Journal of Space Safety Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Deep operator and SSA collaboration for space sustainability","authors":"Daniel Oltrogge ,&nbsp;Joseph Chan ,&nbsp;David Vallado ,&nbsp;Jeff Cornelius ,&nbsp;Andrew D'Uva ,&nbsp;Robert Hall","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The space data association (SDA) has been providing reliable flight safety products for approximately 30 spacecraft operators for 14 years now. The service provides conjunction warnings and operator points of contact for around 700 spacecraft occupying all orbital regimes. The SDA's Space Data Center (SDC), built by AGI and maintained and operated by COMSPOC Corporation, has a proven track record of providing high availability space traffic coordination (STC) products since becoming operational on 15 July 2010.</p><p>Earlier this year, the SDA, and its chief technical consultant, COMSPOC Corporation, supported the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) and Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) Pilot project by providing comprehensively fused orbit solutions, ten-day orbit ephemeris and covariance predictions, and smoothed reference ephemerides for 100 active spacecraft. Most of these spacecraft are operated by SDA members and participants, allowing the operators to collaboratively contribute their maneuver plans, GPS NavSol measurements, active ranging, and passive RF observations, and authoritative spacecraft dimensions to the DOC Pilot project. For its part, COMSPOC employed its Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Software Suite (SSS)to comprehensively fuse this diverse set of spacecraft operator observations with COMSPOC's own observations from its global network of optical sensors.</p><p>The first phase of this collaborative data fusion required the establishment of accounts, data connectivity, file transfer methods, and sensor calibration. This required about one month of technical interchange, provision of operator sensor locations and specifics, and COMSPOC SSS operator calibration of those sensors for each spacecraft.</p><p>But once the data flows, sensor calibrations, and maneuver readers were completed, the second phase drew upon a nearly continuous stream of fused observations and maneuvers to yield accurate and timely predictive ephemerides and covariance time histories. These data products are well-suited to the collision avoidance problem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 342-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896724000454/pdfft?md5=0f01db13eb0560f6d86bb17525132df3&pid=1-s2.0-S2468896724000454-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140782585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space debris removal – Review of technologies and techniques. Rigid coupling between space debris and service spacecraft","authors":"V.V. Svotina","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the late 1950s, as the mankind has been exploring space, the amount of space debris (spacecraft not removed from the orbit at the end of their service life, upper stages, as well as the fragments of spacecraft and upper stages formed as a result of deliberate or accidental collision of spacecraft and upper stages with each other or with natural space debris (meteorites)) with poorly predictable masses and velocities has created a global spacecraft safety problem.</p><p>Various countries conducting space research have adopted special standards and guidelines for space debris mitigation, which require a spacecraft to be transferred to a disposal orbit at the end of its operation. For various reasons, they are not always implemented in practice.</p><p>This paper is a continuation of the previous study conducted to systematize methods developed for debris removal from the near-Earth space up to date. It presents a set of technologies that can be used to transfer space debris to a graveyard orbit using a rigid coupling between space debris and service spacecraft.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 252-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140797324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cis-lunar and surface missions: Health risks and potential surgical conditions","authors":"Dora Babocs ,&nbsp;Angela Preda ,&nbsp;Rowena Christiansen","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;The next goal of human space exploration is to return to the Moon to stay, and to establish a new, more advanced space station in lunar orbit: the ‘Lunar Gateway’. The authors aim to contribute to this goal through undertaking an ongoing comprehensive survey of relevant published scientific literature to seek information regarding the risk of medical conditions that might require operative or non-operative surgical solutions during long-duration spaceflight. The intended outcome is to create a roadmap for future mission planning. To date, we have identified more than 50 such potential surgical conditions. Based on disease severity and mission duration, these can be classified into: (Category 1) Time-critical conditions requiring immediate surgery; (Category 2) Urgent surgical conditions requiring minor temporising surgical intervention or conservative care (these patients can return to Earth for definitive treatment); or (Category 3) Non-urgent, as these conditions do not require immediate surgical intervention, and definitive treatment can be delayed. The proposed Lunar Gateway will be an international collaboration. Reaching Gateway is anticipated to take around three days. Gateway will operate in microgravity conditions, and include a communications lab (ground support from Earth is still available with minimal signal delay), a scientific lab, and a habitat for astronauts. Transfers to and from the lunar surface will allow astronauts to undertake extra-vehicular activities (EVA). Habitation on Gateway will present similar physiological and psychological challenges as experienced on the International Space Station (ISS), with the addition of a slightly increased communications lag. The Moon is only within Earth's magnetosphere for approximately 25 % of the time, which will increase space radiation exposure compared to the ISS. Gravitational conditions will range from microgravity on Gateway to ⅙ of the Earth's gravity on the lunar surface. Considering the duration and distance necessary in order to undertake a lunar mission, time-critical surgical interventions (Category 1) will likely be necessary, such as treating a bowel perforation, or fixation for musculoskeletal trauma. For urgent conditions (Category 2), antibiotic treatment of responsive appendicitis, drainage of uncomplicated cholecystitis, or other conservative measures might be acceptable as a temporising measure. If a return to Earth is possible within three days, delayed surgery can be undertaken if the conservative measures are unsuccessful, or the condition recurs. In the case of non-urgent procedures that can be delayed (Category 3), planned evacuation to Earth is expected to be available, for example, if a malignancy develops or is detected. Anticipating the medical and surgical challenges a lunar mission presents, and subsequent adequate planning and preparation for possible surgical emergencies, will help ensure mission success. Creating a system for triaging of surgi","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 295-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extravehicular activity on the lunar surface: Mapping mitigation risk consequence for crew needing assistance or rescue","authors":"M. Walton ,&nbsp;J. Norcross ,&nbsp;R. Sanders ,&nbsp;S. Myers ,&nbsp;N. Newby ,&nbsp;S. Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The lunar environment presents unique challenges for human health and safety over the course of performing Extravehicular Activities (EVAs) during early Artemis missions. Medical conditions leading to an injured EVA crewmember needing assistance or rescue were analysed and correlated to established, defined consequence categories. Catastrophic conditions were identified, and three mitigation strategies were analysed to determine if there was a potential change in consequence with their application. Risk consequence across the mitigations were compared with each other and the original risk without mitigations. Mitigations were further evaluated in a broader context with prospective preventions to understand the design and risk trade space associated with an early Artemis EVA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 174-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141294749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Kriging-based method for the efficient computation of debris impact zones","authors":"Nicolas Praly ,&nbsp;Vanessa Henriques ,&nbsp;Maximilien Hochart ,&nbsp;Massimiliano Costantini","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To prevent or assess launch risk, evaluation of launchers impact zones is a key element. Several methods are currently used to predict impact zones at the French space agency (CNES), but the highest-fidelity method uses a series of computationally costly Monte Carlo simulations. This process can be very time consuming and the computation time can become prohibitive. A machine learning method called Kriging or Gaussian Process Regression is studied as a potential avenue to speed up the impact zones evaluation. This Kriging-based method, is tested in this paper in different flight phases and its potential for estimating debris impact zones is evaluated in terms of processing time, accuracy and genericity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 192-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140282249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obituary for George William Samuel Abbey, Sr.","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 385-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896724000612/pdfft?md5=20d71023d5ee80cdafb4f3d6b2b5338d&pid=1-s2.0-S2468896724000612-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141133383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative launch collision avoidance (LCOLA) tool prioritizing accuracy, launch access and efficiency","authors":"Daniel Oltrogge,&nbsp;Salvatore Alfano","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new Launch Collision Avoidance (LCOLA) analysis capability is presented. The method represents the combination of the patented algorithm developed by Analytical Graphics Inc. and implemented in its Launch Window Analysis (LWA) tool, together with a new LCOLA collision probability algorithm developed by COMSPOC Corporation to maximize launch window using responsive, comprehensive, and efficient LCOLA closure windows. The new tool works by assessing the underlying topography of the launch closure problem to identify and characterize all launch holds within the user-specified launch window rapidly and accurately without confining the launch operator to “top-of-the-minute” or other such constructs.</p><p>This new LCOLA capability avoids the pitfalls of the typical “digitized” or “snapshot” launch window screening approach, where launch objects are compared against the on-orbit catalogue at a small launch “T-zero” step size.</p><p>The new capability can detect launch closure holds based upon miss distance, collision probability or both. Prior to the probability calculation, each covariance is tested for positive definiteness and remediated if necessary. The tool's support for parallel processing, combined with its algorithmic efficiency, allow it to process all deployed objects. The tool aggregates all resulting launch holds into a concise report for the launch director and team.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141056706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A tale of three failure-oriented-accelerated-test (FOAT) types and their roles in assuring aerospace electronics-and-photonics reliability: Perspective","authors":"E. Suhir","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Our “tale of three failure-oriented-accelerated-test (FOAT) types” includes (chronologically) 1) some product development tests (such as, e.g., shear-off or temperature cycling tests), 2) FOATs at the design stage (that should be applied, when a new technology, a new design or a new application of an existing aerospace electronic or a photonic product is considered, and suitable HALTs are not developed yet) and 3) Burn-in-tests (BITs). Their roles, significance and attributes are indicated and briefly discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 322-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140271538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CDO: An innovative, flexible and modern Operations Control Centre for Europe's spaceport, French Guiana : Ground system architecture, resilience & operational excellence","authors":"Sandra Steere ,&nbsp;Eric Julien ,&nbsp;Frédéric Manon","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2024.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The CSG, Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana was granted major financing from ESA and CNES at the ESA's Council Ministerial in 2019 in order to implement crucial largescale renovations and modernization of the launch base. With the arrival of ARIANE-6 &amp; VEGA but also new launchers such as CALLISTO &amp; SPACERIDER, the core launch range must be renewed to be capable of offering game-changing flexible and attractive services. The program is called the \"Core Launch Range Renewal\" (CLRR).</p><p>The CLRR has 6 components, including the new Launcher Tracking &amp; Flight Safety Operations Control Centre (known as the CDO). The CDO will group all of the CNES operators involved in the ground operations, within a dedicated state of the art 3 story building, including 7 operations centres and two dedicated data centers. The ground segment system has been completely redesigned, allowing flexibility within operations, by introducing automation of configuration and validation operator tasks.</p><p>The CDO-BLA (ground software segment) aims to improve human factors aspects for the flight tracking operators at the European Spaceport. The CDO-BLA brings with it a state of the art ground system architecture and an innovative Simulator called STONES (Simulator Training Operational Numerical Environment System).</p><p>The ground system architecture of the CDO-BLA introduces technical solutions providing high-scale flexibility for campaign operations &amp; intrinsic resilience of the ground segment. The simulator digitally emulates complex external equipment such as the launcher, radars &amp; telemetry antennas, providing operators with a life-like launch environment. For each campaign, operators will be able to perform training but more importantly qualify the CDO configuration ready for a launch, carry out maintenance all of which in parallel to different operations, without having to connect to external interfaces. The aim is to be able to reconfigure le CDO, between 2 launches, within 2 working days whilst aiming for operational excellence!</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 301-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141294432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional status of the human cardiorespiratory system during a one-year expedition at Vostok station in central Antarctica as a model of a long-term lunar base","authors":"Nikolay Osetskiy ,&nbsp;Olga Manko ,&nbsp;Vasily Rusanov ,&nbsp;Anton Artamonov ,&nbsp;Victor Tikhonenko ,&nbsp;Eugeniy Ilyin ,&nbsp;Oleg Orlov","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2024.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Investigation of the cardiorespiratory system status in the conditions of yearlong wintering at Vostok station provided new data on the development of long-term adaptation of the human body under the influence of combined factors of the extreme environment of Central Antarctica, where this climatic zone was considered as a model of the extreme environment of the lunar base. During the 64th Russian Antarctic Expedition (2019), extended studies, including a dynamic assessment of the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of polar expeditioners were carried out at Vostok station. New information was obtained regarding the peculiarities of the functioning of the cardiorespiratory system under the conditions of hypobaric hypoxia depending on age during the annual adaptation to the extreme climatic conditions of Central Antarctica.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 281-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140274200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}