Water Security最新文献

{"title":"Hydrogeomorphic advancements in river science for water security in India","authors":"Vikrant Jain ,&nbsp;Nikita Karnatak ,&nbsp;Anukritika Raj ,&nbsp;Shashank Shekhar ,&nbsp;Prashanta Bajracharya ,&nbsp;Shaleen Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Effective management of rivers and the maintenance of the integrity of linked biophysical systems require multidisciplinary approaches. Thus, River Science is a relatively new arena of scientific inquiry that focuses on problems of sustainable management of river systems and it actively integrates multiple scales and various concepts. This paper presents a review of new developments in hydrogeomorphic processes understanding, which are critical to assess water security for Indian river systems.</p><p>Indian rivers are under the influence of a diverse interplay of climatic, geomorphic, tectonic, and anthropogenic forces, and are broadly classified in terms of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers, which can be further subdivided into 6 major types. The Himalayan rivers have received greater attention in comparison to rivers in peninsular India. Within the backdrop of changing climate, an improved understanding of the interrelationships between hydrological, morphological and ecological processes is the key to quantifying water security for Indian rivers in the near future. Geomorphic threshold, hydrological and sediment connectivity, Groundwater-Surfacewater (GW-SW) interaction and Environmental-flow (E-flow) assessment are the essential elements to understand the hydrology-morphological-ecological processes. Such studies have been initiated in Indian river systems, however, these are still limited in number. Stream power distribution based approaches are frequently employed to understand hydrological controls on morphological processes and form in regulated and unregulated rivers. As a majority of the Himalayan rivers are hydrologically and morphologically disconnected due to large dams or barrages, the result is a discontinuum of channel processes. Peninsular rivers are dominantly bedrock and highly regulated river systems, which show significant short- to long-term flow variability and have tributaries which are not perennial. Disconnectivity due to extensive flow regulation and water withdrawals impose great stress on the flow processes and sediment transport, and result in the progressive decline in channel morphology, habitat, and ecosystem flow needs. A critical research question in highly regulated river systems is regarding how the flow regime at the reach scale and the associated hydrogeomorphic variability can be systematically characterized. Identification of geomorphic thresholds at different scales and quantification of (a) hydrological and sediment connectivity in river systems, (b) surface–groundwater interaction, and (c) E-flow assessment for different reaches in each river basin are the major gaps in River Science studies specific to Indian river systems. Especially, E-flow assessment for different river basins using a holistic approach must be the leading area of River Science research to aid management and policy making with the goal of enhancing water security. Relatively less studied peninsular rivers need more quantitative","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43967309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial recharge endeavours in India: A review","authors":"Dipankar Saha ,&nbsp;Alok K. Sikka ,&nbsp;Rahul Goklani","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In India, artificial recharge (AR) of aquifers is considered a primary supply-side measure to combat the widespread over-exploitation of groundwater. As a major collateral benefit of rainwater harvesting (RWH) is aquifer rejuvenation, both rainwater harvesting and AR are planned and executed as a set of coherent interventions. The Central and state governments have brought in several schemes involving AR and RWH. Moreover, a number of researches are being conducted on how to select the sites for structure construction, the types of structure and their designs depending upon the local hydrogeology, groundwater flow regime, terrain condition and demand of water, and how they impact on resource rejuvenation and improvement in water quality. Various researches are also available on how such endeavors are translating into socio-economic benefits. The paper reviews the researches that have been done in India on these issues and related government policies and schemes under execution. The critical issues like source water availability for recharge, upstream-downstream conflicts, and the rising awareness of different demand-side interventions for sustainable management of groundwater resources have also been discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48846256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of peak attenuation for flood risk management, exemplified on the Meuse River, the Netherlands","authors":"Nathalie Asselman ,&nbsp;Jurjen S. de Jong ,&nbsp;David Kroekenstoel ,&nbsp;Siebolt Folkertsma","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peak attenuation results in a gradual decrease of the peak discharge when a flood propagates in downstream direction. Peak attenuation occurs along all rivers, but is not equally strong on all rivers. The rate of peak attenuation depends on the river geometry, such as river slope, floodplain width and available storage areas (floodplain, wetlands and lakes). Along many rivers worldwide, measures have been taken that decrease peak attenuation and hence resulted in higher flood water levels and increased flood risk downstream. This paper shows the importance of considering peak attenuation in flood risk management. It also shows that construction of embankments may, contrary to what generally is expected, increase peak attenuation, but that this strongly depends on the height of the flood defences in combination with the discharges that pose the greatest threat to areas downstream. This is exemplified using the Meuse River in the Netherlands as a case study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468312422000050/pdfft?md5=cce5272c44d4611232dedd8a1725c24e&pid=1-s2.0-S2468312422000050-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137141080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"River flow response to deforestation: Contrasting results from different models","authors":"José A. Posada-Marín,&nbsp;Juan F. Salazar","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forests are under pressure globally. How deforestation affects river flow is essential for water security in many regions. Here we conduct a meta-analysis of studies investigating this question in large basins of South America and show that different modeling approaches lead to opposite conclusions about deforestation effects on river flow. A widely used approach has been to use surface models while assuming that deforestation occurs only within the basin and does not affect precipitation. Alternative approaches consider that deforestation affects precipitation and is not necessarily bounded by the catchment area. While surface models generally indicate that deforestation will increase river flow in South American large basins, including deforestation effects on precipitation leads in most cases to the opposite conclusion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468312422000062/pdfft?md5=dd6e5c32e700bcd9d38d8022279e74c0&pid=1-s2.0-S2468312422000062-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42838679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weathering water extremes and cognitive biases in a changing climate","authors":"Margaret Garcia ,&nbsp;David Yu ,&nbsp;Samuel Park ,&nbsp;Peyman Yousefi Bahambari ,&nbsp;Behshad Mohajer Iravanloo ,&nbsp;Murugesu Sivapalan","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Climate change is leading to increasing hydrological extremes and quicker shifts between wet and dry extremes in many regions. These extremes and rapid shifts put pressure on reservoir operations, decreasing the reliability of water supply, flood control and other reservoir benefits. Decision-makers across all levels, from reservoir operators to flood plain residents, turn to heuristics to simplify decisions when faced with complexity and uncertainty, resulting in cognitive biases or systematic errors in decision-making. While cognitive biases are not new, climate change is exacerbating their impact for two reasons: 1) heuristics, just as infrastructure, are based on experience with historic conditions; 2) fragilities created by these cognitive biases can go undetected until extreme events occur. If not acknowledged and managed, these cognitive biases can lead to catastrophic failures of reservoirs and other infrastructure. To minimize risk of such catastrophic failure, we propose a multi-level approach to flood and </span>drought management, one that strikes a balance between centralized and decentralized approaches. Such an approach is better able to cope with uncertain and changing conditions because it creates overlaps and diversity, which can respond to a wide range of conditions and builds checks and balances that mitigate cognitive biases latent in various decision-making units.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48159998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing gender-based violence in the context of water, sanitation, and hygiene: A scoping review of evidence in low- and middle-income countries","authors":"Abraham Marshall Nunbogu,&nbsp;Susan J. Elliott","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The right to water and sanitation is recognized as fundamental to attaining all other rights. Despite the progress in access to water and sanitation in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), women and girls are vulnerable to various forms of violence when meeting their water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) needs. The findings on WaSH related gender-based violence (GBV) in LMICs are fragmented, and thus may not be able to inform policies and interventions aimed at addressing vulnerabilities to WaSH related violence. This scoping review characterizes forms of WaSH related violence against women in LMICs. A review of 29 peer-reviewed papers emerging from a search in Scopus, Medline, Embase and Web of Science reveals four dimensions of WaSH-GBV: structural, physical, psychological and sexual. We observed that gender norms reproduce power relations that intersect with drivers of inequities, social exclusion and marginalization to shape patterns of violence. Based on these findings, we propose a conceptual framework showcasing how contextual factors produce and reinforce WaSH related gender-based violence. We reflect on the implications of these findings for policy and suggest the need for WaSH practitioners and researchers to evaluate and measure WaSH access beyond the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) service ladder. Further research on WaSH-GBV is essential to facilitate global efforts on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for gender equality (SDG 5); and ensuring access to water and sanitation for all (SDG 6).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42437517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do dams improve water security in India? A review of post facto assessments","authors":"Amruta Pradhan ,&nbsp;Veena Srinivasan","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Today India is the third largest dam building country in the world with over five thousand large dams. However, despite the significantly large expenditure, the actual area irrigated by canal has shown an overall decline since 1991. Today, more than 60% of India’s irrigation happens through groundwater. Evaluation reports by official agencies like Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), and independent evaluations by civil society organizations have pointed out to the poor performance of dams during construction, operation and maintenance. Despite this, the narrative that the dams “play a vital role in providing overall water security to the country” has not been validated with help of a closer look at the empirical evidence on performance of dams in the academia.</p><p>To address this, we embark on a comprehensive socio-hydrologic review of evaluation studies to understand if large dams have in fact improved water security defined broadly (beyond just the canal command area). We ask two questions (i) What types of studies have been conducted? (ii) What do they collectively say about dams improving water security?</p><p>We find that while the engineers and experts have ex-ante promised water security through dams, the ex-post studies have highlighted several pathways through which dams adversely affect water security. They essentially highlight the tradeoffs between water security of different stakeholders and bring out the ‘losers’ that go unnoticed. Growing empirical evidence shows that despite massive investments, dams are unable to deliver on their promises. We argue that this repeated under-performance suggests that the inherent ‘social-technical’ nature of irrigation systems has not been internalized in the dam design process.</p><p>In the way forward, we have discussed the need to design and implement dams as socio-technical systems, need for empirical field-based ex-post research to establish factual evidence. Further, it must feed back into ex-ante water planning. Structured processes like shared vision planning can be used to negotiate competing normative claims.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43196700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid 3D geophysical imaging of aquifers in diverse hydrogeological settings","authors":"Subash Chandra,&nbsp;V.M. Tiwari","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquifers, major source of fresh water, are depleting in the several parts of the world and posing a threat for a long-term water availability. Managed Aquifer Recharge is one of the potential options to meet the challenge of water security and comprehensive characterization of aquifer system is its essential prerequisite. Aquifer system from soil to the deep aquifers, down to the depth of 200 m or more can be mapped now through advanced geophysical technologies, specially, by airborne transient electromagnetic method. This paper presents a brief description of aquifer characterization through Heliborne Transient Electromagnetic (HTEM) surveys in diverse hydrogeological settings comprising of crystalline hard rocks, sediments, basalts, and alluvium in India. The HTEM results from different geological terrains are compared with ground-based observations as well as with drilling logs to evaluate the efficacy of HTEM surveys. It is found that HTEM surveys rapidly provided 3D geometrical and electrical attributes of aquifers, which compare well with in-situ observations. The high resolution 3D information of hydrogeological settings can be appropriately utilized for sustainable management of groundwater resources by the stake holders, government departments and policy makers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55186345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives and challenges of applying the water-food-energy nexus approach to lake eutrophication modelling","authors":"Yindong Tong ,&nbsp;Jingjing Sun ,&nbsp;Minhaz Uddin ,&nbsp;Xiangzhen Kong ,&nbsp;Yan Lin ,&nbsp;Mengzhu Wang ,&nbsp;Hefeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiwen Xu ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The water-food-energy (WFE) nexus is about balancing competing interests to secure the sustainability of services provided by interconnected sectors. Ignoring the interconnections could cause serious consequences. For example, eutrophication caused by overemphasizing on food production maximization could threaten water security. Worldwide eutrophication intensification is one of the most important causes of the lake water quality deteriorations. Water quality models are usually important decision making tools for policy makers. This study attempts to explore the possibilities of applying the WFE nexus concept into water quality models. We propose the most significant challenge is lack of a common modelling framework to streamline connections between up- and downstream models. As the most important water quality issue, eutrophication modeling should increase its visibility in the United Nations Sustainable Develop Goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46812262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought detection and declaration in India","authors":"Kunal Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Vimal Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drought is a complex, multifaceted, and one of the most widespread natural disasters causing an economic loss of billions of dollars. Drought declaration is crucial since it signifies the beginning of states's response to drought. India's current drought management policy is specified in the Manual for Drought Management 2016. While the manual provides comprehensive guidelines to states and regional Drought Monitoring Centres (DMC's) for monitoring and declaration of droughts, assessing the current drought detection framework and its suitability in different regions has been lacking. Using gridded products of precipitation, soil moisture, and remote sensing indicators, we examine the differences between detected and declared droughts for all the districts in India during the 2000–2017 period. Comparison of detected and declared droughts show a higher probability of detection (POD) in central India. In contrast, lower POD was found in regions of high drought susceptibility like Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Large differences between the detected and declared droughts were identified in the irrigated regions of Punjab and Gangetic Plain. The use of Solar-induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) instead of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a remote sensing indicator improved drought detection (based on POD and false alarm ratio, FAR) in central and western parts of India. The framework specified in the drought manual detects most of the major droughts that affected a large part of the country. However, regional droughts in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Karnataka are frequently missed. Finally, we highlight the limitations in the existing drought monitoring framework and opportunities for its enhancement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37308,"journal":{"name":"Water Security","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42660591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}