Water Security最新文献

{"title":"Providing water security in India by conserving and utilizing flood flows","authors":"Sharad K. Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Security for water and other resources in India is likely to come under stress with rising demands and growing water scarcity. In India, more than 75% of the annual flows occur in rivers during four monsoon months and this is also the period when flooding takes place. The major causes of water insecurity in India are: (a) highly skewed water availability, variability and increasing demands, (b) poor water quality and issues arising due to these, (c) weak water governance, and (d) emerging challenges due to climate and land-use cover changes. This paper focuses on the first cause of floods. I have argued here that flood flows should be viewed and harvested as a resource to be conserved and utilized to overcome water shortages rather than to be passed to oceans as quickly as possible. Conservation and diversion of flood flows can help in overcoming water shortages, variability and disaster management. Both infrastructure and governance will have to be expanded to achieve this objective. To that end, the paper presents suggestions to conserve, divert, and utilize flood flows.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48841079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Framework for climate proofing of flood risk management strategies in Finland","authors":"Antti Parjanne ,&nbsp;Anne-Mari Rytkönen ,&nbsp;Noora Veijalainen","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change impacts have not previously been systematically considered in the selection and prioritisation of measures to manage flood risks in Finland. For the second flood risk management planning cycle according to the EU Floods Directive, we developed a framework for evaluating the adaptability of measures to expected changes in climate and land use. Our aim was to (1) provide regional data for flood risk managers and water resources planners, (2) develop a nationally consistent approach to identify the robustness of considered measures for a variety of conditions which (3) is applicable in both river basin management planning and flood risk management planning. According to the feedback from practitioners in regional flood management groups as well as planners, the framework helped to raise new thoughts and to open new perspectives in the planning process and may hence influence the practice of planning of flood risk reduction measures. Also, it was found useful to have access to regional, tailored data on hydrological impacts in the planning process and during communication with stakeholders. The described methodology has been used in the preparation of the 2nd version of flood risk management plans and for the 3rd version of river basin management plans. It is intended to use the same approach for next planning cycles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100096"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43462971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Need of integrated monitoring on reference glacier catchments for future water security in Himalaya","authors":"Mohd. Farooq Azam","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Himalayan glaciers partly cater to the water requirements of over a billion people living in the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins. Climate change has affected most of these glaciers and has resulted in adverse societal impacts downstream. Several remote sensing and modelling studies have been developed to understand the recent evolution of glaciers and river runoff in these basins. So far, in-situ glacio-hydrological studies, pivotal for calibration/validation of the developed methods/models, are extremely sparse. This review discusses the integrated monitoring of a reference glacier ‘Chhota Shigri’ catchment (western Himalaya). Further, it highlights the importance of such monitoring network for calibration/validation of large-scale glacio-hydrological studies, and proposes a catchment-scale research strategy for sustainable management of future water resources in the Himalayan rivers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47162501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The suitability of water scarcity indicators to the Indian context","authors":"Riddhi Singh ,&nbsp;Rohini Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantifying the spatiotemporal variation of water scarcity is critical for identifying strategies to support sustainable management of water resources and associated food-energy systems. To this end, several assessments have attempted to provide a global mapping of water scarcity with a number of underlying methodological choices. Scarcity metrics vary in their definitions and thresholds for scarce conditions to prevail. We review these methodologies in the context of the biophysical and socio-economic setting of India. We suggest four avenues for improving metric assessments to increase policy relevance: incorporation of surface water- groundwater interactions along with non-renewable groundwater resources, accounting for minimum environmental flows, consideration of deep uncertainties, and addressing underlying socio-economic disparities in metric assessment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44807098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ground-tested principles of designing a robust drinking water treatment system","authors":"Ravindra Sewak ,&nbsp;Dan Bena ,&nbsp;Poonam Sewak ,&nbsp;Shveta Mahajan","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper documents ground-tested lessons for designing a robust drinking water treatment system, derived from decades of experience in the water sector, and with insights gained from diverse perspectives – from designing and operating industrial-scale water treatment facilities and decentralized Safe Water Enterprises (SWEs). SWEs can serve an estimated billion people in communities beyond the reach of the large-scale public water utilities. This article discusses and prescribes a practical approach and a wide range of globally applicable considerations when designing and operating a water treatment system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46942484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale flood risk assessment and management: Prospects of a systems approach","authors":"Kai Schröter ,&nbsp;Marlies Barendrecht ,&nbsp;Miriam Bertola ,&nbsp;Alessio Ciullo ,&nbsp;Ricardo Tavares da Costa ,&nbsp;Lydia Cumiskey ,&nbsp;Alex Curran ,&nbsp;Dirk Diederen ,&nbsp;Mostafa Farrag ,&nbsp;Friederike Holz ,&nbsp;Sonu Khanal ,&nbsp;Maya Manocsoc ,&nbsp;Duha Metin ,&nbsp;Nivedita Sairam ,&nbsp;Iuliia Shustikova ,&nbsp;Jeison Sosa","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fluvial flood risk systems are characterized by complex interactions and feedbacks as well as subject to changes of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Disregarding spatial and temporal dependencies and changes in the components of risk introduces biases to risk estimates. A systems approach to large-scale flood risk assessment and management is proposed to account for the complexity and dynamic nature of flood risk. The systems approach provides methods and tools that offer a more comprehensive view to flood risk, reveal the relevant interactions, and quantify feedbacks in flood risk systems. Policymakers and flood risk managers can benefit from the systems approach in the development of comprehensive risk reduction strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43187580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analysis of spatio-temporal variability of terrestrial water storage in India","authors":"H. Munagapati ,&nbsp;V.M. Tiwari ,&nbsp;D.K. Panda","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Terrestrial water storage (TWS) accounts for the largest temporal variation in Earth’s gravity field on contemporary time scale. The time-variable gravity observations for from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission have been extensively used to estimate TWS variations and supplement the sparse in-situ hydrological observations. We use multivariate statistical tools over gridded time series of monthly TWS for an assessment of dominant regional variability and to identify seasonal, inter-annual and linear trends of TWS over India. The analyses recognize seasonal variability of TWS corresponding to rainfall over India and detect two contrasting (positive and negative) regional trends, which are compared with hydro-climatic variables for attributing underlying potential causes. These analyses suggest the probable causes of TWS variations over the different regions of India, like role of reservoirs in central and southern India for increase of TWS and groundwater pumping in northern India for TWS decline.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100099"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47558764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-related sustainable development goal accelerators: A rapid review","authors":"Lina Taing ,&nbsp;Nga Dang ,&nbsp;Malvika Agarwal ,&nbsp;Talia Glickman","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The United Nations has adopted accelerators – policies or programs that target multiple SDGs – to expedite delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This rapid review examines the potential application of accelerators in water interventions from 2015 to 2020, with special consideration of how gender is integrated to fast-track SDG implementation as a cross-cutting case. While 86% of water projects acknowledged SDG interlinkages, project indicators did not reflect SDG acceleration objectives. For example, despite widespread acknowledgement of gender as a critical SDG issue, only a fifth of projects applied gender-related accelerators, and the bulk lacked strategic gender dimensions that addressed systemic roots of inequality. This suggests a strategic opportunity for the water sector to accelerate SDG progress through greater integration of cross-cutting programming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468312421000171/pdfft?md5=153e83e41e02f9f8e648a1ed8754ffaf&pid=1-s2.0-S2468312421000171-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44389867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazard at weather scale for extreme rainfall forecast reduces uncertainty","authors":"Shrabani S. Tripathy ,&nbsp;Subhankar Karmakar ,&nbsp;Subimal Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Globally increasing intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events demand reliable early warning systems. Despite significant improvements in the skills of weather models, the state-of-art extreme rainfall forecasts, at a sufficient lead time, still suffer from high biases, high uncertainties, low hit rates, and high false alarms. Bias correction methods often improve the performances of the models, but still, the skills remain moderate. Here, we propose a new methodology to forecast extreme rainfall events, in terms of hazard, instead of rainfall amount. At a weather scale, we define ‘hazard’ as the probability of occurrence of an extreme rainfall event, given a forecasted rainfall for a day with sufficient lead time. The conditional probability is obtained from the past observed data and the hindcast. The method is applied to India with observations from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and hindcasts from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) Reforecast Version 2 for 1985–2015. Extreme days at a grid level are defined as the days with observed rainfall exceeding the 95th percentile. Accordingly, we calculate the hazard for all the lead days till 15 days. For most of the extremes in each grid, the model can predict an extreme showing a high hazard value greater than 0.6 from lead day 7. This high hit rate may give the stakeholders adequate time to plan mitigation strategies. Comparing the proposed method with traditional methods, we find a significant improvement in terms of hit rate and the uncertainty across the ensembles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42739865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hydro-climatological outlook on the long-term availability of water resources in Cauvery river basin","authors":"R. Gowri ,&nbsp;Pankaj Dey ,&nbsp;P.P. Mujumdar","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The past few decades have witnessed massive shifts in land-use patterns, land management practices and water demand in the river basins of peninsular India. Changes in hydrologic regimes of different components of the water cycle pose immense challenge to water security at the catchment scale. This paper provides a comprehensive overview and a quantitative assessment of the long-term availability of water resources in the Cauvery river basin, a major river basin in peninsular India. The Cauvery has been a contentious river for decades regarding water sharing among its riparian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Moreover, the river basin is characterized by extensive regional variability in both surface water and groundwater distributions and has faced acute water management challenges at multiple space and time scales. A descriptive overview of the major water security challenges faced by the basin is presented along with a detailed synthesis of hydrological modelling approaches and statistical methods to assess the basin’s long-term water availability. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is implemented to evaluate the long-term water balance components at the catchment scale for the period 1951–2016. Decadal Land Use Land Cover (LULC) in the basin for the years 1985, 1995 and 2005 are analysed. The statistical trends in hydrometeorology and extreme climatology of the basin are evaluated at seasonal and annual scales. Seasonal flow behaviour and influence of climate and human activities on streamflow are also assessed. A drought duration analysis is performed to infer about the implications of spatial distribution of water availability across the basin. The results show significant trends in the water balance components and the basin’s hydro-climatology. The LULC analysis shows notable changes in land use patterns due to human activities. Alterations in the predictability and temporal variability of streamflow are observed after the construction of dams which may affect the downstream water availability. This research highlights the importance of comprehensive synthesis of hydrological modelling approaches with hydrological signatures to understand the dynamics of hydrological processes at catchment scale with an objective of providing insights for effective planning and allocation of water resources and judicious management of water demands.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45958761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}