Randi Syafutra, Fifin Fitriana, Abdullah Kamal, Fika Wulandari, Nur Azizah Nawang Wulan, Zikri Alamsyah
{"title":"Pemanfaatan Satwa Liar sebagai Obat Tradisional di Desa Terak dan Teru, Kabupaten Bangka Tengah","authors":"Randi Syafutra, Fifin Fitriana, Abdullah Kamal, Fika Wulandari, Nur Azizah Nawang Wulan, Zikri Alamsyah","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v6i2.2813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v6i2.2813","url":null,"abstract":"Terak and Teru Villages are two of the eleven villages surrounding Gunung Mangkol Grand Forest. Since a long time ago, the people in these villages have fulfilled their daily needs by utilizing the natural resources around Gunung Mangkol Grand Forest. One of the natural resources in the grand forest is wild animals commonly used as traditional medicine. This research was undertaken to find out what wild animals are used as traditional medicine by the people of Terak and Teru Villages; and to find out what parts are used, types of utilization, and processing methods of the wild animals. The research was conducted from November 1, 2021 to November 29, 2021. The research methods used were collecting data by surveys and selecting respondents using the snowball sampling technique. Selected respondents were then interviewed according to the questionnaire. Based on the research results, nine species of wild animals were used as traditional medicine by the people of Terak and Teru Villages. The parts of wild animals used were bile, liver, meat, and whole bodies. The types of use of wild animals were male stamina enhancer, asthma medicine, skin pain medicine, surgical wound medicine, malaria medicine, typhus medicine, cough medicine, toothache medicine, burn treatment, and headache medicine. The methods of processing wild animals were unprocessed, dried in the sun for the oil, roasted / burnt, and fried.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126998076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firsty Vanezza Gabriela, Frista Chairunnisa, Nadhifah Raniah, R. Pratama, Monica Kharisma Swandi, N. Azizah
{"title":"Uji Organoleptik dan Umur Simpan Soyghurt dengan Berbagai Konsentrasi Gula dan Waktu Inkubasi","authors":"Firsty Vanezza Gabriela, Frista Chairunnisa, Nadhifah Raniah, R. Pratama, Monica Kharisma Swandi, N. Azizah","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v6i2.2815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v6i2.2815","url":null,"abstract":"One of fermented soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) products is soy milk, called as Thew Fu Sui by the community of Bangka Belitung. Soy milk product has unpleasant aroma or “langu” and need to be processed into alternative product such as yogurt. Soy milk yogurt (soyghurt) was made by utilizing the same bacteria in yogurt-making from animal milk including Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Sugar concentration and incubation time were the factors that influenced the fermentation process and product’s taste. This research was conducted to determine the level of people's preference for soyghurt by organoleptic assessment of color, taste, aroma and texture based on variation of sugar concentration and incubation time of soyghurt. Our study found that various additional sugar concentration and incubation time gave difference result in organoleptic test. Soyghurt with 10%, 12.5%, and 15% of sugar addition became more favorable among the participant. The incubation time of 8 hours, 12 hours, and 16 hours equally produced good fermentation results. Storage in refrigerator for 1 days could maintain its flavor, texture, colour and aroma, but changed after 2 days stored.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"342 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122450645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alita Alita, Henri Henri, Rahmad Lingga, Anna Sonia, Gita Fitri, Stevani Greacela Putri, Arinda Salsabila
{"title":"Keanekaragaman Bivalvia dan Gastropoda di Pulau Nangka Kabupaten Bangka Tengah","authors":"Alita Alita, Henri Henri, Rahmad Lingga, Anna Sonia, Gita Fitri, Stevani Greacela Putri, Arinda Salsabila","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2572","url":null,"abstract":"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tipe dan tingkat keragaman bivalvia dan gastropoda pada pulau Nangka, Desa Tanjung Pura, Kabupaten Bangka Tengah, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling dengan teknik transek garis yang dilakukan pengambilan garis tegak lurus terhadap garis pantai dengan 3 plot pencuplikan yang dibuat kerangka kuadran berukuran 1×1m2 dan jumlah total daerah pencuplikan adalah 81. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parameter fisik dan kimia lingkungan di lokasi pengamatan tergolong baik dengan suhu rata-rata 32°C, total padatan terlarut (TDS) 2.069,1 ppm, kekeruhan 0,08 NTU, dan pH air sekitar 7.767. Keanekaragaman Gastropoda lebih besar daripada keanekaragaman Bivalvia. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya 17 spesies Gastropoda dan 5 spesies Bivalvia. Spesies yang paling banyak ditemukan di lokasi penelitian adalah Cerithium scabridum dengan jumlah 581 individu. Famili dari kelas Gastropoda yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah famili Muricidae, sedangkan kelas Bivalvia adalah famili Veneridae. Parameter lingkungan yang diukur di lokasi penelitian seperti suhu, total padatan terlarut (TDS), kekeruhan, dan pH air menunjukkan bahwa kondisi lingkungan mendukung kehidupan Bivalvia dan Gastropoda yang ditunjukkan dengan kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman kerang dan keong yang tinggi.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128895562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shinta Ahsaniyah, Rahmad Lingga, Henri Henri, N. Sari, Putri Ayu Indah Suryani, Inayah Assyifa
{"title":"Keanekaragaman Jenis Makroalga di Perairan Pulau Nangka Kabupaten Bangka Tengah","authors":"Shinta Ahsaniyah, Rahmad Lingga, Henri Henri, N. Sari, Putri Ayu Indah Suryani, Inayah Assyifa","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2573","url":null,"abstract":"Makroalga merupakan salah satu komponen penyusun ekosistem pesisir yang berperan penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keanekaragaman dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keberadaan makroalga di perairan Pulau Nangka. Sampel diambil dari 2 titik lokasi di kawasan perairan pulau Nangka dengan metode survei jelajah. Identifikasi makroalga dilakukan di laboratorium Botani Jurusan Biologi Universitas Bangka Belitung. Suhu air dan suhu tanah di titik pengambilan sampel diukur sebagai parameter faktor lingkungan. Keanekaragaman dihitung berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman spesies dan dominansi spesies. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 4 jenis spesies makroalga yang ditemukan diantaranya Padina australis, Ulva linneaus, Kappaphycus alvarezii, dan Acantophora spicifera. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan indeks keanekaragaman, indeks kemerataan, dan indeks kekayaan jenis, kelimpahan mikroalga di Pulau Nangka dapat dikategorikan rendah. Suhu lingkungan tumbuh diduga berpengaruh pada keanekaragaman makroalga di perairan pulau Nangka","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"306 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113958874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efek toksisitas ekstrak bromelin buah nanas (Ananas comosus L.) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)","authors":"Betty Fitriyasti, Salmi Salmi","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2571","url":null,"abstract":"Bromelin merupakan enzim proteolitik yang berasal dari tanaman nanas (Ananas commosus L.) dan berpotensi sebagai antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui toksisitas ekstrak kasar bromelin buah nanas (Ananas commosus L.) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Ekstrak kasar bromelin diperoleh dengan penambahan buffer natrium asetat pH 6,5 pada buah nanas dan disentrifugasi dengan kecepatan 3500 rpm. Toksisitas bromelin ditentukan dengan menginkubasi 15 ekor larva Artemia salina Leach berusia 48 jam dalam larutan ekstrak bromelin buah nanas dengan berbagai konsentrasi yaitu 3000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 500 ppm dan 0 ppm selama 24jam. Persentase mortalitas larva dan nilai LC50 dihitung setelah masa inkubasi berakhir. Hasil penelitian menujukkan adanya peningkatan persentase mortalitas larva seiiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak bromelin. Nilai LC50 ekstrak bromelin yang diperoleh yaitu sebesar 9.000 ppm. Nilai LC50 ini > 1000 ppm yang menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bromelin buah nanas yang diisolasi pada penelitian ini memiliki toksisitas yang rendah. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, ekstrak kasar bromelin buah nanas tidak berpotensi sebagai anti-kanker.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130609096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnosis, patogenesitas dan pemeriksaan Campylobacter jejuni","authors":"Conny Riana Tjampakasari, Siti Kusmaryeni","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v6i1.2570","url":null,"abstract":"Campylobacteriosis merupakan penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri bergenus Campylobacter, terutama spesies Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Bakteri ini bersifat Gram negatif, berukuran sangat kecil, berbentuk batang bergelombang, tipis, beberapa berbentuk spiral. C. jejuni tidak membentuk spora, katalase positif, dapat mereduksi nitrat dan sangat motil dengan flagel yang terdapat pada satu atau dua ujung tubuhnya. Pertumbuhannya bersifat mikroaerofilik, dapat tumbuh optimal dengan kadar oksigen rendah. Pada media pertumbuhan, semua Campylobacter sp tumbuh dengan baik pada pH 5,5-8,0. Koloni tampak bulat, halus dan cembung. Campylobacteriosis bersifat zoonosis yaitu dapat menular dari hewan ke manusia. Bakteri yang masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia memproduksi toksin, Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) yang merupakan salah satu faktor patogenitas. Manifestasi klinik yang ditimbulkan berupa diare, kadang-kadang sampai berdarah, sakit pada bagian perut, demam, mual dan muntah. Pada manusia dan hewan banyak kasus tidak menunjukkan gejala. Pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menunjang diagnosis pasti infeksi oleh Campylobacteriosis sangat diperlukan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah mengaitkan diagnosis dan patogenesis Campylobacteriosis dengan pemeriksaan mikrobiologi. Pemeriksaan mikrobiologi yang dapat dilakukan adalah mikroskopis, kultur dan non kultur. Saat ini teknik non kultur yang dikembangkan antara lain, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Epidemiological typing system dan serologi.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129835324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PERSEPSI DAN POLA KONSUMSI REMAJA SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19","authors":"Wiwin Efrizal","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v5i2.2106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v5i2.2106","url":null,"abstract":"Covid-19 has an impact on adolescents, both directly in the form of exposure to the virus and in the form of secondary effects caused by efforts to stop transmission. Adolescence is a transitional period where critical thinking begins, but is sometimes controlled by an unstable emotional state. Changes in conditions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic can affect the psychosocial and consumption patterns of adolescents. This study aims to determine adolescents' perceptions of Covid-19 and their consumption patterns during the pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 95 adolescents who were sent randomly linked questionnaires during the first week of September 2020. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and graphs. Teens who were not sure and doubted the covid-19 virus were 14.7% and considered it a conspiracy, because there was no clear evidence and information. Changes in consumption patterns were felt by 37.9% of adolescents during a pandemic. Adaptation to new habits that was most difficult for adolescents was to avoid crowding and only 38.7% could do it. A small proportion of teenagers are unsure or doubt the existence of the Covid-19 virus, due to lack of clear information. The pandemic causes stress for teenagers and has an impact on changing consumption patterns. The adoption of new habitual adaptations has not been fully carried out, even though most teenagers are convinced of the Covid-19 virus. The need for clear information about the covid-19 virus and strengthening the application of health protocols in adolescents.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114269762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI KEMAMPUAN BAKTERI ENDOFIT SORGUM MANIS FS501 SEBAGAI PENDUKUNG PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN","authors":"Charlie Ester De Fretes","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v5i2.2107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v5i2.2107","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to isolate endophytic bacteria of sweet sorghum plants and characterize their ability as plant growth promoting. The characters tested in this study were the ability of endophytic bacteria in N fixation, phosphate dissolving, and IAA production to be developed as biological fertilizer agents. Twenty-four isolates were isolated from the roots, stems and shoots of sweet sorghum. The results of bacterial DNA fingerprint screening showed that 11 groups of endophytic bacteria had different fingerprints. Isolates capable of N fixation were grown on LGI media and showed a change in the color of the medium. The nifH gene detection is also carried out to determine endophytic diazotrophic bacteria. Isolate bacteria that can dissolve inorganic phosphate were tested using Pikovskaya media. Testing the ability of isolates to produce IAA was carried out by adding Salkowski's reagent to the bacterial culture and measured quantitatively with a λ 530 nm spectrophotometer. The results showed that two endophytic bacterial isolates proved to be diazotrophic and three isolates were able to dissolve phosphate, while one isolate was able to produce IAA. PA2 isolate showed ability in all the characters tested, namely N fixation, phosphate solvent and IAA producer.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124760628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darius Rupa, Abdul Wahid, Zulfadli Zulfadli, Jeklin Sampe, Emilia Rahayu
{"title":"JUSTIFIKASI EKSTRAK TANAMAN LAMIACEAE SEBAGAI PROSPEK OBAT","authors":"Darius Rupa, Abdul Wahid, Zulfadli Zulfadli, Jeklin Sampe, Emilia Rahayu","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v5i2.2105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v5i2.2105","url":null,"abstract":"in the family Lamiaceae are very widely used by humans because these plants commonly contain aromatic compounds such as Rosmarinus Officianalis, Hyptis capitata etc. Various plants species that have been studied, especially plant extracts from the family Lamiaceae reveal the content of compounds and prospects for their benefits to humans. The results of a review of various studies revealed that the species of the family Lamiaceae generally has the potential as an antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-immobility, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, Anti-Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical industry etc. Compounds found in the species of family Lamiaceae which have the potential as a drug are very diverse such as eugenol, thymol, Triterpena, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and micrometric acid, types of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids etc.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128872863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PERSEBARAN DAN KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI LENGKIR (Tacca leontopetaloides L. Kuntze) SEBAGAI SUMBER PANGAN DI PULAU BANGKA","authors":"L. Sakila., Henri Henri, Sajidin Sajidin","doi":"10.33019/ekotonia.v5i1.1947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v5i1.1947","url":null,"abstract":"Food plants is a type of plant in which there are carbohydrates and proteins that can be used as a source of energy for humans. one of which is lengkir. Lengkir growth wild and can found started from the edge of the sea 0 mdpl to a height of about 220 mdpl. This study aims to inventory and characterize lengkir in Bangka island. The research method consists of determining the location of the distributioan lengkir by purposive sampling and morphological characterization. The results showed that the number of individuals most found in Bangka Tengah is 678 individuals and the least in the city of Pangkalpinang is 16 individuals. The conclusion of this study that the lengkir found in all districts of the island of Bangka with the pattern of distribution groups. A map of the distribution of lengkir on the Bangka island is expected to contribute to the availability of the location information and the conditions of existence lengkir in Bangka island.","PeriodicalId":378431,"journal":{"name":"EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127409182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}