Toxicon: X最新文献

{"title":"An investigation into the toxicity of tissue extracts from two distinct marine Polychaeta","authors":"Mariaelena D'Ambrosio ,&nbsp;Íris Ramos ,&nbsp;Carla Martins ,&nbsp;Pedro M. Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study investigated the potential toxicity of venomous secretions of two polychaetes, <em>Hediste diversicolor</em> and <em>Glycera alba</em> (Annelida: Phyllodocida). Toxic activity of putative toxins, measured on mussel gills through the Comet assay, revealed higher effects caused by extracts from <em>H. diversicolor</em> skin and <em>G. alba</em> specialised, jawed proboscis, when compared to control. The results suggest that <em>H</em>. <em>diversicolor</em> secretes toxins via skin for protection against predators, contrarily to <em>G. alba</em>, who secretes toxins for predation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171022000261/pdfft?md5=77b86e2b571fa5bdd143efb9a1697f05&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171022000261-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42337875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicon and Toxicon: X – 2022 and beyond","authors":"Raymond S. Norton ,&nbsp;Denise V. Tambourgi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100098","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100098"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1d/5d/main.PMC8844711.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39948819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verified envenomations by crevice weaver spiders (genus Kukulcania): Bites are of minor expression but the spiders are commonly misidentified as medically important brown recluses (genus Loxosceles) in North America","authors":"Richard S. Vetter","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>From southern North America, five verified bites by crevice weaver spiders, <em>Kukulcania</em> spp. (Filistatidae), are presented here, three of which are pediatric cases. Although the envenomation manifestations were of minimal expression, the salient aspect of this report is that <em>Kukulcania</em> spiders are frequently misidentified as brown recluse spiders (genus <em>Loxosceles</em>) which are infamous for causing serious dermonecrosis and rarely, life-threatening systemic effects. Misidentification of this relatively harmless spider as a medically important recluse when presented to a physician in an envenomation episode could lead to unwarranted and overzealous treatment such as contraindicated debridement of the affected area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39879613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A transdisciplinary approach to snakebite envenoming","authors":"Rafael Ruiz de Castañeda ,&nbsp;Isabelle Bolon ,&nbsp;José María Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8718666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39891921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behaviour of the Sydney funnel-web spider Atrax robustus over different contexts, time, and stimuli","authors":"Linda Hernández Duran ,&nbsp;David Thomas Wilson ,&nbsp;Tasmin Lee Rymer","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Atrax robustus</em> is an iconic Australian spider because the venom can be lethal to humans. Moreover, some of the venom biomolecules have promise as therapeutic and bioinsecticidal leads. Nonetheless, aspects related to the life history and behaviour of this species, which might influence changes in venom components, have been overlooked. We assessed different behavioural traits (antipredator behaviour, defensiveness and activity) of juveniles and adult females across different contexts (predation, conspecific tolerance and exploration of a new territory) and stimuli (puff of air versus prod) over time. Adults responded to a puff of air faster than juveniles, but in response to a prod, both juveniles and adults become more defensive over time. No differences were observed between adults and juveniles for conspecific tolerance and exploration. Understanding behaviour of venomous species is important because behaviours may affect physiological traits, such as venom, and the ability of spiders to adapt to different conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171022000030/pdfft?md5=1eccf8013ff220686ada70e83b6a3dfc&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171022000030-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92167674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of bleaching on cnidarian venom ecology","authors":"K.L. Kaposi ,&nbsp;R.L. Courtney ,&nbsp;J.E. Seymour","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cnidarian bleaching research often focuses on the effects on a cnidarian's physiological health and fitness, whilst little focus has been towards the impacts of these events on their venom ecology. Given the importance of a cnidarian's venom to their survival and the increasing threat of bleaching events, it is important to understand the effects that this threat may have on this important aspect of their ecology as it may have unforeseen impacts on their ability to catch prey and defend themselves. This review aims to explore evidence that suggests that bleaching may impact on each of the key aspects of a cnidarians' venom ecology: cnidae, venom composition, and venom toxicity. Additionally, the resulting energy deficit, compensatory heterotrophic feeding, and increased defensive measures have been highlighted as possible ecological factors driving these changes. Suggestions are also made to guide the success of research in this field into the future, specifically in regards to selecting a study organism, the importance of accurate symbiont and cnidae identification, use of appropriate bleaching methods, determination of bleaching, and animal handling. Ultimately, this review highlights a significant and important gap in our knowledge into how cnidarians are, and will, continue to be impacted by bleaching stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/45/e1/main.PMC8819380.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39614364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snakebite envenoming in humanitarian crises and migration: A scoping review and the Médecins Sans Frontières experience","authors":"Gabriel Alcoba ,&nbsp;Julien Potet ,&nbsp;Renaud Vatrinet ,&nbsp;Saschveen Singh ,&nbsp;Carolina Nanclares ,&nbsp;Alexandra Kruse ,&nbsp;Margriet Den Boer ,&nbsp;Lucas Molfino ,&nbsp;Koert Ritmeijer","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Snakebite envenoming is a public health concern in many countries affected by humanitarian crises. Its magnitude was recognized internationally but associations between snakebite peaks and humanitarian crises were never clearly established or analysed. This scoping review searched any available evidence of this hypothesized association between snakebite types of crises, through PubMed/Medline by two researchers. The search also included hand searching, and reports from humanitarian organizations working in this area.</p><p>The scoping review yielded 41 results. None described a robust epidemiological link or evidence of causality. There is an evidence gap regarding our research question. Several publications however point or hint towards the occurrence of snakebite outbreaks during conflict, displacement, floods, and migration of impoverished agricultural workers. Non-systematic screening yielded another 11 publications (52 in total). We found Médecins Sans Frontières routine reports showing that 6469 patients were admitted in 2019 throughout its projects in 17 countries. The impact of snakebite was the highest in four countries particularly affected by humanitarian crises, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Central African Republic, and Yemen, with some hospitals receiving more than 1000 annual admissions. Time correlations with conflict and events are shown in Figures. We found no published epidemiological data formally showing any associations between humanitarian crises and snakebite incidence. However, the search publications showing peaks during crises, and monitoring curves in four countries point towards an increased risk during humanitarian crises.</p><p>We call for urgent population-based studies and surveillance. Stakeholders should consider upgrading snakebite care and antivenom supply during humanitarian crises in snakebite-endemic countries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/01/85/main.PMC8718667.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39891922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic and toxicological analysis of the venom of Micrurus yatesi and its neutralization by an antivenom","authors":"Gianni Mena ,&nbsp;Stephanie Chaves-Araya ,&nbsp;Johelen Chacón ,&nbsp;Enikő Török ,&nbsp;Ferenc Török ,&nbsp;Fabián Bonilla ,&nbsp;Mahmood Sasa ,&nbsp;José María Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Bruno Lomonte ,&nbsp;Julián Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Coralsnakes belong to the family Elapidae and possess venoms which are lethal to humans and can be grouped based on the predominance of either three finger toxins (3FTxs) or phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s). A proteomic and toxicological analysis of the venom of the coralsnake <em>Micrurus yatesi</em> was performed. This species, distributed in southeastern Costa Rica, was formerly considered a subspecies of <em>M. alleni</em>. Results showed that this venom is PLA₂-rich, in contrast with the previously studied venom of <em>Micrurus alleni</em>. Toxicological evaluation of the venom, in accordance with proteomic data, revealed that it has a markedly higher <em>in vitro</em> PLA₂ activity upon a synthetic substrate than M. <em>alleni.</em> The evaluation of <em>in vivo</em> myotoxicity in CD-1 mice using histological evaluation and plasma creatine kinase release also showed that <em>M. yatesi</em> venom caused muscle damage. A commercial equine antivenom prepared using the venom of <em>Micrurus nigrocinctus</em> displayed a similar recognition of the venoms of <em>M. yatesi</em> and <em>M. nigrocinctus</em> by enzyme immunoassay<em>.</em> This antivenom also immunorecognized the main fractions of the venom of <em>M. yatesi</em> and was able to neutralize its lethal effect in a murine model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171022000078/pdfft?md5=d8f7513dd9a61f46cdd2b5eae98b0e01&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171022000078-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41496564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterologous expression of four recombinant toxins from Panamanian scorpions of the genus Tityus and Centruroides for production of antivenom","authors":"Marcos H. Salazar ,&nbsp;Herlinda Clement ,&nbsp;Ligia L. Corrales-García ,&nbsp;Jairo Sánchez ,&nbsp;John Cleghorn ,&nbsp;Fernando Zamudio ,&nbsp;Lourival D. Possani ,&nbsp;Hildaura Acosta ,&nbsp;Gerardo Corzo","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The development of more effective antivenoms remains a necessity for countries where scorpionism is a public health problem. Also, the regionalization of antivenoms may be important for some countries with special scorpionism characteristics.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Production of antibodies capable of neutralizing the lethal effect of the venom of three scorpion species from Panama.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The primary structures of two neurotoxins from <em>T. pachyurus,</em> one from <em>T. cerroazul</em> and another from <em>C. bicolor</em> were elucidated using N-terminal amino acid degradation and Sanger gene cloned sequencing. The obtained mRNA transcripts were cloned and expressed using <em>E. coli</em> vectors. Different bacterial expression conditions were tested and the best culture conditions for each expressed protein is reported. The expressed scorpion toxins were purified by chromatographic methods and used as immunogens in rabbits.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The antibodies produced under the reported immunization scheme show better neutralization (ED₅₀) than other reported commercial antivenoms used to neutralize similar species scorpion venoms under similar LD₅₀ conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The information reported here shows the proof of concept for selecting recombinant immunogens with the ability to produce antibodies for neutralizing the lethal effects of the most important medical species of scorpions in Panama.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b6/5f/main.PMC8728522.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39678911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of chemical defense in harlequin toads (Bufonidae: Atelopus)","authors":"Kannon C. Pearson,&nbsp;Rebecca D. Tarvin","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toads of the genus <em>Atelopus</em> are chemically defended by a unique combination of endogenously synthesized cardiotoxins (bufadienolides) and neurotoxins which may be sequestered (guanidinium alkaloids). Investigation into <em>Atelopus</em> small-molecule chemical defenses has been primarily concerned with identifying and characterizing various forms of these toxins while largely overlooking their ecological roles and evolutionary implications. In addition to describing the extent of knowledge about <em>Atelopus</em> toxin structures, pharmacology, and biological sources, we review the detection, identification, and quantification methods used in studies of <em>Atelopus</em> toxins to date and conclude that many known toxin profiles are unlikely to be comprehensive because of methodological and sampling limitations. Patterns in existing data suggest that both environmental (toxin availability) and genetic (capacity to synthesize or sequester toxins) factors influence toxin profiles. From an ecological and evolutionary perspective, we summarize the possible selective pressures acting on <em>Atelopus</em> toxicity and toxin profiles, including predation, intraspecies communication, disease, and reproductive status. Ultimately, we intend to provide a basis for future ecological, evolutionary, and biochemical research on <em>Atelopus</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a4/fb/main.PMC8801762.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39614363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}