Immunological Medicine最新文献

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Immunouniverse of SARS-CoV-2 严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型的免疫宇宙
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2066251
Dennis Jiménez, Marbel Torres Arias
{"title":"Immunouniverse of SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Dennis Jiménez, Marbel Torres Arias","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2022.2066251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2022.2066251","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global health problem that has caused millions of deaths worldwide. The infection can present with multiple clinical features ranging from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients to patients with severe or critical illness that can even lead to death. Although the immune system plays an important role in pathogen control, SARS-CoV-2 can drive dysregulation of this response and trigger severe immunopathology. Exploring the mechanisms of the immune response involved in host defense against SARS-CoV-2 allows us to understand its immunopathogenesis and possibly detect features that can be used as potential therapies to eliminate the virus. The main objective of this review on SARS-CoV-2 is to highlight the interaction between the virus and the immune response. We explore the function and action of the immune system, the expression of molecules at the site of infection that cause hyperinflammation and hypercoagulation disorders, the factors leading to the development of pneumonia and subsequent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome which is the leading cause of death in patients with COVID-19. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"186 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41616258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines; a systematic review COVID-19疫苗的安全性、有效性和免疫原性系统回顾
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2068331
Neelam Asghar, H. Mumtaz, Abdul Ahad Syed, Farea Eqbal, Reeju Maharjan, Aditya Bamboria, Manish Shrehta
{"title":"Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines; a systematic review","authors":"Neelam Asghar, H. Mumtaz, Abdul Ahad Syed, Farea Eqbal, Reeju Maharjan, Aditya Bamboria, Manish Shrehta","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2022.2068331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2022.2068331","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The World Health Organization stated on 11 March 2020 that a coronavirus illness had been discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Effective vaccinations are eagerly awaited as the global outbreak of COVID-19 continues. The aim is to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and immunogenicity of Pfizer/AstraZeneca/Modera/Cansino vaccines against COVID-19. An electronic search on different databases yielded 12,907 articles. A total of 20 randomized and non-randomized, published, and ongoing trials were selected. Cochrane RoB version 2.0 was used to assess the authenticity of the studies. Of these 20 trials, three were conducted on Pfizer, three on AstraZeneca, three on Moderna, and two on the Cansino vaccine. These trials have reported promising results for the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the respective vaccines. None of the trials have reported the efficacy and severe adverse outcomes for the Cansino vaccine, hindering its reliability as a safe vaccine against covid-19. Furthermore, the results of these trials have established Pfizer to be the most efficacious vaccine against covid-19, having an efficacy of 94.6%. A few severe adverse events were reported by the included trials. However, further systematic reviews are required to understand the respective vaccine profiles on Immuno-suppressive, organ transplants, and patients with other comorbidities.","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"225 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43565304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy which showed deposition of C5b-9 in the necrotic muscle fibers and was successfully treated with intensive combined therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids, tacrolimus, and intravenous immunoglobulins 免疫介导的坏死性肌病,坏死肌纤维中有C5b-9沉积,经高剂量糖皮质激素、他克莫司和静脉注射免疫球蛋白联合强化治疗成功
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2060169
T. Shimada, M. Higashida-Konishi, M. Akiyama, S. Hama, K. Izumi, S. Matsubara, H. Oshima, Y. Okano
{"title":"Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy which showed deposition of C5b-9 in the necrotic muscle fibers and was successfully treated with intensive combined therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids, tacrolimus, and intravenous immunoglobulins","authors":"T. Shimada, M. Higashida-Konishi, M. Akiyama, S. Hama, K. Izumi, S. Matsubara, H. Oshima, Y. Okano","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2022.2060169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2022.2060169","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, no standard treatment strategy has been established for immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Here we present a case of IMNM which was successfully treated with intensive combined therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids, tacrolimus, and intravenous immunoglobulins. Her muscle weakness was rapidly progressive and severe so that she became bedridden one week after admission. She was complicated with dysphagia and had serum myogenic enzymes elevation, ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and interstitial lung disease. Serum anti-SRP antibody was positive and her muscle biopsy revealed many necrotic fibers with minimal inflammation. Further histological analysis demonstrated infiltration of phagocytic macrophages with deposition of membrane attack complex (C5b-9) in the necrotic muscle fibers, suggesting activation of complement pathway and macrophages as a pathomechanism of this disease. She was diagnosed as IMNM and was immediately initiated a combination therapy described above, which led to dramatic clinical improvements. Recent studies suggest that intravenous immunoglobulins and tacrolimus can inhibit the activation of complement pathway and macrophages. Our present case suggests that early initiation of intensive combined therapy including intravenous immunoglobulins and tacrolimus might be effective for preventing irreversible muscle damages by disrupting a pathogenic activation of complement and macrophages in IMNM.","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"175 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42211111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Clinical use of anti-histone antibodies in idiopathic and drug-induced lupus 抗组蛋白抗体在特发性和药物性狼疮中的临床应用
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-04-06 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2060168
Adrian Y. S. Lee
{"title":"Clinical use of anti-histone antibodies in idiopathic and drug-induced lupus","authors":"Adrian Y. S. Lee","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2022.2060168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2022.2060168","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Anti-histone antibodies (AHAs) make their appearance in a number of systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE). Although being known for over 50 years, they are poorly studied and understood. There is emerging evidence for their use in predicting clinical features of SLE, diversifying their clinical use. AHAs, however, are probably less prevalent in DILE than once thought owing to a move away from older DILE drugs to modern biological agents which do not appear to elicit AHAs. This review examines the historical studies that have defined AHAs and looks at some of the recent work with these autoantibodies.","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"180 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46054589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Comparison of complications during 1-year follow-up between remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome and elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis 缓解血清阴性对称性滑膜炎伴点状水肿综合征与老年性类风湿关节炎1年随访期间并发症的比较
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2046307
T. Origuchi, M. Umeda, T. Koga, S. Kawashiri, N. Iwamoto, K. Ichinose, M. Tamai, T. Tsukada, T. Miyashita, N. Iwanaga, Y. Horai, K. Arima, T. Aramaki, Y. Ueki, K. Eguchi, A. Kawakami
{"title":"Comparison of complications during 1-year follow-up between remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome and elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis","authors":"T. Origuchi, M. Umeda, T. Koga, S. Kawashiri, N. Iwamoto, K. Ichinose, M. Tamai, T. Tsukada, T. Miyashita, N. Iwanaga, Y. Horai, K. Arima, T. Aramaki, Y. Ueki, K. Eguchi, A. Kawakami","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2022.2046307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2022.2046307","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome (RS3PE), a rheumatic disease affecting the elderly, responds well to corticosteroids; however, our RS3PE patients' corticosteroid therapy is longer than expected. Elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) patients are reported to be at a significantly increased risk for steroid-related side effects including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). To clarify the complications during a 1-year follow-up in corticosteroid-treated RS3PE patients compared to EORA patients. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 47 RS3PE patients (28 men, 19 women, age 78.4 ± 7.5 years) and 46 EORA patients (10 men, 36 women; 77.0 ± 6.8 yrs) to compare the complications over a 1-year follow-up. The RS3PE and EORA groups' average initial PSL doses were 16.5 ± 7.2 mg/day and 7.3 ± 4.6 mg/day, respectively. During the 1-year follow-up after treatment, there was no significant increase in CVDs in both groups. However, infections occurred in nine RS3PE patients, which is a significantly higher incidence compared to the EORA patients with infections (n = 3). The initial PSL dose was the independent variable associated with the incidence of infection. Infections were significantly increased during elderly RS3PE patients' steroid therapy. The initial corticosteroid dose was an infection-risk factor. Key messages Infections are increased during steroid therapy in elderly patients with RS3PE syndrome. The initial dose of corticosteroids was one of the risk factors for infections.","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"168 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44717873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Prevalence and predictive factors of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: the KURAMA cohort. 难治性类风湿关节炎的患病率和预测因素:KURAMA队列。
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.1928383
Ryu Watanabe, Motomu Hashimoto, Koichi Murata, Kosaku Murakami, Masao Tanaka, Koichiro Ohmura, Hiromu Ito, Shuichi Matsuda
{"title":"Prevalence and predictive factors of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: the KURAMA cohort.","authors":"Ryu Watanabe,&nbsp;Motomu Hashimoto,&nbsp;Koichi Murata,&nbsp;Kosaku Murakami,&nbsp;Masao Tanaka,&nbsp;Koichiro Ohmura,&nbsp;Hiromu Ito,&nbsp;Shuichi Matsuda","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2021.1928383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2021.1928383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis (D2T RA) is a multifactorial condition in which disease activity of RA persists despite consecutive treatment with biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs). To evaluate the prevalence and predictive risk factors of D2T RA in our institution, a single-center, retrospective study was conducted. Medical records of RA patients, who visited our hospital from 2011 to 2020 and had a follow-up of more than 6 months, were retrospectively reviewed. D2T RA was defined as RA with a disease activity score of 28 - erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) of 3.2 or higher at the last visit, despite the use of at least two b/tsDMARDs. A logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors. A total of 672 patients were enrolled. The mean age at disease onset was 52.1 years and females were dominant (76.3%). After a mean follow-up of 46.6 months, patients with D2T RA accounted for 7.9% of overall patients. Multivariate analysis identified high rheumatoid factor (RF) levels (≥156.4 IU/mL, odds ratio [OR]: 1.95), DAS28-ESR (OR: 1.24), and coexisting pulmonary disease (OR: 2.03) as predictive risk factors of D2T RA. In conclusion, high RF levels, high DAS28-ESR, and coexisting pulmonary disease at baseline can predict the development of D2T RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"35-44"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25785826.2021.1928383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39017230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Emerging role of leptin in joint inflammation and destruction. 瘦素在关节炎症和破坏中的新作用。
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.1948689
Haruka Tsuchiya, Keishi Fujio
{"title":"Emerging role of leptin in joint inflammation and destruction.","authors":"Haruka Tsuchiya,&nbsp;Keishi Fujio","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2021.1948689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2021.1948689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by tumor-like hyperplasia and inflammation of the synovium, which causes synovial cell invasion into the bone and cartilage. In RA pathogenesis, various molecules in effector cells (i.e., immune cells and mesenchymal cells) are dysregulated by genetic and environmental factors. Consistent with the early stages of RA, these pathogenic cells cooperate and activate each other directly by cell-to-cell contact or indirectly <i>via</i> humoral factors. Recently, growing evidence has revealed essential role of adipokines, which are multifunctional signal transduction molecules, in the immune system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cross-talk between leptin, one of the most well-known and best-characterized adipokines, and osteoimmunology. Furthermore, we discuss the contribution of leptin to the pathogenesis of RA and its potential mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39286743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Adaptive immunity in the joint of rheumatoid arthritis. 类风湿关节炎关节的适应性免疫。
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.1930371
Hisakata Yamada
{"title":"Adaptive immunity in the joint of rheumatoid arthritis.","authors":"Hisakata Yamada","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2021.1930371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2021.1930371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adaptive immunity plays central roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as it is regarded as an autoimmune disease. Clinical investigations revealed infiltrations of B cells in the synovium, especially those with ectopic lymphoid neogenesis, associate with disease severity. While some B cells in the synovium differentiate into plasma cells producing autoantibodies such as anti-citrullinated protein antibody, others differentiate into effector B cells producing proinflammatory cytokines and expressing RANKL. Synovial B cells might also be important as antigen-presenting cells. Synovial T cells are implicated in the induction of antibody production as well as local inflammation. In the former, a recently identified CD4 T cell subset, peripheral helper T (Tph), which is characterized by the expression of PD-1 and production of CXCL13 and IL-21, is implicated, while the latter might be mediated by Th1-like CD4 T cell subsets that can produce multiple proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, and express cytotoxic molecules, such as perforin, granzymes and granulysin. CD8 T cells in the synovium are able to produce large amount of IFN-γ. However, the involvement of those lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of RA still awaits verification. Their antigen-specificity also needs to be clarified.</p>","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25785826.2021.1930371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39032518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
New mimic of relapse or regional lymph node metastasis in a cancer survivor: a case of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-induced lymphadenitis with high FDG uptake. 癌症幸存者复发或局部淋巴结转移的新模拟物:mRNA - COVID-19疫苗诱导的淋巴结炎伴高FDG摄取病例
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.1999786
Yusuke Tsumura, Koiku Asakura, Ikuko Takahashi, Mitsuko Akaihata, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Yuji Ishida
{"title":"New mimic of relapse or regional lymph node metastasis in a cancer survivor: a case of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-induced lymphadenitis with high FDG uptake.","authors":"Yusuke Tsumura,&nbsp;Koiku Asakura,&nbsp;Ikuko Takahashi,&nbsp;Mitsuko Akaihata,&nbsp;Yoshiyuki Takahashi,&nbsp;Yuji Ishida","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2021.1999786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2021.1999786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Western countries that were first to administer the COVID-19 vaccination report cases of vaccine-induced axillary lymphadenitis with high FDG uptake. However, no such findings have been reported from any Asian countries. We report here a confusing case of a 31-year-old female cancer survivor with high FDG uptake in her axillary lymph nodes, suggesting recurrence, following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Although the value of SUV<sub>max</sub> was elevated (12.7), additional imaging revealed that her lymphatic lesions were benign, and they resolved spontaneously. This case of a strong immune reaction to COVID-19 vaccination in regional lymph nodes is the first reported in a Japanese patient. We should be aware of this new mimic and optimize diagnostic imaging methods accordingly in the era of COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"45-47"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39731806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Characteristics and management of ocular sarcoidosis. 眼结节病的特点及治疗。
IF 4.4
Immunological Medicine Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.1940740
Hiroshi Takase
{"title":"Characteristics and management of ocular sarcoidosis.","authors":"Hiroshi Takase","doi":"10.1080/25785826.2021.1940740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25785826.2021.1940740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that affects many systemic organs, including the eye. The eye is the second most frequently affected organ in patients with sarcoidosis after lung disease. Approximately 30-50% of patients with systemic sarcoidosis develop uveitis, which is a sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory disorder. Sarcoidosis is the leading cause of uveitis in Japan and is one of the major clinical entities in many countries. Therefore, uveitis in association with sarcoidosis (ocular sarcoidosis) is considered essential in clinical practice in ophthalmology. The current review focuses on distinguishing features of ocular sarcoidosis, diagnosis, management, and discussion of the etiology of ocular sarcoidosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":37286,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":"12-21"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25785826.2021.1940740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39143720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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