Reviews in Physics最新文献

{"title":"The resurgence of the linear optics quantum interferometer — recent advances & applications","authors":"Si-Hui Tan ,&nbsp;Peter P. Rohde","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linear optics has seen a resurgence for applications in quantum information processing owing to its miniaturisation on-chip, and increase in production efficiency and quality of single photons. Time-bin encodings have also become feasible owing to architectural breakthroughs, and new processing capabilities. Theoretical efforts have found new ways to implement universal quantum computations with linear optics requiring less resources, and to demonstrate the capabilities of linear optics without requiring a universal optical quantum computer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44152388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computing models in high energy physics","authors":"Tommaso Boccali","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High Energy Physics Experiments (HEP experiments in the following) have been at least in the last 3 decades at the forefront of technology, in aspects like detector design and construction, number of collaborators, and complexity of data analyses. As uncommon in previous particle physics experiments, the computing and data handling aspects have not been marginal in their design and operations; the cost of the IT related components, from software development to storage systems and to distributed complex e-Infrastructures, has raised to a level which needs proper understanding and planning from the first moments in the lifetime of an experiment. In the following sections we will first try to explore the computing and software solutions developed and operated in the most relevant past and present experiments, with a focus on the technologies deployed; a technology tracking section is presented in order to pave the way to possible solutions for next decade experiments, and beyond. While the focus of this review is on offline computing model, the distinction is a shady one, and some experiments have already experienced contaminations between triggers selection and offline workflows; it is anticipated the trend will continue in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100034"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48545508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of radiation induced point defects in silica-based optical fibers","authors":"Sylvain Girard ,&nbsp;Antonino Alessi ,&nbsp;Nicolas Richard ,&nbsp;Layla Martin-Samos ,&nbsp;Vincenzo De Michele ,&nbsp;Luigi Giacomazzi ,&nbsp;Simonpietro Agnello ,&nbsp;Diego Di Francesca ,&nbsp;Adriana Morana ,&nbsp;Blaž Winkler ,&nbsp;Imène Reghioua ,&nbsp;Philippe Paillet ,&nbsp;Marco Cannas ,&nbsp;Thierry Robin ,&nbsp;Aziz Boukenter ,&nbsp;Youcef Ouerdane","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silica-based optical fibers, fiber-based devices and optical fiber sensors are today integrated in a variety of harsh environments associated with radiation constraints. Under irradiation, the macroscopic properties of the optical fibers are modified through three main basic mechanisms: the radiation induced attenuation, the radiation induced emission and the radiation induced refractive index change. Depending on the fiber profile of use, these phenomena differently contribute to the degradation of the fiber performances and then have to be either mitigated for radiation tolerant systems or exploited to design radiation detectors and dosimeters. Considering the strong impact of radiation on key applications such as data transfer or sensing in space, fusion and fission-related facilities or high energy physics facilities, since 1970′s numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to identify the microscopic origins of these changes. The observed degradation can be explained through the generation by ionization or displacement damages of point defects in the differently doped amorphous glass (SiO₂) of the fiber's core and cladding layers. Indeed, the fiber chemical composition (dopants/concentrations) and elaboration processes play an important role. Consequently, identifying the nature, the properties and the generation and bleaching mechanisms of these point defects is mandatory in order to imagine ways to control the fiber radiation behaviors. In this review paper, the responses of the main classes of silica-based optical fibers are presented: radiation tolerant pure-silica core or fluorine doped optical fibers, germanosilicate optical fibers and radiation sensitive phosphosilicate and aluminosilicate optical fibers. Our current knowledge about the nature and optical properties of the point defects related to silica and these main dopants is presented. The efficiency of the known defects to reproduce the transient and steady state radiation induced attenuation between 300 nm and 2 µm wavelength range is discussed. The main parameters, related to the fibers themselves or extrinsic - <em>harsh environments, profile of use</em> - affecting the concentration, growth and decay kinetics of those defects are also reviewed. Finally, the main remaining challenges are discussed, including the increasing needs for accurate and multi-physics modeling tools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47922826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The experimental status of direct searches for exotic physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider","authors":"Salvatore Rappoccio","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The standard model of particle physics is an extremely successful theory of fundamental interactions, but it has many known limitations. It is therefore widely believed to be an effective field theory that describes interactions near the TeV scale. A plethora of strategies exist to extend the standard model, many of which contain predictions of new particles or dynamics that could manifest in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). As of now, none have been observed, and much of the available phase space for natural solutions to outstanding problems is excluded. If new physics exists, it is therefore either heavy (i.e. above the reach of current searches) or hidden (i.e. currently indistinguishable from standard model backgrounds). We summarize the existing searches, and discuss future directions at the LHC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2018.100027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43447207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmon-enhanced upconversion photoluminescence: Mechanism and application","authors":"Jun Dong ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Qingyan Han ,&nbsp;Yongkai Wang ,&nbsp;Jianxia Qi ,&nbsp;Xuewen Yan ,&nbsp;Mengtao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The enhanced local electromagnetic field (EM) excited on the noble metallic nanostructure exhibits potential application in various areas, particularly in surface-enhanced spectroscopy (SES). Resonant coupling of SPs to luminous centers can strongly moderate the emission spectra properties, including the angular distribution, the intensity, the speed of radiative decay, and even the spectrum radiation polarization, or so-called plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Due to the low efficiency of emission and small absorption section of rare earth ions, plasmon-enhanced upconversion photoluminescence (PUCPL) has attracted increasing attention recently. In this review, we focus on recent advanced reports on PUCPL. First, the mechanism of the conventional upconversion process and related reports will be introduced. We will then demonstrate that the introduction of plasmonic nanostructure, including nonperiodic and periodic metallic nanostructures, has a critical effect on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The recent advances in plasmon-enhanced fluorescence with metallic tip configuration are also noted. Finally, the recent applications of PUCPL are introduced. As a result, the combination of a rare-earth luminescent center with plasmonic nanostructure can largely expand the application of upconversion materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2018.100026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41824750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active times for acoustic metamaterials","authors":"Farzad Zangeneh-Nejad,&nbsp;Romain Fleury","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Initially proposed to achieve strong noise isolation levels beyond the mass-density law, acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) have now overturned the conventional views in all aspects of sound propagation and manipulation. In fact, within the last two decades, these artificial materials have enabled improved control over the propagation of sound waves by allowing one to engineer macroscopic effective properties well beyond what is naturally available. In this review, we first trace the development of passive AMMs from their initial realizations based on locally resonant structures to their more advanced versions, like space-coiling, holey and labyrinthine metamaterials, Willis materials, and subwavelength crystalline metamaterials, highlighting their basic working principles and applications. We then survey more recent research topics, including non-Hermitian, non-reciprocal, and topological acoustic metamaterials. Altogether, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of research on acoustic metamaterials, and highlights prominent future directions in the field, including topological and active metamaterials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49434988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searches for supersymmetry at the Large Hadron Collider","authors":"Anadi Canepa","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Standard Model of particles and fields describes the fundamental particles and their interactions to high level of precision. The SM is nevertheless considered to be a low energy effective theory as it leaves many open questions including: What is the origin of the dark matter in the Universe? What is the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe? What is the origin of mass? Supersymmety is one of the most appealing theories of physics beyond the Standard Model as it can address the SM shortcomings in an elegant framework. This paper reviews the most recent direct searches for supersymmetry developed by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43377700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum computing for finance: Overview and prospects","authors":"Román Orús ,&nbsp;Samuel Mugel ,&nbsp;Enrique Lizaso","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We discuss how quantum computation can be applied to financial problems, providing an overview of current approaches and potential prospects. We review quantum optimization algorithms, and expose how quantum annealers can be used to optimize portfolios, find arbitrage opportunities, and perform credit scoring. We also discuss deep-learning in finance, and suggestions to improve these methods through quantum machine learning. Finally, we consider quantum amplitude estimation, and how it can result in a quantum speed-up for Monte Carlo sampling. This has direct applications to many current financial methods, including pricing of derivatives and risk analysis. Perspectives are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49077465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of experimental results on low temperature charge transport in carbon nanotubes based composites","authors":"Ravi Bhatia ,&nbsp;Kiran Kumari ,&nbsp;Reena Rani ,&nbsp;Anil Suri ,&nbsp;Ushma Pahuja ,&nbsp;Devinder Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to their low density, high aspect ratio and excellent charge transport properties, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are proven to be one of the best reinforcing materials in the fabrication of composite materials. CNTs dispersed in a non-conducting matrix is an interesting system for condensed matter physicists and materials scientists; CNT based composites offer an opportunity to physicists to design different experiments for fundamental studies while these composites are suitable for several technological applications that are of interest to materials scientists. In this review article, we summarize interesting experimental results on low temperature charge transport properties of composites based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that have been reported in the past decade. In particular, we critically review different conduction mechanisms that have been identified through detailed investigations of charge transport characteristics as functions of MWCNT loading in the composites, temperature, and magnetic field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2017.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44808802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analogue simulation with the use of artificial quantum coherent structures","authors":"A.M. Zagoskin","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An explosive development of quantum technologies since 1999 allowed the creation of arrays of natural and artificial quantum unit elements (viz. trapped ions and superconducting qubits), which maintain certain degree of quantum coherence and allow a degree of control over their quantum state. A natural application of such structures is towards simulating quantum systems, which are too big or too complex to allow a simulation with the means of classical computers. A digital quantum simulation promises a controlled accuracy, scalability and versatility, but it imposes practically as strict requirements on the hardware as a universal quantum computation. The other approach, analogue quantum simulation, is less demanding and thus more promising in short-to-medium term. It has already provided interesting results within the current experimental means and can be used as a stopgap approach as well as the means towards the perfecting of quantum technologies. Here I review the status of the field and discuss its prospects and the role it will play in the development of digital quantum simulation, universal quantum computing and, more broadly, quantum engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":"3 ","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2017.11.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42302076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}