Obesity Medicine最新文献

{"title":"The UPR-oxidative stress nexus in diabetes and obesity: Exploring innovative therapeutic approaches for metabolic control","authors":"Clinton Ayodeji Akanbi ,&nbsp;Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining cellular protein homeostasis requires the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, the unfolded protein response (UPR) can be triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which can cause ER stress. The goal of the UPR is to bring the body back into balance. Nevertheless, long-term ER stress can cause β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, which greatly exacerbates metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. ER stress worsens insulin resistance and reduces glucose metabolism in pancreatic β-cells. Moreover, the ER is further damaged by oxidative stress, which is defined by an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which prolongs metabolic dysfunction. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms that underlie ER stress, its consequences for diabetes and obesity, and possible treatment approaches. We discuss interventions to mitigate ER stress, including chemical chaperones, UPR modulators, and dietary strategies. Current pharmacological approaches, such as chemical chaperones and UPR modulators, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing ER stress, but they often present challenges, including inconsistent treatment responses and off-target effects. Antioxidant-rich dietary strategies, while promising for long-term management, require further validation to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Additionally, advances in CRISPR–Cas9 gene-editing technology provide new opportunities for addressing genetic defects associated with these disorders. These findings emphasize the need for integrated therapies that address both oxidative and ER stress to effectively mitigate metabolic dysfunction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100634"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type 2 diabetes remission with very low-energy ketogenic treatment: a retrospective real-world study","authors":"Daniela Sofra ,&nbsp;Maitane Nuñez-Garcia ,&nbsp;Ignacio Sajoux ,&nbsp;Massimiliano Caprio ,&nbsp;Francesca Amati","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>The role of Very Low-Energy Ketogenic Treatment (VLEKT) in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains underexplored. This retrospective, single-center study evaluated the effectiveness of a structured VLEKT protocol in achieving diabetes remission or improving glycemic control (reversal) in overweight and obese T2DM patients in a real-world setting.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-eight patients underwent a three-phase VLEKT intervention. The initial phase included three consecutive very low-energy ketogenic stages with calibrated meal replacements, aimed at reducing endogenous insulin secretion, stimulating lipolysis, and promoting fat loss. The second phase involved transitioning to a low-calorie diet and increased physical activity, followed by a maintenance phase to sustain metabolic benefits. Anthropometric data, HbA1c, and medication use were recorded at each visit.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>VLEKT significantly improved weight and glycemic control. After 6 months, 47.4 % of patients achieved diabetes remission, with 28.9 % maintaining remission at 2 years. Nearly half of the patients showed a trend toward remission within 3 months, based on early medication discontinuation and normalized glucose values, but this did not meet the formal criteria for remission. Shorter diabetes duration and fewer baseline glucose-lowering drugs predicted remission. The intervention also enabled sustained weight loss and reduced medication reliance over 18 months. Limitations include the retrospective design, small sample size, single-center scope, and potential selection bias due to self-funded participation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>VLEKT is a feasible, safe, and effective non-pharmacological approach to induce T2DM remission in routine clinical practice. These findings support integrating ketogenic nutritional protocols into multidisciplinary diabetes care, offering clinicians valuable alternatives to conventional drug therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100633"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular complications in Diabetes: The role of NLRP3 inflammasome and targeted interventions","authors":"Gnanaprakash Jeyaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), driven by complex metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Among these, the NLRP3 inflammasome has emerged as a crucial mediator linking hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation to vascular dysfunction. Dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production further exacerbate plaque formation and cardiovascular complications. Recent cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) highlight the cardioprotective benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), while novel anti-inflammatory strategies, including IL-1β inhibition and NLRP3-targeting agents, offer promising therapeutic avenues. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic atherosclerosis, with a unique emphasis on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in disease progression and how targeted interventions including SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and emerging NLRP3-modulating agents can be integrated with precision medicine strategies. Unlike existing reviews, we highlight how genomic, epigenetic, and phenotypic stratification can guide combination therapies to optimize cardiovascular protection. Integrating individualized anti-inflammatory and metabolic interventions may provide tailored cardiovascular care, reducing morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Future research should focus on refining these personalized approaches to mitigate diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100629"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-altered brain functions: the alteration of BDNF production","authors":"Reem M. Al Haj Ahmad ,&nbsp;Dalia M. Abu Al-Haijaa","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obesity adversely impacts the quality of life; people with obesity are more vulnerable to chronic diseases such as T2DM, insulin resistance, and dementia. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a significant role in cognition and brain health; it influences synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. BDNF has been proposed as mechanistic a modulator to explain the association between peripheral dysmetabolism and cognitive decline. This review highlights the metabolic alterations associated with obesity including, insulin resistance, inflammation, and BDNF levels. It illustrates, as well, the mechanistic crosstalk between adiposity and the decline of brain health and cognition explained by the BDNF alteration. A narrative review of the recent research focusing on BDNF molecular biology and functions, the effect of obesity on its regulation, and neuronal health and cognition during obesity and its allied metabolic changes. Although the results of the related published research were contradicted, obesity was related to BDNF expression and signaling dysregulation. This dysregulation leads to neuroinflammation a condition that impairs synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, and increases apoptosis. These fluctuations were linked to cognitive decline and different types of neurodegeneration. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia were the main hubs for connecting adiposity, BDNF, and dementia. Correction of BDNF expression and signaling may offer an evolving therapeutic practice for the treatment and prevention of obesity-related cognitive decline. Further longitudinal and clinical trial studies are needed to clarify the causal direction and expand our vision of treatment and prevention regimes for cognitive disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100632"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future projections of elderly obesity in the United States using time series models","authors":"Halil Çolak","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to forecast the prevalence of obesity among the elderly population (aged 65 and over) in the United States through 2035 using time series forecasting techniques. Obesity data from 2013 to 2022 were analysed using six models: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units GRU, Random Forest (RF), Vector autoregression model (VAR), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The primary goal is to inform future public health strategies and optimize healthcare resource allocation for the aging population. The results indicate a consistent rise in obesity rates. ARIMA predicted an increase from 30.6 % in 2022 to 35.0 % in 2035, while VAR estimated 37.9 %. Machine learning models forecasted sharper growth: RF projected 40.6 %, LSTM 41.3 %, and GRU 39.8 %. XGBoost anticipated the highest rate, reaching 44.3 % in 2035. Model performances were evaluated using coefficient of determination (R²), mean square error, root mean square error, and sum of squares error. VAR and XGBoost achieved the best results (R² = 0.9995 and 0.9993, respectively), while LSTM (R² = 0.9004) and GRU (R² = 0.8648) showed moderate predictive power. ARIMA also performed well with R² = 0.9420. The findings reveal that ensemble and multivariate models, particularly XGBoost and VAR, offer higher forecasting accuracy. This study fills a gap in the literature by focusing on elderly obesity projections and offers valuable insights for developing targeted intervention policies and health programme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct medical costs of childhood obesity during 2015–2024: A systematic review","authors":"Nadia J. Sweis ,&nbsp;Manal Said Qarain ,&nbsp;Sanjay Marasini","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Child obesity is a serious public health concern and is known to cause a significant burden on health care costs across the world. This systematic review aimed to determine the cost of care for child obesity during 2015–2024.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched on November 15, 2024 to identify original articles conducted in children and adolescents (aged 0–20 years) which reported the costs of care of children with obesity and without obesity. The outcome measures included relative and direct costs of care attributed to child obesity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 745 studies that reported obesity were identified, of which eight studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The included studies had either used the real-world data collected from different data sources (database studies, n = 5) or epidemiological and economic sources (modeling studies, n = 3) to estimate medical care expenditure. The relative costs of care were 35 % higher and direct of care were between 0.4 % and 88 % higher in children with obesity than normal weight children. In absolute terms, the excess costs (USD, 2024) for treating overweight and children with obesity ranged from $32.44 to $1225.35. The annual per capita health care costs (USD) differed across countries, which was attributed to methodological differences in cost estimation and durations of the studies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Childhood obesity incurs country specific higher direct costs of care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between diabetes markers, physical fitness, and balance among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus","authors":"Sobia Hasan ,&nbsp;Basit Ansari ,&nbsp;Tehreem Anis ,&nbsp;Fahad Alanazi ,&nbsp;Mehrunnisha Ahmed ,&nbsp;Ahmad Alanazi ,&nbsp;Faizan Zaffar Kashoo","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and purpose</h3><div>Diabetes mellitus, a common disorder of glucose metabolism, affects multiple organ systems and often leads to complications such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which impairs balance and mobility. To manage DPN effectively, understanding the relationships between key markers, such as fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and aerobic capacity (VO₂max), and balance-related outcomes is crucial but remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the associations between diabetes markers (FBS, HbA1c), physical fitness (VO₂max), body mass index (BMI), and balance measures such as One-Leg Stance test (OLS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed Up and Go test (TUGT) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional correlation analysis was performed using baseline data from a randomized controlled study (n = 90, 67.8 % female, mean age = 55.96 ± 4.61 years). Pearson's correlation and mediation analyses were used to assess relationships between diabetes markers, fitness indicators, and balance measures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Higher FBS and HbA1c correlated negatively with balance (OLS: r = −0.43 to −0.45, p &lt; 0.01; BBS: r = −0.37 to −0.40, p &lt; 0.05) and positively with mobility impairment (HbA1c-TUG: r = 0.28, p = 0.04). A higher VO₂max was correlated with better balance (OLS: r = 0.50, p &lt; 0.01) and faster mobility (TUGT: r = −0.39, p &lt; 0.05). A high BMI negatively impacts balance and slows mobility. Neuropathy severity (Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument-MNSI) significantly predicted higher HbA1c (β = 0.106, p &lt; 0.001) and reduced VO₂max, OLS, and BBS scores.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Poor glycemic control (higher FBS and HbA1c) is linked to poorer balance, whereas higher VO₂max and lower BMI are correlated with improved balance in T2DM patients. Exercise and metabolic control strategies are essential for optimizing functional outcomes in diabetes management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of epigenetic factors in type 2 diabetes: Insights into development and pathogenesis","authors":"Thammanna Gowda SS,&nbsp;Shobith Rangappa,&nbsp;Parimala Hanumesh","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Insights into Development and Pathogenesis</em> investigates the critical role of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone alterations, and non-coding RNA, in the onset and progression of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). It highlights how environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and genetic predispositions influence these epigenetic changes, contributing to insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and other key mechanisms of T2D. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors in diabetes pathogenesis.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of this review is to explore the role of epigenetic modifications in the development and pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). It examines how environmental factors, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition influence epigenetic changes, contributing to key mechanisms such as insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. By providing insights into these interactions, the review aims to enhance understanding of T2D etiology and inform potential therapeutic strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>The review reveals that epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone alterations, and non-coding RNA regulation, significantly contribute to the development and progression of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). It highlights how environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and genetic predisposition lead to changes in these epigenetic marks, driving insulin resistance, impaired beta-cell function, and other aspects of T2D. The findings underscore the potential of targeting epigenetic pathways for novel therapeutic approaches in managing T2D.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The review concludes that epigenetic factors play a crucial role in Type 2 diabetes development, offering promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to more effective prevention and treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluate the Gln223Arg LEPR genotype variation in T2DM patients with chronic kidney disease","authors":"Shahab Ahmed Salıh Gezh ,&nbsp;Figen Guzelgul ,&nbsp;Nihan Bozkurt ,&nbsp;Hakan Sivgin ,&nbsp;Koksal Deveci","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Obesity significantly contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Genetic variations in leptin receptor (LEPR) genes are thought to be influential in the onset of T2DM in patients with kidney malfunction and obesity. This study focused on examining the link between the Gln223Arg polymorphism in the LEPR gene and T2DM in the mid-Black Sea region of the Anatolian Turkish population.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>In this study, we examined a group of 174 patients with T2DM and compared them to a control group of 30 healthy individuals to explore the relationship involving the leptin receptor gene (Gln223Arg). The T2DM group was divided into 91 patients with macroproteinuria and 46 patients with normoproteinuria subgroups. The genetic analysis was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our data revealed a significant increase in the frequency of gene polymorphism with HbA1c levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The Gln223Arg leptin receptor gene mutation may cause an elevation of HbA1c in T2DM pat<strong>ients with</strong> chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the mid-Black Sea region of the Anatolian Turkish population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial dysbiosis, obesity, and insulin Resistance: Understanding gut-ovary association in polycystic ovary syndrome","authors":"Suparna Parua ,&nbsp;Anukona Hazra ,&nbsp;Krishnendu Adhikary ,&nbsp;Krishnendu Ganguly ,&nbsp;Deepika Ahuja ,&nbsp;Rajkumar Maiti ,&nbsp;Lipika Das Mukhopadhyay ,&nbsp;Sulagna Dutta ,&nbsp;Pragati Panda ,&nbsp;Koushik Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;Pallav Sengupta ,&nbsp;Alak Kumar Syamal","doi":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, affecting 5–10 % of women of reproductive age, and is characterized by complex etiology involving reproductive and metabolic disturbances. The core clinical features include anovulation, irregular ovulation, polycystic ovarian morphology, and hyperandrogenism (HA), with frequent accompaniments of metabolic dysfunctions such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), abdominal obesity, and impaired glucose metabolism. The available evidence shows significant involvement of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of PCOS. Alterations in gut, PCOS axis-including changes in gut microbiota composition as contributed by such alterations in the pathogenesis of PCOS and its complications like obesity, IR, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), will be discussed in this review. This review covers such aspects that gut dysbiosis, HA, chronic inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are related to the pathology of PCOS, thereby amplifying it. Lifestyle-related interventions include physical activity, yoga, therapeutic strategies in terms of gut microbiota including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and psychobiotics, which are reviewed for improving metabolic as well as reproductive outcomes in PCOS. Rather, this review focuses on the pressing need for further research into understanding the roles of gut microbiota in PCOS as well as optimizing gut-targeted therapies aimed at better managing this complex condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37876,"journal":{"name":"Obesity Medicine","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 100626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}