Journal of Space Safety Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Safety analysis of evaluation and acceptance processes for space systems and operations based on system-theoretic approach","authors":"Antonio V.D. Merladet ,&nbsp;Carlos H.N. Lahoz ,&nbsp;Chiara Manfletti ,&nbsp;Rodrigo M. Silveira ,&nbsp;Diogo S. Castilho ,&nbsp;Karen S. Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The proposed analysis consists of identifying systemic aspects that can influence safety and mission fulfillment in the Evaluation and Acceptance Processes of Space Systems and Operations for Launch through the application of System-Theoretic Process Analysis, a technique capable of identifying potential hazardous design and operational flaws, including system design errors and unsafe interactions among multiple procedures and system components. This research identifies losses, hazards, system-level safety constraints, the control structure of the general system, unsafe control actions, loss scenarios that could occur and related causal factors, detecting improvement possibilities for future verifications, evaluations, approvals, and acceptances of space systems and launch operations. These findings can promote safety in space system designs and operations, supporting the activities conducted by launch vehicle and payload developers, certification authorities, and launch centers management, enabling means to proactively act in order to mitigate risks, avoiding unsafe actions and undesired system behaviors, or even to mitigating their consequences. The practical applications of this work can result in safety and mission fulfillment improvements for safety management systems, launch approval regulations and standards; launch operation procedures; space systems design; vehicle, payload, and ground support equipment productions; systems testing; and launch authorization processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 211-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896724000405/pdfft?md5=36efe936ca5b239c095528f7cc58520f&pid=1-s2.0-S2468896724000405-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140277051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakup analysis of Cosmos 1408 Satellite","authors":"Ronglan Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Yang ,&nbsp;Shuangxing Cui ,&nbsp;Bingxian Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>On November 15, 2021, Russian dead satellite Cosmos 1408 broke up, which attracted widespread attention from media and researchers both domestic and foreign. This paper analyzed this event. According to TLEs released by US Space Surveillance Network, the orbit change of the parent body was analyzed. By using the orbital elements of breakup debris, the information such as breakup time and intensity was preliminarily determined. Finally, two spacecraft on LEO were selected to carry out the collision risk assessment. The impact of Cosmos 1408 breakup debris (CBD) on the international space station (ISS), and the China space station (CSS) was analyzed. The results show that the impact risk of the CBD on the ISS and CSS could not be ignored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 335-341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140464141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic risk assessment: Hazard impact study of safety-critical space launch events onto world air traffic & creation of ADIONA software","authors":"Nathalie Nick ,&nbsp;Léonard Buchaillot","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Space and air traffic increase yearly, prompting concerns about their coexistence. Fallback and splashdown of rocket stages to earth into predefined areas is a usual scenario, explosions of rockets and fallback into unprecedented areas is a probable scenario. These events represent a threat to world air traffic. In the present study, a probabilistic risk assessment on the launcher's stages fallback onto world air traffic has been carried out. A novel method and software, ADIONA, were developed to assess risks of rocket explosions and debris impact on air traffic. This pioneering software, a venture of the Flight Safety Department of the French Space Agency (CNES), supervising European Space Agency (ESA) launches, calculates at every possible time instant, defined by the user, the estimated positions of airplanes with along their own trajectories, trajectories and positions of rockets and the corresponding areas where debris falls back on earth after an explosion or a deviation. It further assesses the risks of fall down of debris on air traffic in case of a launch mishap and the probability of fatality to an airplane regarding the risk boundaries set by the French Space Operations Act. The software has been implemented in a general way for broad future application in operations and continued studies and use. Real-world air traffic and rocket launch data were incorporated, particularly focusing on launches from the French Guiana Space Center (CSG) and air traffic over the North Atlantic Ocean. These real-world analyses represent realistic scenarios. The obtained results show a considerable high possible risk onto world air traffic in case of a rocket explosion after launch. It is concluded that the cohabitation of space and air traffic and the probabilistic risk assessment thereof is important to be monitored in order to eventually be diminished to reduce the risk. It is recommended to invest further resources into this observation type of analysis. Further investigations should take place on this probabilistic risk analysis, taking into account more details and fine-tuning in the risk calculation and assessment method. The study's findings and software lay the groundwork for future risk analysis and development, facilitating ongoing and future investigations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 230-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896724000442/pdfft?md5=07e91f099ee32c0f691fb991db088987&pid=1-s2.0-S2468896724000442-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140766289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear thermal propulsion – Progress and potential","authors":"Dale Thomas","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper describes the current research and development efforts currently underway within the United States on Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP), with a particular focus on the Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) project, a joint effort of the United States Defense Advanced Projects Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. However, to put the DRACO project into context, the prior United States’ prior efforts on NTR are described and the foundation those efforts provided to enable DRACO. The impact of NTP propulsion on both human and scientific exploration of the Solar System will also be discussed. And finally, the topic of advanced NTP propulsion will be addressed, including liquid fuel NTP engines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 362-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140766891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efforts in ensuring safety and transparency in space activities in the Asia-Pacific","authors":"Ikuko Kuriyama ,&nbsp;Yumiko Tateshita ,&nbsp;Koichi Kikuchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces the efforts to ensure the safety and transparency of space activities in the Asia-Pacific region, mainly based on the study results of the National Space Legislation Initiative (NSLI). NSLI is an initiative under the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) for exchanging information and enhancing the capacity of space policy<span><span> and law. NSLI's main activity is the joint study of national space legislation for the submission of a report to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS). NSLI's study includes topics relating to safety and transparency in space activities, such as space debris </span>mitigation measures and registration of space objects. This paper introduces the status of such efforts by nine NSLI countries, mainly based on the information in the first phase NSLI report submitted in 2021 and discusses the way forward.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 311-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139301657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Safety and Mission Success on Long Duration Space Missions","authors":"William R. Nelson (Ret. Principal Consultant DNV)","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2024.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 161-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141294579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analog isolation projects: An opportunity for bench-testing technologies and products designed for long-distance space missions","authors":"Tatiana N. Agaptseva,&nbsp;Anna R. Kussmaul,&nbsp;Mark S. Belakovskiy,&nbsp;Oleg I. Orlov","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Preparing to interplanetary missions and construction of planetary bases have become one of the major directions in piloted cosmonautics, which means that maintaining health and performance of cosmonauts and astronauts, as well as controlling their psychological status are becoming an increasingly important and urgent issue.</p><p>One of the IBMP's top priorities is research on the body's functional reserves and adaptation to various environmental factors, as well as the body's reactions to prolonged impact of negative space factors. Yet, it is not always possible to do so in a real space flight, due to deficient time allocated for scientific research, restrictions on the weight and dimensions of launched and descended cargo, and safety requirements for equipment on board of piloted spacecraft and space stations. Analog research projects which simulate specific negative space flight factors are a solution to this problem. For this reason, a special simulation stand was created - the Ground-Based Experimental Facility (or NEK). It was used in such world-famous international projects as SFINCSS, MARS500 and SIRIUS.</p><p>Model isolation experiments are a unique platform for testing various technologies and products for long-distance interplanetary flights. Thus, missions into the deep space will require a new approach to medical control and support facilities, as they should be more autonomous compared to the ones used in the orbit. New technologies may include intelligent data processing and analysis of medical data in the form of various gadgets (smart bracelets, glasses and watches, etc.), clothes with built-in sensors, devices for remote measurement of various health indicators, etc. An important element of any life support system is the food system, which should include technologies for cooking directly in space, as well as food with long shelf life. Isolation projects can be a useful tool for evaluating the possibility of using certain food products in space flight conditions. Among other promising directions are the research projects related to the assessment of microbial contamination directly inside the chamber facility, countermeasures against microbes and fungi, materials with antimicrobial and antifungal properties, etc.</p><p>Overall, analog experiments are an excellent opportunity to test a number of technologies and products for future space flights.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 291-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140404276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The risk of casualties from the uncontrolled re-entry of spacecraft and orbital stages","authors":"Carmen Pardini,&nbsp;Luciano Anselmo","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>From the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2022, 951 intact objects (spacecraft and orbital stages) with a radar cross-section greater than one square meter re-entered the Earth's atmosphere uncontrolled. The total returned mass was about 1500 t, with a mean of 116 t per year, mostly concentrated (80 %) in orbital stages. On average, objects with a mass greater than 500 kg re-entered every 8 days, those exceeding 2000 kg every 2 weeks, and those above 5000 kg around 3 times per year. Only 4 % of the re-entries came from orbits with an eccentricity greater than 0.1, while 41 % were from nearly circular orbits with eccentricity lower than 0.001. 52 % of the re-entries occurred in the northern hemisphere and 48 % in the southern one. The areas of the planet most affected were those between 30° and 60° north. However, excluding the polar regions, the re-entry flux per unit area was relatively uniform, from 60° south to 60° north, implying a ground casualty risk mainly driven by the population density. 84 % of orbital stages and 19 % of spacecraft exceeded a casualty expectancy of 10⁻⁴, the ceiling recommended by several guidelines and standards worldwide. The total ground casualty expectancy over the 13 years analyzed was estimated to be 0.194, corresponding to a probability of injuring or killing at least one person of about 18 %. After remaining relatively stable from 2010 to 2018, the casualty expectancy and probability have grown systematically from then on, leading in 2022 to a chance of casualty of 2.9 %, with orbital stages and spacecraft contributing, respectively, 72 % and 28 %.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 181-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896724000077/pdfft?md5=7159e87b1ec93af12ca57ca8cdff128e&pid=1-s2.0-S2468896724000077-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140465255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The duty of state to protect the orbital environment","authors":"Claudia Cinelli ,&nbsp;Camilla Campodonico","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the last decade the space sector has expanded with massive growth in investment activity. The increasing utilization of space technology, including by private actors, is causing environmental hazards in space as well as pollution and degradation. Space debris mitigation and removal are under ongoing discussion within international competent fora, including at regional level. The international community has not yet provided future directions for any action related to space environmental safety. This paper intends to deepen our understanding of the State's duty to protect the orbital environment according to the current space body of law. It mainly focuses on how to achieve sustainability thus looking at the impact of space activities performed in space.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 318-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896724000363/pdfft?md5=9063271698896570a081ee80f14dff23&pid=1-s2.0-S2468896724000363-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140468060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ariane 6 – in-flight safety and space debris mitigation","authors":"Dias Nathalie ,&nbsp;Droz Jan ,&nbsp;Pallegoix Jean-Francois ,&nbsp;Bouilly Jean-Marc","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ariane 6 is the future large European Launcher launched from the Guiana Space Center (CSG). Besides, Ariane 6 launcher program corresponds to the first full application of the French Space Operations Act from the beginning of an European Launch System development.</p><p>This paper summarizes how French Space Operations Act requirements have been finally implemented in the Ariane 6 Launcher System. It addresses hardware systems as well as software solutions, but also specific analysis performed to support compliance with the French Space Operations Act requirements. This paper identifies the definition and design of these different on-board systems contributing to flight safety and space debris mitigation along with their validation. Moreover it details the studies that have been performed to assess Ariane 6 compliance to the requirements of French Space Operations Act.</p><p>This document addresses more specifically safety in flight beginning at lift-off and ending with launcher disposal after its main mission. Afterwards it covers also solutions implemented on Ariane 6 launcher and its mission definition in order to mitigate space debris generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 198-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140758879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}