Tropical Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"An email interview with Dr. Abhijit Chaudhury.","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_8_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tp.tp_8_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"64-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffuse cutaneous nodules in an HIV-infected child: The mystery unfolds.","authors":"Vishakha Ashopa, Ekta Gupta, Deepak Kanjani, Eshank Gupta, Jayant Ramawat, Prabhu Prakash","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_45_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_45_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 15-year-old female child who was diagnosed as HIV seropositive 5 months back presented to the Dermatology OPD with the presence of multiple intensely itchy oval to round papulo- nodular lesions of variable size scattered over her limbs, face, and trunk for last 3 months. The patient gave the history that the lesions first appeared over her limbs and then, gradually spread to her whole body without affecting mucous membranes and new lesions kept on appearing, whereas older lesions gradually increased in size over a period of last 3 months. A slit skin biopsy was done of the nodules and the Giemsa-stained impression smear revealed the following findings given in the picture and the patient was started on appropriate treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"61-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The intersection of geography and sociocultural factors in malaria epidemiology: A study of 6 years (2018-2023) surveillance data from three districts of Maharashtra, India, with diverse landscape.","authors":"Neha Sunil Bawankar, Dilip Shrirang Gedam, Prashant P Meshram, Swati M Bhise, Nitin S Kapse, Sunil L Madavi, Narendra M Bahirwar, Vinod S Chavhan, Aditi A Tyadi","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_52_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_52_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Outside of Africa, India is the main contributor to malaria-related morbidity and mortality in Southeast Asia. This retrospective study included 6 years of malaria data (2018-2023) from three districts in Maharashtra: Gadchiroli, Gondia, and Nagpur. The study examines the patterns of malaria, the distribution of <i>Plasmodium</i> species, and the effects of malaria control efforts under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Six years of data on all malaria indicators collected under NVBDCP were taken from the respective districts. The sociocultural behavior of the population was analyzed by visiting the study area.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Gadchiroli, primarily a hilly/tribal area, had the highest number of malaria cases, with the slide positivity rate (SPR) and annual parasite index reaching their peak in 2021. On the other hand, Gondia and Nagpur had consistently low levels of malaria transmission, with minimal fluctuations in key epidemiological indicators. The analysis demonstrates the significant differences in malaria transmission across various landscapes, with the highest SPR observed in tribal and hilly areas, followed by rural areas, and the lowest in urban regions. <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> was the dominant species in Gadchiroli and Gondia, while <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> was more prevalent in urban areas of Nagpur.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions in high-risk areas, especially in tribal regions, where sociocultural factors and ecological conditions contribute to sustained transmission. The findings highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance, culturally sensitive education, and advanced diagnostic tools to eliminate malaria in India by 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105770/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The uninvited guest: Phthiriasis palpebrarum.","authors":"Jagadesh Gayathri, A R Rajalakshmi, Yogamoorthi Valentina","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_20_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_20_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crab louse primarily infests the pubic hair causing phthiriasis pubis. Occasionally, it can also infest the eyelids mimicking blepharitis. We report a case of 51-year-old male with lice and nits on the lid margin.</p>","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"56-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the etiology of a case of human liver cysticercosis in India.","authors":"María Teresa Galán-Puchades, Màrius V Fuentes","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_41_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_41_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"59-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulation by helminthic parasites and worm therapy.","authors":"Megha Sharma, Sumeeta Khurana","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_5_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_5_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The helminthic parasites have largely been looked upon as chronic infections in developing countries causing morbidity. The helminthic parasites, unlike other microbial pathogens, are unique in the way they interact with the host's immune system. Their size, complexity, and movement within the host trigger the host's immune response toward a relative state of hyporesponsiveness, favoring cohabitation. This immunomodulation has been a topic of much debate in the last decade. This review explicitly explains how helminthic parasites are capable of modulating the host's immune system and how this immunomodulation is brought about at different stages of immune activation. The proven and postulated mechanisms of altered antigen presentation and activation of both arms of the immune system, cell-mediated and humoral, are presented. The review further summarizes what effect this immunomodulation has on bystander immune responses and how the presence of helminthic parasites can contribute to alleviating immune-dysregulation conditions in the host. An updated account of the current usage of \"worm therapy\" in different autoimmune diseases, allergic conditions, and even cancer therapy is presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"2-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhinosporidiosis: A report of 104 cases from Raipur, Chhattisgarh (India).","authors":"Hansa Banjara, Kamlesh Satyapal, Alok Kumar Ravi, Jasbir Kaur, Seema Rohilla, Dhara B Dhaulakhandi","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_3_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_3_24","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Rhinosporidiosis is a polypoidal disease of mucocutaneous tissues mainly affecting the nose. &lt;i&gt;Rhinosporidium seeberi&lt;/i&gt; is believed to be the causative pathogen; however, the exact identity remains obscure. The main symptoms of the disease include the presence of mass, discharge, epistaxis, and nasal obstruction. The disease is characterized by friable polyps mostly pink to purple giving typical strawberry- or raspberry-like appearance. The infection is caused by bathing in ponds having stagnant waters. Disease is more common in people of lower socioeconomic status. There is no effective medical therapy. Surgical excision with base cauterization is the current treatment modality but recurrences are common. Personal hygiene measures may be effective in reducing the incidence of disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims and objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;Analysis of epidemiological factors and clinical presentation of rhinosporidiosis cases from an endemic region and elaboration of essential features of the causative agent of rhinosporidiosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In this series, male, rural, and lower-income populations were preponderant. Maximum (45.2%) patients belonged to the age group 18-32 years with a mean age of 23.9 years. Out of 104 operated cases, rhino mass was on the right side in 59, on the left in 39, and bilateral in 6 patients. 74 patients presented with nasal discharge. Epistaxis was present in 63 and shortness of breath in 3 patients. Extension of disease was noticed in 11 patients (10.58%). The passage was blocked in 102 patients. Four patients had dysphagia and nine patients presented with a change in voice. Many patients repeatedly came from a particular area of the old Raipur division (14%-18%). The color of the polyps was light pink or red, raspberry- or strawberry-like. Polyp appeared to be soft and friable with pin head dot-like round bodies (RBs) or sporangia. Mature RBs were seen discharging spores, each one of which is believed to develop into an RB and this cycle continues leading to an increase in the size of the polyp.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This is an observational cross-sectional study comprising of 104 rhinsosporidiosis patients at a tertiary care hospital over a period of three years between March 2022 and January 2024. Disease was clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed. Patients were examined endoscopically. Spread of mass was confirmed by CT scan. The mass was excised with base cauterization and aseptically collected rhinsosporidiosis biopsies were analysed morpho-histopathologically and microscopically. Epidemiology, demographic factors, and aetiology of disease were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the important epidemiological characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Patients from rural areas and those having lower socioeconomic status having exposure to pond bathing were more affected (73%). As there is no effect","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"12-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Koch's postulates: A tailored approach for clinical parasitology.","authors":"Subhash Chandra Parija, Sumeeta Khurana","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_2_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_2_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Koch's postulates have long served as a foundational framework in microbiology for establishing causal relationships between microorganisms and diseases. However, when applied to parasitic infections, these postulates often reveal limitations due to the unique complexities associated with parasites. The intricate life cycles, diverse clinical presentations, and interactions between hosts and parasites necessitate a reformed approach. This paper proposes a set of postulates specifically designed for parasitic diseases. The revised criteria underscore the consistent identification of the parasite, its correlation with clinical manifestations, the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic methods, experimental infections in appropriate animal models, therapeutic responses, host-parasite dynamics, and molecular epidemiology. By integrating these elements, the postulates provide a more comprehensive framework for establishing causality in parasitic diseases. As our understanding of these infections evolves, so must our approaches to defining causation, especially with technological advancements and research on host-parasite interactions. This adaptability will help maintain an accurate and current understanding of parasitic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"8-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological biomarkers and their role in the diagnosis and prognosis of leishmaniasis: A case-control study.","authors":"Zainab Khamis Abbas, Zainab Qassim Mohammed Hilo, Wafia Shaker Abdul Hussein, Osama A Mohsein","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_57_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tp.tp_57_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Different kinds of leishmaniasis can be distinguished based on the range and complexity of clinical presentations, which can vary from asymptomatic infection to severe illness that greatly affects one's quality of life.</p><p><strong>Aims of the study: </strong>Determining the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and the severity of leishmaniasis.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A case-control study comprising 150 patients diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis (75 males and 75 females) with 50 healthy controls. The individuals in question ranged in age from 35 to 45. The study was carried out at Nasiriyah General Hospital and Al-Habobbi Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2024, and August 1, 2024. Inclusion criteria required patients aged 35-45 years, with clinically confirmed leishmaniasis and positive serological results, who provided consent for participation. Exclusion criteria included individuals with immunological disorders and pregnant people. The infected group was clinically evaluated to exclude other infections or inflammatory conditions that could affect cytokine levels. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe leishmaniasis based on clinical criteria, including lesion size, number, complications, and infection duration, following established guidelines. The serum was isolated using centrifugation and preserved at a temperature of -20°C to quantify the concentrations of anti-<i>Leishmania</i> antibodies, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and CRP using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The ELISA kits used to measure cytokine levels and antibody titers were sourced from Bio-Techne, an American company.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed nonstatistically significant differences in mean age or gender distribution between patients and healthy controls. However, fever was more common in patients, and the severity of the disease was classified into three grades. Levels of antibodies, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor, IL-10, and C-reactive protein were also significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls, suggesting an association with leishmaniasis infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results confirm the relationship between levels of antibodies and immune complexes, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, with the severity of leishmaniasis infection. These high levels indicate an intense immune response, reflecting the body's inflammatory reaction to the infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting microscopy in parasitology.","authors":"Subhash Chandra Parija","doi":"10.4103/tp.tp_13_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tp.tp_13_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37825,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Parasitology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12105783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144162663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}