Journal of the Middle East and Africa最新文献

{"title":"Israel’s Moment: International Support for and Opposition to Establishing the Jewish State, 1945–1949","authors":"G. Simpson","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2023.2180247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2023.2180247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"113 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45339600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islam and Islamism","authors":"Joseph S. Spoerl","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2146396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2146396","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In his 2012 book Islamism and Islam, Bassam Tibi argues that Islamism, a political ideology, is quite distinct from Islam, which he defines as a religion focused on faith and spirituality. This article analyzes and evaluates the six arguments that Tibi advances for this thesis and finds all of them unconvincing. The main problem with Tibi’s case is that it ignores the figure of Muḥammad, whom Islamic sources uniformly portray as someone who fused politics and religion and sought to overthrow a non-Islamic socio-religious order and to replace it with an Islamic one. For mainstream Muslims, Muḥammad is the perfect role model who possessed divinely granted infallibility against sin and error. Due to Muḥammad’s example, as enshrined in classical Islamic sources, Islamists have a strong claim to be following orthodox Islamic principles when they embrace an ideology in which religion and politics are tightly intertwined. The article concludes with some tentative suggestions as to how a Muslim reformer like Tibi might develop more promising arguments for a progressive form of Islam.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"13 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47290291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Between Nationalism and Religion","authors":"S. Bartal","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2146400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2146400","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research explores the development of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) over the last decade as a proxy organization of the Iranian regime, or as a group that finds its way between Palestinian nationalism and support for the religious Islamic revolution of Iran. Most studies of Islamic organizations in Palestine focus on Hamas, the “Big Brother” of the PIJ. Hamas, which grew out of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, began violent operations in 1987 during the First Intifada partially due to its competition with the PIJ. Although the role of the PIJ in Palestinian society has grown in its influence, disappointingly there are very few research studies that analyze this organization. Moreover, most of these works focus on the period before the al-Aqṣā Intifada and especially examine suicide operations and the group’s motives. The main questions to be answered by this study are: What is the nature of the PIJ? Is it a religious movement with religious aims or Palestinian national one? This article analyzes these questions through an examination of the PIJ’s activity vis-à-vis the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study’s central argument is that the PIJ is a Palestinian religious national organization that sees Iran as a partner.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"117 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49350073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Patience and Persistence”: Ambiguous Turkish–Israeli Relations in the 1960s","authors":"Efrat Aviv","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2146407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2146407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Turkey’s relationship with the Yishuv, or Jewish community, has been ambiguous since before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Most of the literature features the later years, whereas the 1960s seem to have been forgotten or merely superficially discussed, mostly because the decade is perceived as belonging to the Cold War era, and, in many respects, only a continuation of the previous decade. Drawing primarily on the Israeli and Turkish State Archives and bulletins from the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, this article examines Turkish–Israeli relations during this decade and argues contrary to the prevailing view that the crisis during the deterioration of relations was not a result of the 1967 Arab–Israeli War or the rise of the then Turkish Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel’s government, but rather represented a conscious shift in Turkey’s foreign policy that sacrificed its relations with Israel, arguably for more urgent interests such as strengthening ties with the Arabs.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"139 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45778030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Theory of Professional Interest Groups in Nigerian Politics","authors":"Oliver McPherson-Smith","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2152302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2152302","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Professional or industry-based interest groups have long been a feature of the Nigerian political landscape. Nevertheless, studies of these interest groups in Nigerian politics have largely privileged the analysis of individual groups or considered their collective role in the democratic transition of the 1990s. By returning the scholarly focus to their raison d’être, namely, their shared economic concerns, this article offers a comprehensive theory of interest groups in Nigerian politics. This novel theory posits that federal-level interest groups draw their membership from across Nigeria’s diverse ethnic, regional, and class constituencies due to their common economic concerns. Moreover, these groups actively lobby the federal government in pursuit of their economic advantage, often in direct competition with each other. Neither aloof from nor coopted by the state, the most prominent interest groups in Nigeria enjoy formalized positions within the bureaucracy from which to exert their influence and pursue the unique interests of their members. To develop this theory, this article employs new data and documents on the lobbying efforts of interest groups during the reform process of corporate law in Nigeria across a thirty-year period. Elite interviews, previously unpublished documents, and archival legal documents evidence their lobbying efforts. Examining the reform of corporate law across Nigeria’s later military regimes and the democratic Fourth Republic (1999–present) demonstrates the relevance of this theory of interest groups for both historical and contemporary understandings of Nigerian politics.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"165 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43857036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Democratic Culture Theory in Tunisia","authors":"Hannah M. Ridge","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2127996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2127996","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For a decade, Tunisia was identified as a democratic enclave in a non-democratic region. This article examines public opinion in Tunisia in the context of democratic culture theory. Using a 2021 survey study and cluster analysis it finds that support for electoral democracy is separable from support for liberal values. There are liberal democrat and liberal non-democrat populations. Overall, the democratic culture outstrips the support for democratic elections.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"69 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43420877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Recognition of the Vlachs as a Millet in the Ottoman Empire, 1905","authors":"Elçin Macar","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2125696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2125696","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Employing a historical perspective and using documents from the Ottoman archives, this article focuses on the recognition of the Vlachs as millet by the Sultan Abdülhamid in 1905. It examines in detail the policies of the Sublime Porte, Romania, and the Ecumenical Patriarchate, which was the highest body within Orthodox Christianity. The study also tries to show the common fate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Ottoman Empire in the face of rising nationalisms and the Ottoman “breaking no squares” policy toward to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. From 1878, newly independent Romania had initiated a paternalistic policy in support of the Vlachs of Macedonia including their desire to gain recognition of their right to have their own schools, churches, clerics, and so on. Yet, seeking this objective exacerbated already existing nationalist conflicts in the region among the Serbs, Bulgarians, and Greeks. The setting for this rivalry was mainly Salonica, Bitola, and the Ioannina provinces. This article argues that when Alexandru Lahovary arrived in Istanbul in 1902 as the new Romanian diplomatic representative he had as his major aim obtaining Ottoman recognition of the Vlachs as a millet, like the Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, and other minorities already enjoyed. Remarkably, Lahovary’s determined diplomatic and other efforts achieved his target in a mere three years. Still, after the Balkan Wars, Greece emerged as the real winner, and captured a huge part of Macedonia, which effectively took the Vlachs off the Balkan agenda.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"14 1","pages":"87 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43641160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Magic Failed: A Memoir of a Lebanese Childhood, Caught Between East and West","authors":"Franck Salameh","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2122603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2122603","url":null,"abstract":"The Mediterranean, wrote Coco Chanel’s biographer Paul Morand, is a “Sea of Wonders,” a crossroads of civilizations, a rebellion against deserts and the nomad’s gloom, an epic history of the house of stone soaring above the sheepskin-hut, a symphony of vineyards burrowing deeply into an ancient native soil standing sentry against hasty harvests of barbarian hordes on horseback. In sum, the Mediterranean in Morand’s telling is a “majestic liquid affirmation of life” in the face of endless relentless droughts; a place where “all of history’s deposits, fractures, and reckonings dwell for safekeeping, rootedness, and meaning.” Without the Mediterranean, stressed Morand, planet earth would not have bragging rights about its multiple disparate continents, and “nothing on it would distinguish an Africa from a Europe, or an Asia from an Africa, all while a local departmental train would be linking Marseilles to Algiers . . . and the faithful from Jerusalem would be making pilgrimage to Rome on foot, without even getting their feet wet.” It is on the Lebanese shores of this Mediterranean, on the southern hilltop hamlet of Arnoun near the Israeli border, that Fouad Ajami was born and came of age. It is this “sea of wonders” and the majestic highlands that wade into it – like one plunges into a baptismal basin – that raised young Fouad, tickled his palate, nourished his instincts, fired his imagination, and later set him on a promontory awaiting the lure of America. His senses lulled by songs of cicadas mingling with fragrances of citrus and forest pines, Fouad’s young eyes were rivetted to the holy waters of his Mediterranean, which was redolent with sounds of fishermen, the trances of sailors, and the echoes of the music of vernal giggles diluted by tears that were carried on the boats of departures and exiles. “Lebanon is a place that one leaves more often than one might settle into” goes an oft-repeated Lebanese adage. Like their Phoenician ancestors, “the fountainhead of the Lebanese people’s fortunes had always lain beyond the seas, always at the other edge of the world.” Fouad Ajami’s destiny might have been linked to that ancestral predilection and mode of being. Whether from the shoreline in Tyre, or on a perch in Arnoun, the Mediterranean always beckoned him, swayed him, lured him into its embrace. Even when he lay soundly asleep at night, the sea seemed always to have been enveloping his imagination and speaking to his yearnings. A place of repose, Fouad’s Mediterranean was also a passageway and a crossroads that carried on its waves the old wrinkles of humanity, just like in his later years he would bear on his forehead a “magical” Middle East, which he would nimbly unravel and demystify. A subtle interpreter of the “Arab condition” Ajami’s life’s work was an act of defiance as well as of discovery of “peoples” and “self” alike. He wrote not only of the Arabs’ predicaments, but also of their potential and salvation as if he were composing his ow","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"467 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47112214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture-Bound Psychopathology or Supernatural Reality? A West African Case Study of Psychotherapeutic Strategies for Improving the Welfare of Patients in Spiritual Crisis","authors":"Nathan P. Devir, Chantal Gahou","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2111986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2111986","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Certain aspects of Vodoun, Benin’s primary indigenous religious tradition, have been perceived by some of that nation’s Christian believers as a menacing occult reality. Many Christians report states of acute psychological distress due to fears of the forces of Vodoun. This study analyzes the strategies employed by applied psychotherapeutic science professionals to diagnose and treat such cases, with an eye toward presenting a framework for the possible amelioration of clinical outcomes in comparable instances elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"451 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49579297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memories of the Morisco Expulsion in the Writings of Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Rafīʿ","authors":"A. Russo","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2022.2102364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2022.2102364","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Morisco expulsion of 1609–1614, enacted during the reign of Philip III, left tens of thousands deserted in foreign lands and uncertain of their futures. The vast majority of those expelled ended up in Tūnis. There a small circle of educated and respected leaders among the Moriscos sought to integrate their fellows into Maghribī life through the cultivation of friendships with prestigious leaders in Tūnis and by producing writings that were meant not only to demonstrate the dignity and nobility of the Moriscos but also to show their coherence as a distinctive people with a common origin that is rooted in the history of al-Andalus. To that end, Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Rafīʿ, an émigré from Murcia, composed Al-Anwār al-Nabawiyya fī Abā Khayr al-Barriyya (“The Prophetic Lights on the Fathers in the Best Land”), a manuscript that was meant to meet concerns over the Morisco presence in the Maghrib by invoking memories of al-Andalus and Granada. The analytic tools of memory studies thus allow one to see the extent to which memories of al-Andalus were creatively conceptualized and employed to create space for the Moriscos within Andalusī history and Maghribī society.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"13 1","pages":"435 - 450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46389172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}