Optical biosensing with electromagnetic nanostructures

The recent development in the field of optical biosensors based on plasmonic metamaterials, all-dielectric metamaterials and two-dimensional (2D) materials inclusive of van der Waals heterostructure have been reviewed in this article. Plasmonic metamaterials are divided based on their geometrical design, such as thin metallic film structures, an array of periodic structures, and single nanoparticle that are governed by the physical phenomenon of plasmon resonance. On the contrary, all-dielectric metamaterials based sensors are governed by the Mie scattering. Two-dimensional material exhibits high surface area to volume ratios, which makes them a strong candidates for realizing high sensitivity. This review encompasses all the latest developments over the last decade and forecasts the roadmap.