{"title":"COVID-19 and Its Employment Dimension in the Tourism Sector","authors":"Derya Alimanoğlu Yemişci, Barış Öztuna","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch025","url":null,"abstract":"With its labor-intensive nature, the tourism sector is critically important for providing employment volume and foreign exchange reserves in the national economies. The tourism sector is influenced by the events such as economic crises, wars, and epidemics faster than other sectors. The world is facing an unprecedented global health, social, and economic emergency as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Travel and tourism are one the most impacted sectors with a great amount of decline of international demand amid global travel restrictions to constrain the virus. In this study, first of all, the literature on the effect of the COVID-19 virus on the workforce in the tourism sector was included. It identified the impacts of technology on the tourism sector with the pandemic, and suggestions for the future of employment in the tourism sector were presented.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114499945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic Impacts of the Pandemic on the Tourism of the Developing World","authors":"Ayça Sarialioğlu Hayali, Cabir Celik","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic crisis of 2020 with its policy measures and economic impacts has negatively affected the tourism industry, which is regarded as the most negatively affected one due to the nature of the sector, both directly and indirectly. In other words, through its policy measures such as restrictions on travel, it has affected the tourism sector directly, and through its economic impacts such as decreasing GDP per capita and hence total demand, it has influenced the tourism sector indirectly. In this regard, the aim of this study is to empirically investigate the economic impacts of the pandemic on tourism of the developing world for the case of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis of 2020. This is done by a panel data analysis including 38 developing countries for the nine months of 2020, January-September, the ongoing era of pandemic crisis of 2020 considering the available data. The findings support the main hypothesis of the study.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124431560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. M. Montaudon- Tomas, I. N. Pinto-López, Anna Amsler
{"title":"Tourism in the Low Touch Economy","authors":"C. M. Montaudon- Tomas, I. N. Pinto-López, Anna Amsler","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the situation of the tourism industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. The health crisis's main effects are explained, as well as how the sector is learning to function under strict sanitary and hygiene measures, relying more on technology than before. The opportunities and challenges in a low contact economy are described. Post-pandemic fear, crowded conditions, mass tourism, travel guilt and shaming, extensive job losses, fixed costs, and employee morale are the challenges identified. The opportunities include variants of slow tourism, products and services for the remote worker, and the digitalization of the sector.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117000232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obstacles and Adaptations of Mega-Events in São Paulo in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"D. Silva, M. Aulicino","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch035","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research study was to identify how mega-events that had been established in the official calendar of SPTuris (São Paulo Tourism Company) in 2020, of the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, have adapted to the coronavirus pandemic. The study verified the impacts and obstacles caused in the event industry as well as the mitigation of such difficulties. A presentation was made on concepts, classifications of events, their history, and position in the market, including a description of actions by organizers not to stop all activities; the authors also included an interview with a representative of two companies in the event industry. The study conclusion was that most events opted for the internet and social media, in addition to drive-thru and delivery activities in the case of gastronomy; and that there have been gains in health safety and in the role of hybrid events in the future.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129844582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Volatility of Tourism Stocks","authors":"B. Yaşar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the economic impact of COVID-19 on the tourism sector in Turkey. Stock markets are a barometer for the economy and reflect the pandemic's direct financial impact on tourism companies. The BIST Tourism Index return volatility during 2020 is modelled considering the effects of global economic policy uncertainty, economic sentiment, daily new cases, and Turkey's containment and health index. The index return volatility is high during the pandemic. The results show a statistically significant interrelation between economic sentiment, new cases, and containment and health index, and the BIST Tourism index return volatility. Policies that slow down the virus spread and fiscal support may improve consumer and investor sentiment. The revival of confidence would strengthen the financial markets and decrease volatility.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127632570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Holiday Preferences at the Example of Z Generation Within the Youth Tourism","authors":"D. Matušíková, K. Šambronská, M. Košíková","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch015","url":null,"abstract":"Youth travel is an important segment of the tourism market. The motives of travel as we knew them until 2020 were more or less constant, but the pandemic situation had a huge impact on the interest in travel. For this reason, it is important to test the reaction of young people to current pandemics in the tourism market and their current attitudes and views on travel. This chapter deals with changes in consumer behavior on the example of Slovak youth, based on the implemented qualitative research on a sample of more than 300 Slovak youths who participate in tourism activities. The aim was to identify changes in consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, their motivations, and barriers to travel. The results of the empirical part bring clear conclusions that the pandemic significantly affected the interest, purchase, and overall behavior of youth in the context of travel.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127888575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on the Rural Second Home Tourism","authors":"E. Türk, A. Erdoğan, Beytullah Sulak, G. Erkan","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch034","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the level of satisfaction of second home users in the EBSR countryside due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a qualitative research based on in-depth interview technique using semi-structured questionnaire was applied to six households. Gürgenağaç Village within the borders of Trabzon Province, Maçka District was selected as the case area. The study provided results to discuss whether rural second homes, which are seen as insurance against risks, fulfill the expected task by virtue of the global pandemic experience and the problems arising from second homes and their surroundings. In conclusion, the study shows that behaviors and attitudes of rural second home owners had significantly changed with the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"314 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121591409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effects of COVID-19 on Tourism and Hospitality Employment","authors":"Zeynep Karsavuran","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch026","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter attempts to draw attention to the effects of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality employment. Specifically, two major impacts on the workforce are detected and discussed within this scope: job losses and deterioration of the working conditions. Job loss causes financial strain, deterioration of physical and psychological health, and social consequences for the dismissed individuals. In addition, employees who remain in the organizations also face negative impacts of the COVID-19 crisis such as health risks, increasing precariousness, and changing working methods. These labour issues are further discussed for their consequences on the tourism and hospitality industry, and solution and recommendations are provided to overcome the negative effects.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126806786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on the Business Performance and Financial Position in Hotel Industry","authors":"S. S. Mališ, I. Sačer","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch001","url":null,"abstract":"The hotel industry, among others, has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The effect of the pandemic can be noticed through financial statements. The aim of the chapter is to analyse how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the financial position and business performance of the hotels in a tourism-oriented country such is Croatia. The chapter covers the basic information of tourism and the features of the hotel industry in Croatia. The authors represent the sets of national recommendations for dealing with the pandemic in the tourism sector that are enriched with available macroeconomic statistical data. Further, the analysis of financial statements of the five selected hotels is presented. The analysis was done in order to provide comparative analysis of financial results in the pandemic environment (2020) and the previous year (2019). Based on the calculated liquidity, solvency, activity, economy, and profitability ratios, the authors conclude that all the mentioned ratios worsened in 2020 for all the observed hotels.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123750285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Tourism Economy","authors":"Süleyman Şen, Sureyya Kovaci","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8231-2.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter seeks to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the Turkish tourism economy. Towards this end, first of all, tourist arrivals and tourism income of Turkey were compared between pre-pandemic and within the pandemic period. Afterwards, to investigate whether COVID-19 leads to a decrease in stock prices of tourism firms, the return data of 11 firms listed in the Borsa Istanbul restaurants and hotels subsector for 10 months were examined by panel data methods. According to comparison of tourist arrivals and tourism income to the previous year, there was a vital decrease as 69% and 65% respectively in 2020. Moreover, coverage rate of foreign trade deficit of tourism income in Turkey decreased almost 80% in 2020. Overall, results of pooled OLS regression analysis revealed that COVID-19 cases and COVID-19-related deaths were decreasing monthly stock price returns. Based on these findings, it is recommended to policymakers to find better policies for a better tourism economy.","PeriodicalId":374862,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on the Impacts and Implications of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133879688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}