Journal of the Middle East and Africa最新文献

{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Ronen Yitzhak","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2064101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2064101","url":null,"abstract":"The establishment of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (known as the Emirate of Trans-Jordan until 1946) was connected to several developments in the Middle East after the First World War. During that conflict, Great Britain had contacts with, Sharīf Hussein (H _ usayn bin ‘Alī), a descendant of the Prophet Muh _ ammad, who was one of the local Arab leaders in the Arabian Peninsula and who was serving as Amīr of Mecca at that time. In exchange for his agreement to take Britain’s side against the Ottoman Empire, and to initiate an Arab revolt, Britain promised Sharīf Hussein that he would head an independent Arab state that would be established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The two parties discussed the borders of the state in negotiations between them in 1915–1916 and this was documented in the correspondence of Hussein-McMahon (the British High Commissioner in Egypt), which was first published in full by the Arab historian George Antonius in his book, The Arab Awakening, in 1938. At the end of the First World War, it became clear, however, that Britain, despite the promises it had made to Sharīf Hussein, had secretly signed a treaty with France (the Sykes-Picot Agreement), under which France would gain control over Syria and Lebanon with the cessation of hostilities. Thus, Sharīf Hussein’s ambitious plan to establish a greater Arab state in the Middle East under his leadership disintegrated. In July 1920, after General Henri Gouraud, the newly appointed French High Commissioner, arrived in Damascus and forcibly expelled Sharīf Hussein’s supporters, who had stayed in the city since the end of the war and who had already proclaimed Faisal, Hussein’s son, King of Syria. Many of them fled to the then British mandatory territory of Palestine and Amman, which was originally part of this, became an important site of refuge for some of these. In November 1920, intending to regain control of Syria for the Hashemite family, Faisal’s brother, Amīr Abdullah, the second son of Sharīf Hussein, traveled from Hejāz to Ma’ān in the south of Trans-Jordan. There, Abdullah began to recruit supporters for his campaign against the French in Damascus.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"115 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47832320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Against the Odds: A Century of Jordanian Economic Survival","authors":"O. Winckler","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2064116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2064116","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Following independence, but particularly following the 1948–1949 Arab-Israeli War and more so in the wake of the assassination of King Abdullah I, a common prediction among both intelligence units and academics was that Jordan, at least in its initial form, namely as a sovereign political entity under the rule of the Hashemite family, would have a limited lifespan. These pessimistic projections were largely intensified following the June 1967 War and the Black September events. In retrospect, despite the high volatility of the Jordanian economy since the mid-1980s, and more so following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Jordan is currently not only more politically stable than most of the other non-oil Arab countries, but also its socioeconomic situation is better. The aim of this article is twofold: first, to examine the major socioeconomic challenges that the Kingdom had to deal with that led so many to evaluate that it would not survive; and second, to explore the core socioeconomic pillars that enabled Jordan to survive. The core question that remains is, in light of the current major challenges – namely, the continuation of the Coronavirus pandemic; the continuing presence of large number of Arab Spring refugees; the ongoing instability in Syria and Iraq; the Kingdom’s high unemployment rate; and above all, the persistence of the rapid population growth – will the current rentier system work well “enough to survive” or, if not, what will the political consequences of failure be?","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"207 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48009891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Playing Host Since 1948: Jordan’s Refugee Policies and Faith-Based Charity","authors":"Stacey Gutkowski","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2064106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2064106","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since 1948, Jordan has hosted successive waves of refugees from neighboring states. Since the onset of a new refugee crisis in 2011, the evolution of Jordan’s humanitarian assemblage has provided opportunities for the marked expansion, institutionalization, and globalization of Islamic and Christian humanitarianism within Jordan. The level of international influence the Jordanian government has allowed during the crisis has helped facilitate greater religious privacy for local Islamic and Christian charitable actors to express their religious vision through their charitable work with refugees. The regime has responded by allowing, surveilling, and sometimes seeking to reshape such religious effervescence in its own image. These dynamics cannot be understood purely through the history of refugee hosting in Jordan but also as ongoing competition between the regime and other actors, particularly Islamists affiliated to its main opposition Muslim Brotherhood, over dīn al-millah, or everyday religious expression.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"163 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48036458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Islamism in Morocco and the Politics of Sharīʿa: Al-Raysuni’s Utilitarianism and el-Othmani’s Silent Secularity","authors":"Mustapha Tajdin","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2039039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2039039","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This work examines some recent developments and transformations in the Islamist discourse in Morocco. The emphasis is laid on how sharīʿa, or Islamic law, is redefined within an objective-based outlook to fit with what this article argues to be a symptom of post-Islamism. Central to these developments is the abandonment of establishing a khilāfah, “caliphate” or an Islamic state, as the main purpose for which Islamism has toiled to achieve since its inception. The article argues that the metamorphoses of Islamism in Morocco are not necessitated by some ephemeral political exigencies exclusively, but rather they reflect a paradigm shift in the ideology underpinning the Islamist discourse. To explore the aspects and implications of this shift, the article focuses on some recent works of two Islamic leaders: Ahmad al-Raysuni and his reformulation of Islamic law based on an emasculated utilitarianism and Saadeddine Othmani in his attempt to lay down theoretical and legal foundations for a silent religious secularity.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"295 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59999860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boko Haram’s Beginnings: Guantánamo Detainee Assessment Revelations on Diaspora Nigerian Jihadists in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Jacob Zenn","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2021.2023315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.2023315","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article centers on the Guantánamo detainee assessment of diaspora Nigerian jihadist in Saudi Arabia, Umran Bakr Muhammad Hausawi (Umran), which has never been cited previously in literature on Boko Haram. Through analyzing this detainee assessment alongside Boko Haram founding members’ interviews, al-Qaeda publications about Boko Haram’s founders, media reports contemporaneous with Boko Haram’s founding, US leaked and declassified intelligence documents about Nigeria during Boko Haram’s founding period, and Nigerian salafis’ firsthand accounts of Boko Haram’s founders, this study argues that diaspora Nigerians in Saudi Arabia introduced jihadism to Nigeria along with an Algerian jihadist operating in Nigeria in 1994. Moreover, Umran’s detainee assessment and corroborative sources demonstrate Saudi, US, and Nigerian intelligence officials monitored jihadists from Nigeria’s diaspora in Saudi Arabia before Boko Haram’s founding in 2002 and first confrontations with Nigerian security forces in 2003. This work also affirms that Boko Haram’s “originator,” Muhammed Ali, was a diaspora Nigerian jihadist in Saudi Arabia and received funding through Umran, Umran’s brother Umar, and Usama bin Laden’s Yemeni envoy, who all operated between Nigeria and Afghanistan before 9/11 on Bin Laden’s directives. Further, the jihadist from Nigeria’s diaspora in Saudi Arabia who succeeded the Yemeni envoy, Ibrahim Harun, knew Umran, Umar, and their other brother who joined al-Qaeda with Umar around 1995. This was eight years before Harun traveled from Pakistan to Nigeria on an al-Qaeda mission. This research supports the emerging literature that argues that studies of Boko Haram’s evolution from 2004 under Ali’s successor, Boko Haram “founder” Muhammed Yusuf, must consider the intense intelligence pressure that jihadists experienced in Nigeria after 1995, which Yusuf sought to avoid, and which affected Yusuf’s preaching and preparation for the jihad he eventually launched in 2009. The article further contributes to the literature on transnational, salafi-jihadist currents throughout the Muslim world and the Nigerian diaspora.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"265 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48343881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrepreneurial Marketing in Jordanian SMEs: Initiatives and Challenges","authors":"Ghazi A. Al-Weshah, Dana F. Kakeesh, F. Alhammad","doi":"10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77797273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Entrepreneurial Rise and Technological Innovation in the Middle East and North Africa","authors":"S. Sindakis, Sakshi Aggarwal","doi":"10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87848713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four Pillars of Quadruple Helix Innovation Model: An Approach for the Future","authors":"Sakshi Aggarwal, S. Sindakis","doi":"10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76291399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship: Examining the Cases of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates","authors":"S. Sindakis, Sakshi Aggarwal","doi":"10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80854199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FinTech in the United Arab Emirates: A General Introduction to the Main Aspects of Financial Technology","authors":"F. Alblooshi","doi":"10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-517-220221010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84718655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}