British Journal of Environment and Climate Change最新文献

{"title":"A Study of Urban Heat Island using \"Local Climate Zones\" - The Case of Singapore","authors":"Yvonne Ng","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/13051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/13051","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The stu dy of urban heat islands and traditionally relies on simplistic descriptors such as “urban” and “rural”. While these descriptors may be evocative of the landscape, they are insufficient in providing information like its site properties which have direct im pacts on the surface layer climate. The newly developed “Local Climate Zones” (LCZ) characterization sc heme from Oke and Stewart [ 1 ] was applied to three case study areas to provide a more objective assessment of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon in S ingapore. Study Design: The three step procedure of site metadata collection, definition of the thermal source area, and selection of the appropriate climate zone was followed for the three case study areas representing green space, a typical high rise res idential housing area, and the CBD to identify and explain UHI characteristics.","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133481460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal trend of water resources in Beijing, China during 1999-2012 and its impact analysis.","authors":"H. Gong, T. Tang, Zhaoning Gong, Xiaojuan Li, Yuzhu Chen, Wenji Zhao","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/13861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/13861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128347317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the effects of drought in urban economies using regional input-output analysis.","authors":"S. Pagsuyoin, J. Santos","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/9872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/9872","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This research examines the economic impacts of drought severity and duration to interdependent product ion sectors in an urban catchment. Methodology: We developed a dynamic water input - output model extension to analyze the drought vulnerability and resilience of economic sectors in an urban region. The model utilizes the North American Industry Classificat ion System (NAICS), which encompasses 65 economic sectors in our regional analysis. The model is applied to a case study of the United States (US) National Capital Region, a predominantly urban region that is considered one of the major economic drivers of the US. Results: Simulation results identify the critical economic sectors that experience the highest inoperability and economic losses as a result of water reduction schemes implemented during drought events. In the two scenarios studied (drought warnin g and drought emergency), sectors exhibit disproportionate levels of resilience and sensitivity to the magnitude and duration of water reduction. In each case, the economic loss and inoperability rankings of critical sectors differ due to differences in th e quantity and value of the sectors’ production outputs. Conclusion: Observed data trends provide valuable insights for decision makers in formulating drought preparedness policies, water conservation programs , and short - term responses aimed to reduce wate r consumption in cases of emergency. The dynamic water reallocation I - O model developed in this study can be applied to other drought - prone regions and be used to generate insights on the economic consequences of drought, ecosystem thresholds, and water re allocation","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127595758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Low Impact Development Practices Using Linear Regression","authors":"M. Eric, James Li, D. Joksimovic","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/11578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/11578","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To develop a modelling methodology for evaluating the cumulative stormwater performance of Low Impact D evelopment technologies on a watershed basis to address stormwater impacts of urban development. Stu dy Design : A method is presented to perform hydrological modelling on large watersheds. Hydrological modelling simulations and linear regression analyses of a small sample of randomly selected lots were performed to generate results which were extrapolated to the entire watershed. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, between September 2010 and September 2012. Methodology: Urban hydrological response units were developed by using the K - means cluster analysis procedure to group 6926 lot parcels amenable to the residential rain barrel Low Impact D evelopment practice into clusters. Two versions of a Microsoft Excel macro were d eveloped to run simulations for thousands of lots s imultaneously before and after Low Impact D evelopment implementation to determine the total runoff produced by all lots for both cases. The results of computer modelling all lots were compared with the res ults from developing calculation methods to be used after computer modelling subsets of lots. Two calculation methods based on clustering lots to form urban hydrological response units were developed. A random sample of 5 % of all lots was then extracted from 6616 lots a menable to the porous pavement Low Impact D evelopment. Stepwise linear regression and linear regression were performed on the ran dom sample for each case of no Low I m pact D evelopment and with Low Impact D evelopment. Regression equations we re used to extrapolate results from the sample to Original Research Article","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127053852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic modeling to assess natural wetlands treatment of wastewater in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Towards an eco-city planning tool","authors":"C. Sovann, K. Irvine, Sthiannopkao Suthipong, S. Kok, E. Chea","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/12101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/12101","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: A personal computer version of the Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM) was applied to seamlessly link urban runoff, sanitary flow, pump station operations, and a natural wastewater treatment wetland in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, as a step towards developing a planning tool that could be used to explore urban development or climate change scenarios. Study Design: PCSWMM was calibrated with measured flow and water quality data and used to estimate total phosphorus, total nitrogen, detergents, and E. coli levels at the outlet of the wastewater treatment wetland for the period May 15 to July 1, 2011. Place and Duration of Study: Phnom Penh, Cambodia; January, 2011 to March, 2012. Methodology: In support of model development, a limited water quality sampling program and bathymetric survey were conducted for the sewer and wetland system in both the dry and rainy seasons, 2011. Samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, detergents, and E. coli. Sewer flow was measured continuously at 5 minute intervals to determine sanitary flow characteristics as input to the model and pump operation rules were determined through interviews with the pump operators and analysis of their data log books. Results: Consistent with past studies, the sampling showed that the wetland was effective in treating municipal waste, particularly with respect to E. coli (99% reduction from sewage inputs) Original Research Article Sovann et al.; BJECC, 5(2): 104-115, 2015; Article no.BJECC.2015.009 105 and detergents (86% reduction from sewage inputs). A lower treatment efficiency was observed for total phosphorus, at around 31%, while the treatment efficiency for total nitrogen was around 71%. The wetland was divided into four zones and PCSWMM was run in continuous mode for the period May 2-July 1, 2011. The mean levels of E. coli, detergents, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen estimated by the model for that time period compared favorably with sample results from the field campaign in August, 2011. Conclusion: The naturally-occurring wetland treatment system in Phnom Penh is effective and fits well with the concepts of green infrastructure and eco-cities. PCSWMM is a useful decisionsupport and planning tool to explore various development and climate change scenarios in Phnom","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116962363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling of flood inundation for a part of the Mekong River with TELEMAC-2D.","authors":"T. T. Vu, Phuoc Khac-Tien Nguyen, L. Chua, A. Law","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/12885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/12885","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This paper presents a study on the development of a 2-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model based on TELEMAC-2D for the flood simulation of the river from Kratie to Kampong Cham in Cambodia, a part of the Mekong River. The motivation behind the research was to study the feasibility of TELEMAC-2D in flood forecasting, and specifically to determine its adequacy in flood simulations with a focus on the reduction in model run-time through parallelization. Place and Duration of Study: DHI-NTU Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, between November 2013 and March 2014. Methodology: We simulated an actual flood event which occurred between June to November in 2001 for the stretch of the Mekong River from Kratie to Kampong Cham and compared the model simulations with MODIS satellite Images for specific days in the pre-, peakand post-flood period. Results: It was found that during the peak-flood period, there was high percentage (> 90%) match between the simulation results and observation obtained from satellite images while the match was below 50% for the preand postflood periods. Conclusion: The 2D simulation results were consistent with observations from satellite imaging. Original Research Article Vu et al.; BJECC, 5(2): 162-175, 2015; Article no.BJECC.2015.013 163 The discrepancy at preand post-flood may be due to the fact that (i) the model takes into account only hydrodynamic processes of flows in the river and flood plain, it does not consider other hydrological processes such as infiltration or evaporation which may be important during the preand postflood periods, and (ii) the resolution of MODIS satellite image at 500m x 500m may be too coarse and therefore not sufficient to identify flooded areas when the area is small or water depth low. Finally, it was found that the computing time can be reduced significantly with parallelization using multi-core processors, albeit with lesser advantage in speedup when the number of cores increased beyond 4.","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116818617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Groundwater Contribution to Stream Flow under Climate and Land Use Changes: A Case Study in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"G. Saha","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/14218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/14218","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater contributes a significant proportion of stream flow, and its contribution varies temporally throughout the year. The objective of this study was to investigate the temporal dynamics of groundwater contribution to stream flow under the effects of climate and land use changes. A study area of the Mainstem sub-watershed of the Kiskatinaw River watershed, British Columbia, Canada was used as a case study. A physically conceptual model, Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA), was developed for the study area. One greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario (i.e., B1: more integrated and environmental friendly world) was used for climate change study for 2012-2016, and land use changes scenarios were generated for shortterm period (2012-2016) due to limited future projected land use data. The simulation results revealed that climate change affects significantly the temporal patterns of mean groundwater contribution to stream flow. Due to precipitation variability, these contributions varied monthly, seasonally, and annually. When land use changes (i.e., increasing forest clear cut area, and decreasing forest and agricultural areas) were combined with climate change scenarios, these contributions were decreased due to changes in the flow patterns to the regime with more surface runoff and stream flow but less groundwater discharge. Compared to the reference period (20072011), the mean annual groundwater contribution to stream flow from 2012 to 2016 under the B1 climate change scenario and the combined effects of B1 scenario and land use changes is expected to decrease by 1.8% and 4.3%, respectively, due to increased precipitation (on average 3.6% under the B1 scenario) and temperature (on average 0.36°C under the B1 scenario), and land use changes. The results obtained from this study will provide useful information for seasonal and annual water extractions from the river and allocation to the stakeholders for future water Original Research Article Saha; BJECC, 5(1): 1-22, 2015; Article no.BJECC.2015.001 2 supply, as well as ecological conditions of the stream, which will be beneficial to aquatic ecosystems. They will also provide how land use changes can impact the groundwater contribution to stream flow, which will be useful for planning of water resources management considering future climate and land use changes.","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121489659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Intensive Vegetable Cultivation on Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Akwa Ibom State, Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"E. Awelewa, P. Ogban","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/22942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/22942","url":null,"abstract":"An empirical study was carried out to assess the effect of intensive vegetable cultivation on the amount of soil carbon stored in Abak, Onna, Uyo and Ikot Ekpene area of Akwa Ibom State, Southeastern Nigerian. The objectives of the study were to; assess the types of farming practices in the study area, characterize the physical and chemical properties of soils, quantify the amount and types of organic carbon stored as well as assessing the functional pool of soil organic carbon. Random and systematic sampling techniques were used for the collection of soil samples. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the average amount of soil carbon sequestered was similar among the study locations, ranging from 497.4 to Mgha","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"60 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127579581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Potential of Conservation Agriculture in Semi-arid Tropics of Southern India","authors":"R. Jat, S. Wani, P. Pathak, Piara Singh, K. Sahrawat, G. Chander, R. Sudi","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/18479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/18479","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: As climate change related rainfall and temperature variability is being increasingly experienced in the SAT regions, we assessed climate change mitigation and adaptation potential of Conservation Agriculture (CA) by studying effects of minimum tillage (MT) and residue management practices on rain water use efficiency (RWUE), soil moisture, runoff, energy use and carbon dioxide emission in two maize-legume cropping systems. \u0000Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with four replications. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) farm, Patancheru, Telangana, India during 2010-11 and 2011-12. \u0000Methodology: RWUE was calculated as maize equivalent yield divided by rainfall received during the crop season. Integrated digital runoff and soil loss monitoring unit (IDRSMU) was used to measure runoff. Soil moisture content was measured using the gravimetric method (0-30 cm depth) and neutron probe (60-90 cm depth). The soil organic carbon was analyzed following the Walkley-Black method [1]. The diesel consumption in MT and conventional tillage (CT) was estimated following Downs and Hansen (http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs) and emission of CO2 was estimated according to EPA, 2009 [2]. \u0000Results: Tillage and residue management practices did not show significant effect on RWUE except; CT having significantly higher RWUE over MT during 2011-12. Effect of cropping systems on RWUE was significant but variable during the two years of study. MT-RT (minimum tillage- residue retained) reduced total seasonal runoff by 28.62% and 80.22% compared to CT-RR (conventional tillage- residue removed) in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Similarly, MT-RT reduced rainwater loss and peak rate of runoff compared to CT-RR in both the years of study. During 2010, MT-RT had higher total soil moisture (v/v) in the 0-90 cm soil depth in sole as well as intercropped maize compared to CT-RR, however, during 2011 MT-RT had higher total soil moisture in sole maize only. As compared to CT, even though, MT improved SOC in 0-15 cm depth but lowered slightly in 15-30 cm depth. RT (residue retained) improved SOC in 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths compared to residue removal (RR). MT-RT had higher or equal SOC in 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths compared to CT-RR in both the maize-legume cropping systems. MT saved energy corresponding to 41.49 l of diesel per hectare annually compared to CT. Similarly, MT emitted 110.79 kg less CO2 annually on per hectare basis compared to CT due to reduced diesel use. \u0000Conclusion: CA, when adopted by following good agricultural practices and refined to suit the local conditions, could emerge as sustainable production system for climate change mitigation and adaptation of dryland cropping systems in semi-arid tropics of southern India.","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131253756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Exploration of Disaster Risk in Farmer's Community of Angaria Sub-sub-district in Bangladesh","authors":"A. Biswas","doi":"10.9734/BJECC/2015/22528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/22528","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Analysis of risk, farmer’s perceptions on risk and their adaptation practices through exploration of agriculture based farmer’s community perceptions were lack on the perspective of Angaria sub-sub-district of Dumki sub-district of Patuakhali district in Bangladesh. That is why this study was conducted to gain understanding on agriculture farmers' risk profile, its impact and potential risk reduction strategy through community participation. Study Design: A total of 23 Focus Group Discussion’s (FGD) and 04 Key Informant Interviews (KII) were conducted. A well structured pretested questionnaire schedule was developed keeping in mind the objectives and variables under this study. Place and Duration of Study: Angaria sub-sub-district of Dumki sub-district of Patuakhali district in Bangladesh, from January, 2015 to May, 2015. Methodology: Primary data was collected through face to face FGD, KII methods and extensive field visit. Secondary data was collected from different secondary sources. Results: The agriculture sector of the study area is potentially exposed by different primary and secondary risk factors such as cyclone, flood, drought, pest attack etc. which threats to agriculture production and pose the farmers to make their livelihood diversified. But due to the changing trend in risk profiles; increasing its persistence time and frequency and intensity, farmers' adaptation capacities and sustainability are more exposed to vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the farmers are decreasing in the study area. They are transforming from on-farm agriculture practices to nonfarm alternative livelihood options ‐not as innovative adaptive resilient options. Conclusion: Recurring disasters phenomena threatened and undermined farmers capacity to adaptations, resulted more dependence on alternative nonfarm livelihood options than appropriate Original Research Article","PeriodicalId":373103,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Environment and Climate Change","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122115906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}