Reviews in Physics最新文献

{"title":"Plasmon-enhanced upconversion photoluminescence: Mechanism and application","authors":"Jun Dong ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Qingyan Han ,&nbsp;Yongkai Wang ,&nbsp;Jianxia Qi ,&nbsp;Xuewen Yan ,&nbsp;Mengtao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The enhanced local electromagnetic field (EM) excited on the noble metallic nanostructure exhibits potential application in various areas, particularly in surface-enhanced spectroscopy (SES). Resonant coupling of SPs to luminous centers can strongly moderate the emission spectra properties, including the angular distribution, the intensity, the speed of radiative decay, and even the spectrum radiation polarization, or so-called plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Due to the low efficiency of emission and small absorption section of rare earth ions, plasmon-enhanced upconversion photoluminescence (PUCPL) has attracted increasing attention recently. In this review, we focus on recent advanced reports on PUCPL. First, the mechanism of the conventional upconversion process and related reports will be introduced. We will then demonstrate that the introduction of plasmonic nanostructure, including nonperiodic and periodic metallic nanostructures, has a critical effect on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The recent advances in plasmon-enhanced fluorescence with metallic tip configuration are also noted. Finally, the recent applications of PUCPL are introduced. As a result, the combination of a rare-earth luminescent center with plasmonic nanostructure can largely expand the application of upconversion materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2018.100026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41824750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active times for acoustic metamaterials","authors":"Farzad Zangeneh-Nejad,&nbsp;Romain Fleury","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Initially proposed to achieve strong noise isolation levels beyond the mass-density law, acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) have now overturned the conventional views in all aspects of sound propagation and manipulation. In fact, within the last two decades, these artificial materials have enabled improved control over the propagation of sound waves by allowing one to engineer macroscopic effective properties well beyond what is naturally available. In this review, we first trace the development of passive AMMs from their initial realizations based on locally resonant structures to their more advanced versions, like space-coiling, holey and labyrinthine metamaterials, Willis materials, and subwavelength crystalline metamaterials, highlighting their basic working principles and applications. We then survey more recent research topics, including non-Hermitian, non-reciprocal, and topological acoustic metamaterials. Altogether, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of research on acoustic metamaterials, and highlights prominent future directions in the field, including topological and active metamaterials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49434988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searches for supersymmetry at the Large Hadron Collider","authors":"Anadi Canepa","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Standard Model of particles and fields describes the fundamental particles and their interactions to high level of precision. The SM is nevertheless considered to be a low energy effective theory as it leaves many open questions including: What is the origin of the dark matter in the Universe? What is the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe? What is the origin of mass? Supersymmety is one of the most appealing theories of physics beyond the Standard Model as it can address the SM shortcomings in an elegant framework. This paper reviews the most recent direct searches for supersymmetry developed by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43377700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum computing for finance: Overview and prospects","authors":"Román Orús ,&nbsp;Samuel Mugel ,&nbsp;Enrique Lizaso","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We discuss how quantum computation can be applied to financial problems, providing an overview of current approaches and potential prospects. We review quantum optimization algorithms, and expose how quantum annealers can be used to optimize portfolios, find arbitrage opportunities, and perform credit scoring. We also discuss deep-learning in finance, and suggestions to improve these methods through quantum machine learning. Finally, we consider quantum amplitude estimation, and how it can result in a quantum speed-up for Monte Carlo sampling. This has direct applications to many current financial methods, including pricing of derivatives and risk analysis. Perspectives are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49077465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of experimental results on low temperature charge transport in carbon nanotubes based composites","authors":"Ravi Bhatia ,&nbsp;Kiran Kumari ,&nbsp;Reena Rani ,&nbsp;Anil Suri ,&nbsp;Ushma Pahuja ,&nbsp;Devinder Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to their low density, high aspect ratio and excellent charge transport properties, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are proven to be one of the best reinforcing materials in the fabrication of composite materials. CNTs dispersed in a non-conducting matrix is an interesting system for condensed matter physicists and materials scientists; CNT based composites offer an opportunity to physicists to design different experiments for fundamental studies while these composites are suitable for several technological applications that are of interest to materials scientists. In this review article, we summarize interesting experimental results on low temperature charge transport properties of composites based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that have been reported in the past decade. In particular, we critically review different conduction mechanisms that have been identified through detailed investigations of charge transport characteristics as functions of MWCNT loading in the composites, temperature, and magnetic field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2017.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44808802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analogue simulation with the use of artificial quantum coherent structures","authors":"A.M. Zagoskin","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An explosive development of quantum technologies since 1999 allowed the creation of arrays of natural and artificial quantum unit elements (viz. trapped ions and superconducting qubits), which maintain certain degree of quantum coherence and allow a degree of control over their quantum state. A natural application of such structures is towards simulating quantum systems, which are too big or too complex to allow a simulation with the means of classical computers. A digital quantum simulation promises a controlled accuracy, scalability and versatility, but it imposes practically as strict requirements on the hardware as a universal quantum computation. The other approach, analogue quantum simulation, is less demanding and thus more promising in short-to-medium term. It has already provided interesting results within the current experimental means and can be used as a stopgap approach as well as the means towards the perfecting of quantum technologies. Here I review the status of the field and discuss its prospects and the role it will play in the development of digital quantum simulation, universal quantum computing and, more broadly, quantum engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2017.11.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42302076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vector boson scattering: Recent experimental and theory developments","authors":"Ballestrero Alessandro ,&nbsp;Bellan Riccardo ,&nbsp;Biedermann Benedikt ,&nbsp;Bittrich Carsten ,&nbsp;Brivio Ilaria ,&nbsp;Cardini Andrea ,&nbsp;Gomez-Ceballos Guillelmo ,&nbsp;Charlot Claude ,&nbsp;Ciulli Vitaliano ,&nbsp;Covarelli Roberto ,&nbsp;Cuevas Javier ,&nbsp;Denner Ansgar ,&nbsp;Dittmaier Stefan ,&nbsp;Di Ciaccio Lucia ,&nbsp;Duric Senka ,&nbsp;E. Jasper Gerard Lauwers ,&nbsp;Farrington Sinead ,&nbsp;Ferrari Pamela ,&nbsp;Ferreira Silva Pedro ,&nbsp;Finco Linda ,&nbsp;Zeppenfeld Dieter","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This document summarises the talks and discussions happened during the VBSCan Split17 workshop, the first general meeting of the VBSCan COST Action network. This collaboration is aiming at a consistent and coordinated study of vector-boson scattering from the phenomenological and experimental point of view, for the best exploitation of the data that will be delivered by existing and future particle colliders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2018.11.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47917611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tomonaga–Luttinger-liquid nature of edge excitations in integer quantum Hall edge channels","authors":"Masayuki Hashisaka ,&nbsp;Toshimasa Fujisawa","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In interacting one-dimensional (1D) systems, the quasi-particle picture in Fermi-liquid theory cannot successfully describe low-energy physics. Instead, electron dynamics in one dimension can be described as collective excitations, i.e., charge- and/or spin-density waves, which are elementary excitations in a Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid. Integer quantum Hall (QH) edge channels, which are chiral 1D electron states formed along the periphery of integer QH systems, provide a unique opportunity for studying TL-liquid physics. When edge channels lie parallel to each other, inter-channel interactions induce significant TL-liquid behaviors in coupled plasmons. One can prepare an arbitrary number of co- and/or counter-propagating channels of spin-up or -down electrons to form such a multiple edge-channel system. The plasmon dynamics can be experimentally investigated by using various functional devices such as charge injectors, detectors, and spin filters to select spin and bidirectional-momentum degrees of freedom. This article reviews electron dynamics in such QH TL liquids. We first introduce the chiral distributed-element circuit model for describing interactions in single and multiple integer-edge-channel systems. This simple model captures the TL-liquid nature of the 1D plasmon transport. We then review experimental studies on TL-liquid behaviors. These experiments show that plasmon velocity is significantly enhanced by the intra-channel interaction. In addition, they show that co-propagating channels with spin degrees of freedom exhibit TL-liquid behavior known as spin-charge separation, in which spin and charge excitations behave differently. This is demonstrated with a novel time- and spin-resolved charge detection technique. They also reveal that charge fractionalization occurs at the boundaries of counter-propagating channels with bidirectional-momentum degrees of freedom. A charge excitation even as small as an electron charge is fractionalized into smaller charges to form coupled plasmons in the interacting region. These experiments highlight the intriguing quantum many-body nature of QH TL liquids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2018.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43610602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LiFi is a paradigm-shifting 5G technology","authors":"Harald Haas","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we will first explain what Light-Fidelity (LiFi) is and argue that it is a 5th Generation (5G) technology. Peak transmission speeds of 8 Gbps from a single light source have been demonstrated, and complete cellular networks based on LiFi have been created. We will discuss numerous misconceptions and illustrate the potential impact this technology can have across a number of existing and emerging industries. We also discuss new applications which LiFi can unlock in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2017.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48241960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symmetry fractionalization in two dimensional topological phases","authors":"Xie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2017.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Symmetry fractionalization describes the fascinating phenomena that excitations in a 2D topological system can transform under symmetry in a fractional way. For example in fractional quantum Hall systems, excitations can carry fractional charges while the electrons making up the system have charge one. An important question is to understand what symmetry fractionalization (SF) patterns are possible given different types of topological order and different global symmetries. A lot of progress has been made recently in classifying the SF patterns, providing deep insight into the strongly correlated experimental signatures of systems like spin liquids and topological insulators. We review recent developments on this topic. First, it was shown that the SF patterns need to satisfy some simple consistency conditions. More interestingly, it was realized that some seemingly consistent SF patterns are actually ‘anomalous’, i.e. they cannot be realized in strictly 2D systems. We review various methods that have been developed to detect such anomalies. Applying such an understanding to 2D spin liquid allows one to enumerate all potentially realizable SF patterns and propose numerical and experimental probing methods to distinguish them. On the other hand, the anomalous SF patterns were shown to exist on the surface of 3D systems and reflect the nontrivial order in the 3D bulk. We review examples of this kind where the bulk states are topological insulators, topological superconductors, or have other symmetry protected topological orders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2017.02.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90491360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}