Water Security最新文献

{"title":"State of Himalayan cryosphere and implications for water security","authors":"Anil V. Kulkarni ,&nbsp;Tejal S. Shirsat ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Kulkarni ,&nbsp;H.S. Negi ,&nbsp;I.M. Bahuguna ,&nbsp;Meloth Thamban","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Himalayan region has a large concentration of glaciers and seasonal snow. Recent advances in remote sensing technologies have made it possible to study previously unexplored Himalayan cryosphere. These studies are essential to understand the water security of a large population living in Indo-Gangetic plains. We compile the work carried out by the scientific community to develop a state-of-art understanding of the Himalayan Cryosphere and discuss potential implications on water security. This paper covers the cryosphere's various aspects like snow and glacier extent, glacier stored water, loss in glacier area and length, long-term trend in glacier mass loss and potential future changes due to climate change. The changes in the cryospheric resources are likely to bring changes in the magnitude and seasonality of runoff components, especially in the basins with high meltwater contributions such as Indus. These changes in the basins' water resources need to be studied in context with the spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the climate change impacts, along with socio-economic dynamics for safeguarding water security and planning holistic water management adaptations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468312421000183/pdfft?md5=6093bb98f6cc6fab97d8080e0c3827f9&pid=1-s2.0-S2468312421000183-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41617082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A synthesis of drought prediction research over India","authors":"Munir Ahmad Nayak ,&nbsp;Waqar Ul Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A major section of India’s economy is directly linked with water-dependent food and energy systems. Skillful predictions of droughts play a pivotal role in sustainable water management and evading serious damages to agriculture production and economy of a region. Recent decades have witnessed valuable advances in scientific understanding and prediction of droughts in India. In this review, we synthesize major sources of drought predictability over different regions in India. We find that a few large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns and regional scale hydrometeorological variables are key to understanding and predicting drought occurrences. We also present a concise summary of major statistical and dynamical forecasting-based modelling efforts in drought predictions. Although major strides have been taken in drought prediction in the recent decades, important gaps remain in understanding the onset and spatio-temporal dynamics of droughts.</p><p>Further, many opportunities of improving the skill of drought prediction over India are envisaged, and many impending challenges are highlighted. The overall picture is that significant efforts and investments are critical for understanding and skillfully predicting droughts over India.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48053294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking water (in)security and wellbeing in low-and middle-income countries","authors":"Joseph Kangmennaang ,&nbsp;Susan J. Elliott","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite the centrality of water for human wellbeing and prosperity, researchers and practitioners have few tools to conceptualize, quantitatively measure, and assess any relationships between water security and overall wellbeing. There is substantial evidence showing well-established connections between water insecurity and dimensions of wellbeing including psychosocial health, physical health, personal beliefs, social relationships and human-environment interactions, however, we do not yet fully understand how water insecurity impacts overall wellbeing. Water related emotional distress is often used as a proxy for wellbeing, however, there are multiple definitions and measurements of emotional distress and wellbeing, and the analytical tools for measuring emotional distress and wellbeing are in their infancy. We examined how water insecurity is linked to emotional distress and wellbeing, and the associated pathways and to advance connections between water insecurity and population wellbeing. Conceptualizing, measuring and tracking the effect of water insecurity on overall wellbeing may provide better measures of the holistic effect of water security and provide better metrics for water projects evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41981100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How can we plan resilient systems of nature-based mitigation measures in larger catchments for flood risk reduction now and in the future?","authors":"Barry Hankin ,&nbsp;Trevor Page ,&nbsp;Gareth McShane ,&nbsp;Nick Chappell ,&nbsp;Chris Spray ,&nbsp;Andrew Black ,&nbsp;Luke Comins","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is considerable empirical evidence that using nature-based solutions to restore and enhance hydrological processes such as infiltration, interception, floodplain re-connection and water storage, is effective at small scales for low to medium probability floods. However, the performance of systems of spatially distributed nature-based solutions at larger scales or under the more extreme flooding expected with climate change, has mainly been assessed using modelling. The mechanism by which carefully designed nature-based solutions can provide naturally adaptive pathways to divert higher flood flows into expandable areas of storage in the landscape, has been less formally investigated. This paper reports on new hydrometric data collected from one of eighteen small-scale, accurately monitored micro-catchments in Cumbria, UK, to study the effect in more detail. The micro-catchments have been set up by Lancaster Environment Centre as part of the Q-NFM project attempting to quantify changes in hydrological responses due to a range of natural flood management measures that have been installed by catchment partners. A direct-runoff 2d inundation model was setup and calibrated using accurate flow measurements upstream and downstream of new river restoration project in the Lowther catchment (2.5 km²) for two large storm events (Storms Ciara and Dennis, February 2020). It was used to analyse how the storage on the floodplain can expand with flood magnitude, and can be enhanced with appropriately designed natural flood management. Model evidence was then assessed for the same mechanism in the larger UK catchments of Eddleston Water (70 km²) and Culm (280 km²) using the same whole-catchment direct-runoff modelling approach. For both of these large catchments the same expandable field storage is evident, and we highlight how this latent property of well-designed nature-based solutions can complement traditional strategies and provide significant economic benefits over a thirty-year appraisal period of the order of €0.7 m.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44864814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding water rights and water trading systems in China: A systematic framework","authors":"Hang Zheng ,&nbsp;Yueyi Liu ,&nbsp;Jianshi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water rights and water markets are increasingly important as cost-effective tools for managing scare water resources by stimulating efficiently uses. A clear and stable water rights system is necessary for sustaining world’s agricultural productions and global food security. However, knowledge gap still exists on identifying the critical elements and their interactions in the water rights system in the context of changing environments. This paper establishes a systematic framework of water rights based on the current practices in China. The relationships among water rights, water entitlements, water-abstraction permits, water rights certificates and seasonal allocations are explained. The water trading rules, trading systems among regions, sectors and individual famers as well as the trading platforms and brokers in China are also discussed for managerial implications. Suggestions are provided to improve China’s water rights and markets by drawing upon the experiences of current practices according to the proposed framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42947073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of the private sector in combating water scarcity: The economics","authors":"Peter Debaere,&nbsp;Andrew Kapral","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water scarcity is increasing across the globe. We discuss how the private sector and private investment can assist in the fight against water scarcity, especially in advanced and middle-income economies. We first lay out from an economic perspective why local, regional, and national governments have traditionally played an outsized role in providing water security. We next describe a whole set of possible roles for the private sector, ranging from a fully privatized water sector to more limited public–private partnerships (PPPs), corporate social responsibility (CSR), and impact investment that may take place independent of the public sector. The theoretical and empirical underpinnings of an argument for greater private involvement emerge from reassessing the traditional view of the water sector as a natural monopoly with increasing returns to scale, as well as from contract theory that emphasizes how carefully written contracts imply control but do not require public ownership at all times. Rising water scarcity and water infrastructures badly in need of an upgrade in many places point to public institutions and societies not meeting the social and environmental challenge, which opens the door for private initiatives in the form of corporate social responsibility and impact investing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44366716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contextualizing linkages between water security and global health in Africa, Asia and Europe. Geography matters in research, policy and practice","authors":"Carmen Anthonj","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The linkages between water security and global health vary in space and time. Just like water connects every aspect of life, geography relates everything to everything else. Therefore, in order to address challenges at the interface of water security and global health, the use and application of medical geography, a sub-discipline of geography, is helpful in research, policy and practice.</p><p>Using different water security pathway classifications (diminished water supply or quality, increased water demand, and extreme flood events) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and targets as a frame, this paper looks at water and health challenges from different angles and from a holistic perspective, while contextualizing them. Drawing on five practical examples, including water-related infectious disease exposure in watersheds in semi-arid Kenya, health system response in floodplains in Namibia, public health implications in a protracted emergency setting in arid Northeast Nigeria, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) monitoring in households, schools and healthcare facilities in Small Island Developing States in the South Pacific, and WASH-related challenges and disease exposures among marginalized ethnic minority populations in Europe, the applicability and usefulness of geography contextualizations in research, policy-makers and practitioners is presented. Moreover, cross-cutting topics and contextualizations, beyond water security and global health, including climate- and weather-related extreme events, inequality, health- and water-related education, risk perceptions and behaviour, and the cultural context, are highlighted to showcase the value of applying medical geography in <em>understanding</em> the key drivers, barriers and bottlenecks in complex situations; <em>recommending</em> actionable and contextualized measures to address these challenges; <em>directing</em> programming and interventions; and <em>informing</em> policy-making to tackle and solve these challenges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41959967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community based collective action for safe water in rural sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Elijah Bisung","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper provides a review of collective action for safe water provision and management in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Water-related collective action is largely premised on norms of trust and reciprocity, institutional arrangements that prescribe and enforce appropriate rules and sanctions, and ecological threats and conditions that favour cooperation. A central argument of this paper is that while community based water management and collective action are important institutional mechanisms for achieving water security, researchers and practitioners need to pay attention to the social ingredients, ecological variables, and governance structures that easily render them ineffective and counterproductive for rural water provision and management. The critical role of the state, mainstreaming the human right to water, and addressing structural inequalities at all levels should form the foundation of rural water policies and programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44107222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of prices in managing water scarcity","authors":"David Zetland","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water scarcity turns into shortage when water supplies are mismatched with user demands. After clarifying the different social and private uses of water, I explain how to use prices to allocate treated (“utility”) water among municipal and industrial users and untreated (“raw”) water among irrigators. Assuming institutional capacity, successful management of water scarcity requires prices that constrain total demand and revenues that cover the cost of reliable supply. Public acceptance of effective water pricing requires that policies protect the poor and the environment, i.e., policies that prioritize “social water” over water competitively allocated among economic uses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136578556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Australian water security framings across administrative levels","authors":"Katherine Selena Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ambiguity of competing ‘water security’ interpretations obscure the inherently political dimensions of water. Being explicit about how water security is conceptualised reveals the underlying assumptions about for whom is water is secured, for what purpose and how it is secured. Here, a framing cycle is adapted for the water security context that asks, security ‘of what?’, ‘against what’, ‘for whom’ and ‘over what timeframe’? The framing cycle provides a content analysis of documents representing Australian water security framings across administrative levels. Whilst some overarching themes are common (water for the environment, agriculture and drinking water/ubran water supplies), each administrative level varies in emphasis and detail. The variation is likely related to different responsibilities and roles at each level, highlighting the need for ‘fit for purpose’ definitions of water security, rather than trying to accommodate all facets of water security at all levels. The framing cycle was a useful tool in unpacking how water security was conceptualised at different levels. However, more nuanced insight could be achieved by combining the framing cycle with other lenses, for example a decolonial lens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48484480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}