","doi":"10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMEAS.1993.700178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":379014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IEEE Topical Symposium on Combined Optical, Microwave, Earth and Atmosphere Sensing","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133722348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}