Reviews in Physics最新文献

{"title":"Searching in the dark: the hunt for the dark photon","authors":"Alessandra Filippi ,&nbsp;M. De Napoli","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The existence of Dark Matter (DM) is a well established fact since many decades, thanks to the observation of the effects of its gravitational interaction with the ordinary matter in the Universe. However, our knowledge of the Dark Matter features is still rather scarce. Indeed, one of the biggest quests in fundamental science today is the investigation of Dark Matter nature, from its origin to its composition, and the way its constituents interact with the ordinary matter, apart from gravity. Huge and ambitious efforts have been spent in the last years into its identification, concentrating especially on the search of viable Weakly Interacting Massive Particle candidates. However, no positive results have been achieved so far along this direction. On the other hand, many fascinating new ideas and models for its interpretation have been blooming: among them, an intriguing hypothesis is that the Dark Matter constituents could be neutral under Standard Model interactions, but they could interact through a new, still unknown, force under a “hidden” charge. This new hidden symmetry would be mediated by a massive gauge boson, the dark photon, which is expected to couple to the Standard Model via a kinetic mixing. The search for such a massive mediator has been pursued with large enthusiasm and dedication in the latest years, as its observation could be within the reach of many already existing experimental facilities, both based on accelerators or in smaller scale setups. This report reviews the present status and progress of the experimental searches in this field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2020.100042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77988192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The advancement of blood cell research by optical tweezers","authors":"Tatiana Avsievich ,&nbsp;Ruixue Zhu ,&nbsp;Alexey Popov ,&nbsp;Alexander Bykov ,&nbsp;Igor Meglinski","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Demonstration of the light radiation pressure on a microscopic level by A. Ashkin led to the invention of optical tweezers (OT). Applied in the studies of living systems, OT have become a preferable instrument for the noninvasive study of microobjects, allowing manipulation and measurement of the mechanical properties of molecules, organelles, and cells. In the present paper, we overview OT applications in hemorheological research, placing emphasis on red blood cells but also discussing OT applications for the investigation of the biomechanics of leukocytes and platelets. Blood properties have always served as a primary parameter in medical diagnostics due to the interconnection with the physiological state of an organism. Despite blood testing being a well-established procedure of conventional medicine, there are still many complex processes that must be unraveled to improve our understanding and contribute to future medicine. OT are advancing single-cell research, promising new insights into individual cell characteristics compared to the traditional approaches. We review the fundamental and practical findings revealed in blood research through the optical manipulation, stretching, guiding, immobilization, and inter-/intracellular force measurements of single blood cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2020.100043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43168773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of Higgs boson pair production","authors":"Maxime Gouzevitch ,&nbsp;Alexandra Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 2012 the ATLAS and CMS collaborations discovered at the LHC the Higgs boson decaying to vector bosons. This discovery has provided a strong indication that the mechanism of Electroweak Symmetry Breaking (EWSB) is similar to the one predicted by Brout-Englert-Higgs (BEH) nearly 50 years before. Since then, one of the priorities of the LHC program, as well as of the majority of the future collider proposals, is to measure directly the parameters of the EWSB potential. The goal is to identify if it has indeed the straightforward quartic shape predicted by BEH or it is more complex, as the result of an unexplored physics nature. The answer to this major scientific question will have a considerable impact on our understanding of vacuum properties and the history of the universe through the EWSB during the Big Bang. The only direct way to probe these couplings is through the measure of the production of multiple Higgs bosons, two being the simplest case. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the current searches and the state of the art insights on the topic. In particular, we explain why this ambitious project is even more challenging than the discovery of the Higgs boson itself. Finally, we sketch the plans of the HEP community for how to access the parameters of the BEH mechanism. This review is adapted to a curious reader familiar with particle physics in general or a scientist who wants to have a landscape overview of the topic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2020.100039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47546959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toroidal metasurfaces in a 2D flatland","authors":"Manoj Gupta ,&nbsp;Ranjan Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2020.100040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A toroidal dipole is a new class of electromagnetic excitations and are different from traditional electric and magnetic dipoles. Toroidal dipoles are described by the poloidal currents flowing on the surface of torus and have opened a new route to control radiative losses via near field coupling mechanism or radiation cancellation approach in the unit cell of metasurface. Radiative loss engineering in metamaterials is one of the most fundamental requirements to gauge the suitability of a metaphotonic device for a specific on-demand application. Here, we discuss strategies to excite toroidal dipolar modes in a planar metasurface which were initially thought to exist only in three-dimensional (3D) arrangements. Two dimensional (2D) toroidal metasurfaces are conceptual simplification of 3D toroid configurations, which pose fabrication challenges at micro-nanoscales. We further discuss the destructive interference between electric and toroidal dipoles to realize non-radiating modes in the form of an anapole excitation that fulfills the requirement for the excitation of extremely large quality factor resonances. Overall, the intriguing features of a toroidal dipole could have significant implications on the design of resonant metamaterials that are important for the development of low-loss sensors, modulators, filters, and efficient cavities for strong light matter interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2020.100040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43123978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Physics of the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation in fiber optics: Rogue waves, modulation instability and self-focusing phenomena","authors":"François Copie,&nbsp;Stéphane Randoux,&nbsp;Pierre Suret","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review the different dynamical mechanisms leading to the emergence of coherent structures in physical systems described by the integrable one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (1DNLSE) in the focusing regime. In this context, localized and coherent structures are very often associated to rogue wave events. We focus on one-dimensional optical experiments and in particular on (single mode) optical fibers experiments. In the focusing regime of 1DNLSE, the so-called modulation instability (MI), arising from nonlocal perturbation of the plane waves, is the most common phenomenon. Alongside the standard MI, other mechanisms are responsible for the emergence of rogue waves. We classify the different scenarii by considering those induced by small perturbations of unstable stationary state (the plane waves) and the ones arising from the self-focusing of large pulses without any perturbation. In the former case, the perturbations can be local, global, random or deterministic. In the latter case, the self-focusing dynamics can be observed both with isolated pulses or with large initial fluctuations of the optical power. We review the dynamics of emergence of localized structures in all these different scenarii.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43741990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental searches for muon decays beyond the Standard Model","authors":"Francesco Renga","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study of muon properties and decays played a crucial role in the early years of particle physics and contributed over decades to build and consolidate the Standard Model. At present, searches for muon decays beyond the Standard Model are performed by exploiting intense beams of muons, and plans exist to upgrade the present facilities or build new ones, which would open new prospects for the quest of new physics in this sector. In this paper I review the present status of the search for muon decays beyond the Standard Model, with a special attention to the most conventional muon lepton flavor violation experiments, but also considering more exotic scenarios and future outlooks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42221591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The resurgence of the linear optics quantum interferometer — recent advances & applications","authors":"Si-Hui Tan ,&nbsp;Peter P. Rohde","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linear optics has seen a resurgence for applications in quantum information processing owing to its miniaturisation on-chip, and increase in production efficiency and quality of single photons. Time-bin encodings have also become feasible owing to architectural breakthroughs, and new processing capabilities. Theoretical efforts have found new ways to implement universal quantum computations with linear optics requiring less resources, and to demonstrate the capabilities of linear optics without requiring a universal optical quantum computer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44152388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computing models in high energy physics","authors":"Tommaso Boccali","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High Energy Physics Experiments (HEP experiments in the following) have been at least in the last 3 decades at the forefront of technology, in aspects like detector design and construction, number of collaborators, and complexity of data analyses. As uncommon in previous particle physics experiments, the computing and data handling aspects have not been marginal in their design and operations; the cost of the IT related components, from software development to storage systems and to distributed complex e-Infrastructures, has raised to a level which needs proper understanding and planning from the first moments in the lifetime of an experiment. In the following sections we will first try to explore the computing and software solutions developed and operated in the most relevant past and present experiments, with a focus on the technologies deployed; a technology tracking section is presented in order to pave the way to possible solutions for next decade experiments, and beyond. While the focus of this review is on offline computing model, the distinction is a shady one, and some experiments have already experienced contaminations between triggers selection and offline workflows; it is anticipated the trend will continue in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48545508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of radiation induced point defects in silica-based optical fibers","authors":"Sylvain Girard ,&nbsp;Antonino Alessi ,&nbsp;Nicolas Richard ,&nbsp;Layla Martin-Samos ,&nbsp;Vincenzo De Michele ,&nbsp;Luigi Giacomazzi ,&nbsp;Simonpietro Agnello ,&nbsp;Diego Di Francesca ,&nbsp;Adriana Morana ,&nbsp;Blaž Winkler ,&nbsp;Imène Reghioua ,&nbsp;Philippe Paillet ,&nbsp;Marco Cannas ,&nbsp;Thierry Robin ,&nbsp;Aziz Boukenter ,&nbsp;Youcef Ouerdane","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2019.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silica-based optical fibers, fiber-based devices and optical fiber sensors are today integrated in a variety of harsh environments associated with radiation constraints. Under irradiation, the macroscopic properties of the optical fibers are modified through three main basic mechanisms: the radiation induced attenuation, the radiation induced emission and the radiation induced refractive index change. Depending on the fiber profile of use, these phenomena differently contribute to the degradation of the fiber performances and then have to be either mitigated for radiation tolerant systems or exploited to design radiation detectors and dosimeters. Considering the strong impact of radiation on key applications such as data transfer or sensing in space, fusion and fission-related facilities or high energy physics facilities, since 1970′s numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to identify the microscopic origins of these changes. The observed degradation can be explained through the generation by ionization or displacement damages of point defects in the differently doped amorphous glass (SiO₂) of the fiber's core and cladding layers. Indeed, the fiber chemical composition (dopants/concentrations) and elaboration processes play an important role. Consequently, identifying the nature, the properties and the generation and bleaching mechanisms of these point defects is mandatory in order to imagine ways to control the fiber radiation behaviors. In this review paper, the responses of the main classes of silica-based optical fibers are presented: radiation tolerant pure-silica core or fluorine doped optical fibers, germanosilicate optical fibers and radiation sensitive phosphosilicate and aluminosilicate optical fibers. Our current knowledge about the nature and optical properties of the point defects related to silica and these main dopants is presented. The efficiency of the known defects to reproduce the transient and steady state radiation induced attenuation between 300 nm and 2 µm wavelength range is discussed. The main parameters, related to the fibers themselves or extrinsic - <em>harsh environments, profile of use</em> - affecting the concentration, growth and decay kinetics of those defects are also reviewed. Finally, the main remaining challenges are discussed, including the increasing needs for accurate and multi-physics modeling tools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2019.100032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47922826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The experimental status of direct searches for exotic physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider","authors":"Salvatore Rappoccio","doi":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.revip.2018.100027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The standard model of particle physics is an extremely successful theory of fundamental interactions, but it has many known limitations. It is therefore widely believed to be an effective field theory that describes interactions near the TeV scale. A plethora of strategies exist to extend the standard model, many of which contain predictions of new particles or dynamics that could manifest in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). As of now, none have been observed, and much of the available phase space for natural solutions to outstanding problems is excluded. If new physics exists, it is therefore either heavy (i.e. above the reach of current searches) or hidden (i.e. currently indistinguishable from standard model backgrounds). We summarize the existing searches, and discuss future directions at the LHC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37875,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.revip.2018.100027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43447207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}