SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL最新文献

{"title":"Activities of the Republican Trust «Ukrsilprombud» in Sumy Region during Post-war time (1947–1954)","authors":"Vitaliy Korol","doi":"10.21272/shaj.2023.i40.p.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2023.i40.p.19","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to analyzing the characteristic features and peculiarities of the organization and functioning of the “Ukrsilprombud” trust, as well as its role in the recovery and development of the economy and infrastructure in Sumy region in the post-war period.\u0000The Republican Construction and Assembly Trust “Ukrsilprombud” existed during 1947-1954 and was an economic unit subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR. The trust specialized in constructing machine-tractor stations, machine-tractor workshops and other objects that were supposed to ensure the mechanization of agriculture.\u0000The research highlights the formation and development of the organizational structure of the trust. The regional division of “Ukrsilprombud” – the Sumy Regional Construction and Installation Office – operated in Sumy oblast. The level of financing of this enterprise and the state of its provision of building materials and qualified personnel are characterized.\u0000It was revealed that a lagging pace, non-fulfilment of plans, violation of the order and unevenness of work in the districts of Sumy region characterized the trust’s participation in reconstruction. The leading cause of these phenomena was the ineffectiveness of the system of organizing the process at both the state and regional levels, manifested by insufficient funding, a lack of construction materials, a shortage and low qualification of workers. Sometimes the negative impact on the productivity of construction organizations was caused by a subjective factor – negligence and corruption on the part of managers.\u0000The research is based on materials from the funds of the Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine and the State Archive of Sumy Region, as well as information from the local press issued in the late 1940s – early 1950s.","PeriodicalId":373935,"journal":{"name":"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116931498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elimination of illiteracy in the 20-30s of the 20th century as a social and political project of the Soviet Government: philosophical aspect","authors":"A. Hrytsenko, O. Kurok, V. Prokopchuk","doi":"10.21272/shaj.2023.i40.p.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2023.i40.p.12","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the philosophical aspects of the social and political components of the campaign to eliminate adult illiteracy in the 20s-30s of the 20th century. The philosophy of actions of the Bolshevik Party to overcome mass illiteracy and increase the educational level of the population included a large-scale cultural and educational campaign in 1919-1921, which in history was called “elimination of illiteracy.”With the signing of the decree of the Council of People’s Commissars dated December 26, 1919 “On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR”, and later the order of the Council of People’s Commissariat of the USSR dated May 21, 1921 “On the fight against illiteracy”, the organization of literacy training for the adult population became one of the most important directions in the work of the Soviet authorities.\u0000Education became compulsory for all citizens aged 8 to 50. The largest number of illiterates was in the national outskirts. In particular, the elimination of illiteracy in Ukrainian lands was organized by the Main Political and Educational Committee of the republic under the People’s Commissariat of Education, where the All-Ukrainian Emergency Commission for Combating Illiteracy was created.\u0000Therefore, according to the authors of the article, the philosophical aspect of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy was, first of all, of a social nature, since the illiteracy of the main mass of the population was considered by the intelligentsia as the most important problem, the solution of which was a necessary condition for the progressive development of a socialist society. The development of the economy and industry, as well as the change in the forms and methods of management, led to an increase in the need for qualified workers, specialists and literate people in general. Such workers produce more and work faster, easily accept new ideas and innovations, and demonstrate greater efficiency and responsibility.\u0000It was in the 1920s and 1930s that the Soviet campaign to eliminate illiteracy had its own characteristics. It was not only large-scale and rapid, but it was also culturally, socially and ideologically connected to the general changes taking place in society at that time. The philosophy of combating illiteracy and low literacy was a component of the state’s social policy and was aimed at raising the cultural level of the population, and became one of the priority areas of activity of the party and the Soviet government.\u0000In the course of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in the 1920s and 1930s, we identified several key features of the process: 1) the main goal of the campaign was to create a new type of society with the dominant position of the party bureaucracy, which led to a high level of politicization. 2) the use of forced tempos and rigid methods is caused by the style of implementation of mass projects, which involved the active participation of public organizations, militarization, the clas","PeriodicalId":373935,"journal":{"name":"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL","volume":"20 Suppl 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131339598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the foreign policy course of US president J.F. Kennedy on the Peoples Republic of China (january-october 1961)","authors":"A. Goncharenko","doi":"10.21272/shaj.2021.i36.p.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2021.i36.p.53","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the formation of the foreign policy course of US President John F. Kennedy on China in January-October 1961. There were characterized the election statements of the US presidential candidate from the Democratic Party J.F. Kennedy on China. The practical implementation of pre-election initiatives by the administration of the President John F. Kennedy in the Chinese direction in January-October 1961 was studied. There were analyzed reasons, course and consequences of intensification of Washington’s foreign policy strategy towards Beijing during the during investigated period. The role of various groups in the American establishment in the process of forming the foreign policy course of the new administration towards China in January-October 1961 is outlined. It is described the specific US foreign policy actions towards communist China at the beginning of J.F. Kennedy presidential period. The victory of J.F. Kennedy in the presidential election in 1960 was accompanied by a series of changes in the system of geopolitical and military priorities of the United States. The new administration’s more realistic approach to China was due primarily to the fact that Beijing, which renounced its alliances and claimed the role of a “third force”, was a weak player in the international arena and therefore minor, insignificant deviations from traditional policies of “containment and isolation” seemed acceptable. Moreover, the policy of “isolation” did not justify itself, as China has intensified its foreign policy, established relations with many countries, including the US allies. Gradually, the number of states that supported China’s demands for a seat in the UN grew, which created a real prospect for broad recognition of communist China. At the beginning of the presidency of J.F. Kennedy in January-October 1961, his administration was unable to quickly develop and begin to implement a holistic concept of “new frontiers” for China. His Chinese policy was inextricably linked to the US foreign policy in Asia and reflected the clash of American and Chinese interests in the region. At the same time, the representatives of the American establishment did not have a clear idea of how they could influence Soviet-Chinese relations in order to deepen the rift between the USSR and China, and what concrete benefits they could derive from this. This was due to a number of reasons. First of all, when he was elected, the administration of J.F. Kennedy joined the more important events at that time in terms of the US military and political interests than the policy towards China (European problems, issues of Atlantic unity, the Berlin crisis). Secondly, Washington still viewed communist China as a state that threatened American interests in Asia and was eager to expand its influence and strengthen its military power. An important influence on the formation of the foreign policy course of the administration J.F. Kennedy also had at the beginning of his ","PeriodicalId":373935,"journal":{"name":"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123834942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative characteristics of the social status and standard of living of teachers of the Gluhiv male high school and the Gluhiv teaching institute in the 1870s – 1900s.","authors":"T.A. Ashchaulova, A. Hrytsenko","doi":"10.21272/shaj.2022.i39.p.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i39.p.25","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the history of the development and activity of educational institutions of different form and status makes it possible to more effectively investigate the issue and determine, at the same time, similar and distinctive features in their functioning and characteristics. An important role is played by carrying out, in particular, a comparative characterization of the social status and standard of living of the teachers of these institutions. In particular, in our research, a comparative analysis was conducted of the Hlukhiv Men’s Gymnasium and the Hlukhiv Teacher’s Institute, which over time received the name of the Hlukhiv State Pedagogical Institute). These educational institutions functioned in Hlukhiv, Sumy Oblast, from the 1870s to 1917. A four-grade male high school was opened in Hlukhiv in 1870. In 1873, after the visit to Hlukhiv by the Minister of National Education of the Russian Empire, Dmitri Tolstoy, with the support of the then leadership of Hlukhiv, a decision was made to open a teachers’ institute in Hlukhiv the following year. The document we found “Announcement from the authorities of the Kyiv educational district” reports on the foundation of the teachers’ institute in the 1874-1875 academic year. In 1875, the pro-gymnasium became a sixth-grade school. In 1889, this educational institution received the status of a classical eight-grade gymnasium. The director of the gymnasium, Mykola Lazarenko, paid considerable attention to the improvement of the high-quality composition of the institution. Oleksandr Belyavskyi, the first director of the institute, also played a significant role in improving the quality of teachers at the teachers’ institute. During his leadership, the institute was imbued with the spirit of pedantry and monumentality of pedagogical sciences. Over time, the Hlukhiv Men’s Gymnasium became a kind of cultural and educational center of the region, where a large number of graduates of various higher education institutions were able to teach. In particular, ten graduates of the Nizhyn Institute of Prince O. Bezborodko, who graduated from the historical and philological field, worked there during different periods of the educational institution’s operation. Another ten people from the University of St. Volodymyr in Kyiv, five from the Imperial Moscow University, three graduates from the Hlukhiv Teachers’ Institute and six from the University of St. Petersburg. There was also one person who graduated from the medical faculty of Yuriy University, three teachers from the Theological Academy and two more from the Chernihiv Theological Seminary and the Novorossiysk Theological Academy. Both in the men’s gymnasium and in the teachers’ institute, there was a clear and strict regulation of the hiring of teaching staff. According to the rules of the educational system of the Russian Empire at that time, persons who graduated from a higher education institution (university, academy or institute) received the VIII cla","PeriodicalId":373935,"journal":{"name":"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122885759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Search and development by Soviet forces of Ukrainian nationalists on the territory of the Romanian People’s Republic (1955–1957)","authors":"V. Ilnytskyi, R. Mykhats","doi":"10.21272/shaj.2021.i36.p.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2021.i36.p.27","url":null,"abstract":"The article is an attempt to disclose an unknown aspect, namely, the work of the Soviet special services on revealing, investigating, and detention of former participants of the OUN and UPA in the territory of Romanian national republic. In the article, it is established that despite the struggle against the liberation movement in the 1940s and 1950s, the Soviet authorities failed to eradicate and suppress anti-Soviet sentiments completely. The confrontation between Ukrainian nationalists and the Soviet administration continued not only in the USSR, but also abroad and even after the official report on the liquidation of organized nationalist structures. At the same time, in connection with the liberalization of the socio-political regime (de-Stalinization, “vidlyha” (“thaw”), rehabilitation of prisoners) intensified the activities of hostile to power –mostly former members of the OUN and URA (both those who remained underground and released from imprisonment), as well as representatives of religious associations. That is why the tasks of the law enforcement agencies included not only the suppression of opposition resistance in the USSR, but also the search for and elimination of all former underground fighters, especially leaders who were in other countries, including Romania. The repressive and punitive bodies carried out work on the search for nationalists in the Romanian People’s Republic in several directions: 1) development of family, former organizational ties of OUN leaders who crossed the border at different times and joined various OUN foreign organizations and centers; 2) intensification of the search for OUN leaders abroad, detection and interception of probably existing channels of their connections with the remnants of the OUN in Bukovyna and its use for operational purposes; 3) intensification of the search for underground fighters and the development of well-known OUN members who were on the operational register; 4) organization of intelligence and operational work among those who were legalized and appeared guilty, former underground fighters, members of the OUN, as well as the development of those who did not surrender their weapons and legalized on the instructions of the underground, as well as returnees from prison and did not renounce their previous views; 5) intensification of the development of Ukrainian nationalists who were on the operational register or in the legal units of the OUN; 6) recruiting new and increasing the efficiency of the existing agency (which worked with special tasks to intercept existing communication channels developed by the security forces of the OUN and foreign OUN centers). As potentially dangerous the Soviet system considered even those nationalists who had emigrated abroad, therefore, after the liquidation of the Ukrainian organized resistance movement, they were perpetually search for. Hence, after the revealing of such persons, who most often were former heads and members of the nationalist ","PeriodicalId":373935,"journal":{"name":"SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125506197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}