Veterinary and Animal Science最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to the influence of quercetin on behavior, performance and splenic immunity in broiler chickens, veterinary and animal science 26 (2024) 100398","authors":"Sara Elsayed El-Kazaz , Mona Hafez Hafez , Ghadeer M. Albadrani , Muath Q. Al-Ghadi , Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim , Yasser Said El-Sayed","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100430","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and molecular analysis of Sarcocystis species infection in slaughtered cattle in Alborz, Iran","authors":"Nahid Abdolahi ,&nbsp;Aliehsan Heidari ,&nbsp;Amir Bairami ,&nbsp;Abolfazl Miahipour ,&nbsp;Monireh Sezavar ,&nbsp;Aref Teimuri ,&nbsp;Saeed Bahadory","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several species of <em>Sarcocystis</em> as an obligatory intracellular protozoon have been identified in cattle, including <em>Sarcocystis cruzi, Sarcocystis hirsuta, and Sarcocystis hominis</em>, whose definitive hosts are canids, felids, and humans respectively; these zoonotic parasitic species impose a financial and health burden on the livestock industry annually. The aim of the present study, which was conducted for the first time in Alborz province, was to determine the species of <em>Sarcocystis</em> based on macroscopic observation, digestion method and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR in slaughtered cows in this province in order to complete the information puzzle of the prevalence of Sarcocystis species in Iran and the world cattle.</div><div>In the present cross-sectional study, totally 138 samples of slaughtered cows in Alborz province industrial slaughterhouses were collected from diaphragm muscles and examined by macroscopic, digestive and molecular PCR-RFLP methods. This molecular-based method uses variations in homologous DNA sequences (polymorphism) of a population or species or to determine the precise locations of genes in a sequence. Fifty samples were randomly selected for DNA extraction and molecular analysis and sequencing for species identification. Macroscopic examination of the samples showed no cysts, but according to the digestion test results, 100 % of the samples were infected with <em>Sarcocystis</em> microcysts. The results of electrophoresis of PCR products showed a band of about 930 bp. The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme (BFaI) and their digested pattern was evaluated. The results showed that all 50 samples were infected with <em>Sarcocystis</em>. After enzymatic digestion of primary PCR products, it was found that (47/50) 94 % and (3/50) 6 % the samples were infected with <em>S. cruzzi</em> and <em>S. hirsuta</em> species, respectively. No infection was found with <em>S. hominis</em>. Cattle slaughtered in Alborz province are highly infected with the <em>Sarcocystis</em> parasite, which can affect public health and animal health. The present study suggests that <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. should be diagnosed by relying on high-precision diagnostic methods in order to improve food safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Series on Streptococcus agalactiae Infection in Llamas and Alpacas in a Semi-Intensive Breeding System in Southern Brazil","authors":"Vitor Eduardo Mamgue ,&nbsp;Letícia Trevisan Gressler ,&nbsp;Andriel Gustavo Felichak ,&nbsp;Paulo Henrique Braz","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The South American Camelids (CSA), including llamas (<em>Lama glama</em>) and alpacas (<em>Vicugna pacos</em>), are primarily concentrated in the Andean countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, where they represent an important source of income for the local population. In Brazil, their captive breeding, although recent, has gained significant attention. These animals can act as potential carriers and transmitters of diseases, especially those with zoonotic potential. For many years, <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em> was considered a strictly contagious bacterium among bovine herds. However, it has now been identified in various other animal species. This study aims to describe the clinical aspects of an outbreak of <em>S. agalactiae</em> in a herd of llamas and alpacas in southern Brazil. Two llamas and one alpaca presented chronic formation of encapsulated suppurative abscesses on the flank region. After conducting microbiological cultures, the pathogen was confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS. An antibiogram was performed, demonstrating antimicrobial sensitivity to most evaluated agents but indicating resistance to tetracycline, oxacillin, and orbifloxacin. The animals fully recovered after treatment with penicillin, with no recurrence of the infection. This study describes the first cases of <em>S. agalactiae</em> infection in llamas and alpacas in Brazil, highlighting the importance of further research on the health, breeding, and management of these animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella contamination and transmission in yellow-feathered broiler hatcheries in China","authors":"Canji Wu ,&nbsp;Yuhui Deng ,&nbsp;Zeluan Chen ,&nbsp;Junhao Peng ,&nbsp;Peizhi Wu ,&nbsp;Jinger Chen ,&nbsp;Pengju Chen ,&nbsp;Ming Liao ,&nbsp;Chenggang Xu ,&nbsp;Jianmin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salmonella</em> is a significant avian pathogen causing infectious diseases in poultry, with hatching playing a crucial role in its transmission. Despite its importance, systematic research on <em>Salmonella</em> transmission in hatcheries remains limited. This study evaluates the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of <em>Salmonella</em> throughout all production stages in yellow-feathered broiler hatcheries: laying, egg storage, incubating, hatching, and post-hatch. We found an overall <em>Salmonella</em> prevalence of 11.3 %, with the pathogen detected in both chickens and environmental samples. The hatching stage was identified as the most critical for <em>Salmonella</em> spread. Moreover, <em>Salmonella</em> Pullorum is the predominant serotype (93.97 %). Notably, all <em>Salmonella</em> isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with some resistant to polymyxin B (22.41 %) and tigecycline (12.93 %). Resistance rates were highest for nalidixic acid (100.00 %), sulfamethoxazole (100.00 %), ciprofloxacin (95.69 %), and ampicillin (94.83 %). Additionally, antimicrobial resistance plasmid replicons and virulence genes were identified in these isolates. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 43 <em>S.</em> Pullorum isolates, revealing that the majority were ST92 (90.70 %). Phylogenetic analysis classified the isolates into three lineages, with Lineage III being the most predominant (83.72 %). It was found that <em>Salmonella</em> isolates from chicks and eggs across various production stages were closely related, and those from the environment also showed significant similarity. This suggests that <em>Salmonella</em> in the environment may originate from chicks/eggs and spread to other stages. More attention should be paid to <em>Salmonella</em> contamination in yellow-feathered broiler hatcheries, and stringent measures should be taken to control the horizontal spread of <em>Salmonella</em>, in addition to blocking the pathway of vertical transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed viral infections (Rotavirus, Herpesvirus and others) in European wild rabbits","authors":"Ana Duarte ,&nbsp;Fábio A. Abade dos Santos ,&nbsp;Teresa Fagulha ,&nbsp;Inês Caetano ,&nbsp;Paulo Carvalho ,&nbsp;João Carvalho ,&nbsp;António Emidio Santos ,&nbsp;Ramón Pérez de Ayala ,&nbsp;Margarida D. Duarte","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious viral pathogens significantly impact wild Leporidae populations, particularly <em>Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus</em>, which was listed as 'Endangered' in 2019. Myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease are major contributors to severe epizootics with limited long-lasting immunity. This study expanded beyond these well-documented viruses to include a broader spectrum of viruses in 36 wild rabbit carcasses (<em>O. c. algirus</em>) collected from the field in 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2024, and 32 wild rabbits hunted in 2017/2018. Using molecular techniques, we detected myxoma virus (MYXV) (58.3%), rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2/GI.2) (52.8%), herpesviruses (22.2%) and rotaviruses (48.1%) in the rabbits found dead. Co-infection with MYXV and RHDV2 was found in 27.8% of cases, much higher than previously reported. All hunted rabbits tested negative for MYXV and rotavirus, one was positive for RHDV2 (3.13%) and six for herpesvirus (18.75%). No coronaviruses, adenoviruses or paramyxoviruses were detected. Herpesviruses in apparently healthy hunted rabbits suggests a low clinical impact but the potential for severe outcomes in the presence of other pathogens. This study represents the most comprehensive virological survey of <em>O. c. algirus</em> in Iberia and is the first to document triple and quadruple viral co-infections in rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of sustainable cattle genetic improvement in the Peruvian Highlands","authors":"Wuesley Alvarez-García ,&nbsp;Yudith Muñoz-Vílchez ,&nbsp;Deyanira Figueroa ,&nbsp;Richard Estrada ,&nbsp;Carlos Quilcate","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cattle breeding in the highlands of Peru is an important economic activity at the level of the entire rural extension, because it serves as an economic reserve for rural families and forms an integral part of the agricultural producer's culture. This review aimed to provide a literature- and research-based approach to the fundamental aspects of a national genetic improvement plan, emphasising the efficacy of using a bovine germplasm of high genetic quality as an initiative to implement genetic improvement programmes. The concepts to be implemented in national livestock farming include high yield, feed conversion efficiency, and minimum greenhouse gas emissions. The use of a dual-purpose germplasm to maximise the usefulness of livestock farmers and the implementation of improvement programmes, with the expectation of achieving a differential increase in genetic merit, were also considered. In addition to aspects related to milk and carcase quality, there is a territorial approach, such as the case of breeds that adapt to terminal crossbreeding and consider reproductive aspects. One of the final aspects considered is the conservation and valuation of local animals within conservation and improvement plans owing to their resistance and adaptation to temperature and altitude conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11763212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milk sustainability in specialized farms as affected by farm size and culling rates: A new perspective for allocation","authors":"A. Bragaglio ,&nbsp;E. Nannoni ,&nbsp;E. Romano ,&nbsp;A. Lazzari ,&nbsp;R. Roma ,&nbsp;C. Bisaglia ,&nbsp;M. Cutini","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several studies investigated the sustainability of dairy cattle systems. Global warming potential (GWP) is a “touchstone impact category” of LCA, whereas fossil depletion (FD) remains a scarcely studied environmental indicator. This study aims to help fill the gap of knowledge on FD in dairy cattle systems. We compared two highly specialized dairy cattle farms equipped with precision technologies: a large (L) and a small (S) farm. The discriminants were the number of lactating cows and the agricultural area, with L having approximately twice the heads and three times the area of S.</div><div>In LCA we used the main product (FPCM, i.e., 1 kg of milk normalized for fat and protein), as the functional unit (FU). A second FU was used, i.e., hectare of occupied area. By changing the FU, the study showed different results, because S performed better when FPCM was used while L performed better when the agricultural area was used.</div><div>Allocation of culled cows affected the environmental impacts of both farms improving their sustainability. A high culling rate provides information on herd management, and it can result in lost income. We proposed the allocation as helpful to quantify the culled cows, a potentially undesirable product, showing a significant difference between farms, i.e., 30 and 38 % of culling rate in the L S, respectively. In S, this rate led to a higher income percentage provided by culled cows (6.3 vs. 4.2 % of L). Allocation decreased the equivalents of some LCA environmental indicators, showing an oversized replacement of cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11780153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating BoLA Class II DRB3*009:02 carrying cattle in Japan","authors":"Sho Fujimori ,&nbsp;Tatsuya Ando ,&nbsp;Satoshi Sekiguchi ,&nbsp;Kosuke Notsu ,&nbsp;Shogo Ishida ,&nbsp;Tomo Daidoji ,&nbsp;Katsuro Hagiwara","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2025.100425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a malignant lymphoma of cattle that is mainly caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. In this study, PCR-RFLP was used to investigate the frequency of the DRB3*009:02 allele in several farms with different herd management practices in Japan. A total of 742 Holsteins (384) and Japanese Blacks (230) were used as the sample size for the study, which was larger than the number of cattle in the study area with a confidence level of 95 % and a margin of error of 8. PBMCs isolated from whole blood from clinically healthy cattle were used for examination. The presence of BLV provirus infection was determined by qPCR targeting the env region. BLV antibodies were detected using a commercial ELISA kit. The results showed that 35 cattle were heterozygous for DRB3*009:02. The frequency on each farm varied between farms, and PCR analysis showed that the prevalence of BLV also varied between farms. The incidence rate (4.7 %) was lower than in previous studies. The BLV seroprevalence (14.4 %) in this study was lower than the BLV infection rate (35 %) in the study. Holstein dairy cows had low levels of BL resistance genes, confirming the spread of the virus within the farm's herd. Cattle on farms with low BLV-positive rates had a resistance gene-carrying rate of 16.9 %, meanwhile, those who did not carry the resistance gene had a rate of 91.4 %. BLV provirus levels vary between farmers, with herds carrying low BL-resistance genes tending to have higher levels of BLV provirus. In light of the current BLV epidemic, herd composition reform, along with aggressive breeding of BL-resistant sires, is a required component to increase the herd of BL-resistant sires and improve livestock productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11762616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress, lipid profile and inflammatory responses to flunixin meglumine administration in surgical and non-surgical castration in donkeys","authors":"Hamidreza Alipour-Khairkhah ,&nbsp;Saeed Azizi ,&nbsp;Siamak Asri-Rezaei","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Donkeys are in the Equidae family but have several differences from horses. There are many studies on the pathophysiology of pain and its clinical signs in horses, but data are limited for donkeys. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate biochemical effects of flunixin meglumine in donkeys subjected to pain induced by bloodless and surgical castration. Twenty healthy male donkeys were randomly divided into four groups: 1- Surgical castration with flunixin injection, 2- Surgical castration without flunixin injection, 3- Non-surgical castration with flunixin injection, and 4- Non-surgical castration without flunixin injection. Blood samples were collected a day before surgical procedures; four hours, one day, and two days after castration. Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, fibrinogen, cortisol, triglyceride, and cholesterol significantly increased in non-surgical castrated group compared to the other groups. Moreover, the levels of the measured parameters were significantly higher in the non-surgically castrated group compared to the surgically castrated group. Furtheremore, flunixin meglumine administration reduced the levels of the mentioned parameters, and it was significant for TNF-α and fibrinogen in the surgically castrated donkeys. However, in the nonsurgically castrated animals, there was a significant reduction in the levels of all mentioned parameters except for fibrinogen. It was concluded that non-surgical method, compared to the surgical method, was accompanied by more inflammation, stress, and pain; therefore, the surgical method could be suggested as a preferred technique for the castration of donkeys. Furthermore, the injection of flunixin meglumine could be suggested in the castration of donkeys, particularly in the bloodless technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11743893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for subclinical endometritis and its effect on reproductive performance in small-scale dairy farms","authors":"Fernando Villaseñor-González ,&nbsp;Luis Javier Montiel-Olguín ,&nbsp;Mario Alfredo Espinosa-Martínez ,&nbsp;Marina Durán-Aguilar ,&nbsp;Feliciano Milian-Suazo ,&nbsp;Héctor Raymundo Vera-Ávila","doi":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vas.2024.100422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to evaluate the effect of subclinical endometritis (SCE) on reproductive performance and identify risk factors for this pathology in small-scale dairies. In four small-scale dairies, 608 lactations were monitored for health issues, nutritional status, and reproductive events, and SCE was diagnosed based on endometrial polymorphonuclear counting (PMN%) at 30±5 (SCE30) and 60±5 (SCE60) days postpartum. The threshold for diagnosis was established according to the quartile distribution of PMN%; 4 % and 2 % for SCE30 and SCE60. Conception rate at first service (CRFS), number of services per conception (SC), and days open (DO) were analyzed for SCE effect through Chi-square or ANOVA. Events of interest were considered in each lactation to perform a risk factor analysis using univariate logistic regression and multiple logistic regression model building. The population attributable fraction was calculated to identify the most important risk factors. Considering both sampling periods, 40.5 % of the cows were positive for SCE. SCE30-positive cows had lower CRFS (38.9 vs 53.7 %), required 0.4 more SC, and had 20.2 more DO than SCE30-negative cows (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.001). SCE60-positive cows had 16 more DO than SCE60-negative cows (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.01). The most important risk factors for SCE30 were retained fetal membranes (RFM) and uterine diseases, while calving season, RFM, and SCE30 status were the risk factors for SCE60. SCE could represent a major problem in small-scale dairies due to its prevalence and negative effect on reproductive performance. Furthermore, there are identifiable risk factors for SCE under these production conditions, which should be considered when designing prevention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37152,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Science","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11745807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}