Toxicon: X最新文献

Epidemiological and geodemographic patterns of scorpionism in Ecuador: A nationwide analysis (2021–2024)

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100218

Jorge Vasconez-Gonzalez , Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy , Camila Miño , María de Lourdes Noboa-Lasso , Esteban Ortiz-Prado

{"title":"Epidemiological and geodemographic patterns of scorpionism in Ecuador: A nationwide analysis (2021–2024)","authors":"Jorge Vasconez-Gonzalez , Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy , Camila Miño , María de Lourdes Noboa-Lasso , Esteban Ortiz-Prado","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Approximately 1.2 million scorpion stings are reported globally each year, resulting in an estimated 3000 deaths. Of the 2500 known scorpion species, about 40 are considered medically significant. In Ecuador, where at least 47 scorpion species exist, information on scorpion stings remains scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A nationwide cross-sectional analysis was conducted on all officially reported cases of scorpion stings documented in the epidemiological surveillance reports from the Ministry of Public Health in Ecuador between 2021 and 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 1633 cases were identified, with women accounting for 52% of cases (n = 849). The highest incidence was observed among children aged one to four years old, with rates of 18.16 and 19.11 per 100,000 inhabitants for males and females, respectively. Geographically, the Amazon region was the most affected, with the province of Morona Santiago reporting the highest incidence at 284.14 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Scorpion stings represent a significant and underreported public health threat in Ecuador. This study highlights the considerable disease burden, particularly in specific regions of the country, and underscores the urgent need for targeted public health interventions and policy changes, including the local production of antivenoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Methods matter: Comparison of techniques used for sea anemone venom extraction

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100219

K.L. Kaposi , D.T. Wilson , A. Jones , J.E. Seymour

{"title":"Methods matter: Comparison of techniques used for sea anemone venom extraction","authors":"K.L. Kaposi , D.T. Wilson , A. Jones , J.E. Seymour","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of cnidarian (coral, sea anemone, and jellyfish) venom provides important evolutionary and ecological insights and unlocks vast opportunities for biodiscovery of novel compounds. The success of the field is dependent on not only the acquisition of sufficient quantities of venom but also the ability to compare venom between species and studies. To date, no direct comparison of the main techniques used to acquire sea anemone venom has been performed to determine the comparability or validity of these methods to yield venom derived from within cnidarian venom apparatus – cnidae. This study aims to compare the venom extracted from a sea anemone via three common methods: isolated cnidae, electrostimulation, and physical manipulation. Using a range of non-targeted proteomic and mass spectrometric techniques, we showed each method yielded distinct differences in both the composition and abundance of components detected for extraction method. Furthermore, few identified components were shared between each of the extraction methods. These results highlight that different venom collection methods yield vastly different results. While further investigation is required, to validate the source of each of the components from within each sample, we argue that sample collection from isolated cnidae is likely to be the most representative of true venom components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comparative analysis of toxin gene families across diverse sea anemone species

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100217

Hayden L. Smith , Daniel A. Broszczak , Chloé A. van der Burg , Joachim M. Surm , Libby Liggins , Raymond S. Norton , Peter J. Prentis

{"title":"A comparative analysis of toxin gene families across diverse sea anemone species","authors":"Hayden L. Smith , Daniel A. Broszczak , Chloé A. van der Burg , Joachim M. Surm , Libby Liggins , Raymond S. Norton , Peter J. Prentis","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All species from order Actiniaria (sea anemones) are venomous, even though most are of no threat to humans. Currently, we know very little about the toxin gene complement of highly venomous members of this order. To address this gap in knowledge, we sequenced the transcriptome of the highly venomous and medically significant Hell's Fire sea anemone, <em>Actinodendron plumosum</em>, as well as five distantly related species, <em>Cryptodendrum adhaesivum</em>, <em>Epiactis australiensis</em>, <em>Heteractis aurora</em>, <em>Isactinia olivacea</em> and <em>Stichodactyla mertensii</em>. We used bioinformatic approaches to identify their toxin gene complements and performed a comparative evolutionary analysis of seven understudied toxin families. Of the 16 toxin families identified, 12–40 candidate toxins were found in the six new sea anemone transcriptomes, with only 12 candidates in eight toxin families identified in <em>A. plumosum</em>. Across 26 sea anemone species, six neurotoxin families showed evidence of taxonomic restriction, whereas the phospholipase A2 toxin family was ubiquitously distributed. Additionally, we identified two alternative forms for the phospholipase A2 toxin family, a 10- and 14-cysteine framework, which warrant further structural and functional characterisation. Overall, we have identified a comprehensive list of toxins from a wide diversity of sea anemone species that provides the basis for future research to structurally and functionally characterise novel candidates for potential use as therapeutics or for agricultural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Oligomer assembly of Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt2Aa2 on lipid membranes reveals a thread-like structure

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100220

Chontida Tangsongcharoen , Jose L. Toca-Herrera , Boonhiang Promdonkoy , Kanokporn Srisucharitpanit , Sudarat Tharad

{"title":"Oligomer assembly of Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt2Aa2 on lipid membranes reveals a thread-like structure","authors":"Chontida Tangsongcharoen , Jose L. Toca-Herrera , Boonhiang Promdonkoy , Kanokporn Srisucharitpanit , Sudarat Tharad","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em>, a well-known insecticidal bacterium, produces several insecticidal proteins, including cytolytic (Cyt) proteins. Cyt proteins bind directly to the lipid membrane and form large protein complexes. In addition to the protein ladder bands, information on the oligomeric structure in lipid membranes is necessary to understand the mechanism of Cyt proteins on target cells. In this work, we have investigated the oligomeric Cyt2Aa2 complex with synthetic lipid and with erythrocyte membranes. When the activated Cyt2Aa2 protein was incubated with these lipid membranes, the protein ladder pattern relevant to hemolytic activity was detected in SDS-PAGE. Moreover, AFM topographic images revealed a fusilli-like structure and a ring-like structure for synthetic POPC and POPC/Chol, respectively. Furthermore, TEM micrographs provided an additional information on the oligomeric structure of Cyt2Aa2 in erythrocytes. Cyt2Aa2 appears to oligomerise/aggregate into mixed structures between the filamentous structure and small protein complexes in erythrocytes. In addition, a nanopore was found to be a substructure of the filamentous structure. These results strengthen the understanding of Cyt2Aa2 behavior in these two membrane systems, the fusilli and ring-like structures, depending on the type of lipid membrane. Furthermore, the structure of Cyt2Aa2 in insect target membranes remains to be investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biochemical characterization of the venom of the Bolivian endemic pit viper Bothrops sanctaecrucis

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100216

Kevin Lobo-López , Matías E. Martínez , Micaela A. Gritti , María E. Peichoto

{"title":"Biochemical characterization of the venom of the Bolivian endemic pit viper Bothrops sanctaecrucis","authors":"Kevin Lobo-López , Matías E. Martínez , Micaela A. Gritti , María E. Peichoto","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem in South America, specifically those related to the <em>Bothrops</em> genus, due to their high incidence, complexity and severity of envenomation symptoms. The species <em>B. sanctaecrucis</em>, the only one from this genus endemic to Bolivia, is the most frequently found and involved in snakebites in the Chapare region of Cochabamba; however, its toxicological implications on human health are poorly known. Herein we conducted the first biochemical characterization of its venom. Its electrophoretic profile showed components mainly ranging from ∼10 to 37 kDa, resembling other <em>Bothrops</em> venoms. The venom exhibited high activity on azocasein (47.65 U/mg) and the thrombin-specific substrate S-2238 (625.55 μmol/min/mg), and noticeably hydrolyzed gelatin and human fibrin(ogen). The venom also degraded lecithin and hyaluronic acid, but both at low levels. These <em>in vitro</em> results point out a toxic mechanism of action fundamentally at a local level, with tissue damage likely caused (although not exclusively) by SVMPs. Immunochemical reactivity was evaluated against <em>Bothrops</em> antivenoms produced in Argentina, which not only exhibited cross-reaction by Western Blotting but also neutralized the procoagulant activity of the venom. This study offers first insights into the venom components of <em>B. sanctaecrucis</em>, and provides preliminary and important information about the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the envenomation by this species, paving the way for treatment strategies in such accidents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100216"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drugs from poisonous plants: Ethnopharmacological relevance to modern perspectives

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100215

Bhagya Lakhmi Rajbongshi , Ashis K. Mukherjee

{"title":"Drugs from poisonous plants: Ethnopharmacological relevance to modern perspectives","authors":"Bhagya Lakhmi Rajbongshi , Ashis K. Mukherjee","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The world of plant diversity is endlessly fascinating and essential for life on Earth. Since the inception of early civilization, humans have utilized plants for several purposes, particularly for their medicinal value. While some plants are known for their toxicity, they also contain beneficial phytochemicals that are important for both plants and humans, indicating their dual nature. This study aims to explore and synthesize the existing knowledge on various poisonous plant species found worldwide. It primarily focuses on the therapeutic potential of specific types of phytochemicals responsible for treating multiple diseases. This review includes a list of 70 poisonous plants with medicinal properties for treating various ailments, as well as some of their traditional uses. A few of these plants are emphasized, which have been tremendously explored and studied, hold significant potential to contribute to modern drug discovery. Furthermore, it addresses the possible prospects and challenges of using poisonous plants and their phytochemicals as therapeutic agents. Although the therapeutic potential of poisonous plants is substantial, many toxins remain unexplored. This review accentuates the need for rigorous scientific investigations, prior to clinical trials to validate their traditional uses, which would reveal the pharmacological interventions that will eventually advance human health and well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Feasibility study: Varespladib protects CD-1 mice from lethal doses of whole bee (Apis mellifera) venom

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100214

James Hearth , Kaitlin Linne , Jerry Harrison , Hossein Zolfaghari , Matthew R. Lewin

{"title":"Feasibility study: Varespladib protects CD-1 mice from lethal doses of whole bee (Apis mellifera) venom","authors":"James Hearth , Kaitlin Linne , Jerry Harrison , Hossein Zolfaghari , Matthew R. Lewin","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swarming Hymenoptera attacks can deliver high cumulative doses of venom resulting in death and life-threatening or chronically disabling injuries. Varespladib, a potent inhibitor of snake venom secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), is a relatively weak inhibitor of whole bee venom sPLA2 <em>in vitro</em> (pico-to low nanomolar for snake venom compared to <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow></math></span> M for <em>Apis millera</em>). Animal studies of varespladib against wasp (<em>Vespa mandarinia</em>) venom have shown promise against both nephropathy and coagulopathy, major markers of severe systemic toxicity distinct from hypersensitivity such as anaphylactoid and anaphylaxis reactions. We conducted a simple pilot study to evaluate if varespladib could feasibly decrease mortality against lethal doses of honeybee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) venom in a murine model. When pre-mixed with a single dose of 10 mg/kg varespladib and administered intravenously (IV), varespladib prevented all mortality (0 of 10) in comparison to a cohort of mice administered lethal doses of whole bee venom alone (6 of 10) during a 24-h study period (N = 10 each group; log rank χ<sup>2</sup> = 8.29; p < 0.005), and it eliminated signs of toxicity within 2 h while control animals either died or continued to show signs of toxicity. Survival in these animals despite poor <em>in vitro</em> sPLA2 inhibition suggests that suppression of the host sPLA2 response itself might play a role in the treatment of venom toxicity using an enzyme inhibitor rather than antivenom antibodies. Varespladib could be a useful tool for dissecting fundamental interactions between exogenous toxins and their corresponding endogenous counterparts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A polygeneric immunogen composed of 22 venoms from sub-Saharan African snakes to expand the neutralization scope of the EchiTAb-plus-ICP antivenom 由 22 种撒哈拉以南非洲蛇类毒液组成的多基因免疫原，可扩大 EchiTAb-plus-ICP 抗蛇毒血清的中和范围

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100213

Andrés Sánchez, Gina Durán, Maykel Cerdas, Jairo Gutiérrez, Álvaro Segura, María Herrera, Mariángela Vargas, Adriana Sánchez, Paola Sánchez, Gabriela Solano, Mauren Villalta, Edwin Moscoso, Deibid Umaña, Mauricio Arguedas, Aarón Gómez, José María Gutiérrez, Guillermo León

{"title":"A polygeneric immunogen composed of 22 venoms from sub-Saharan African snakes to expand the neutralization scope of the EchiTAb-plus-ICP antivenom","authors":"Andrés Sánchez, Gina Durán, Maykel Cerdas, Jairo Gutiérrez, Álvaro Segura, María Herrera, Mariángela Vargas, Adriana Sánchez, Paola Sánchez, Gabriela Solano, Mauren Villalta, Edwin Moscoso, Deibid Umaña, Mauricio Arguedas, Aarón Gómez, José María Gutiérrez, Guillermo León","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research suggests that a polygeneric immunogen made from the venoms of the most medically important viperid and elapid snakes in sub-Saharan Africa could elicit a broader antibody response in horses compared to the current EchiTAb-plus-ICP antivenom, especially against neurotoxic elapid venoms. To test this, 25 horses that have been regularly immunized to produce this antivenom were reimmunized with an immunogen containing 22 venoms from various snake species from the genera <em>Bitis</em>, <em>Echis</em>, <em>Dendroaspis</em>, and both spitting and non-spitting <em>Naja</em>. The plasma collected from these horses was processed using the caprylic acid method to produce an industrial-scale freeze-dried antivenom. The anti-lethal neutralization scope of this new formulation was then compared to that of EchiTAb-plus-ICP which is designed to target the venoms of <em>Bitis arietans</em>, <em>Echis ocellatus</em>, <em>Naja nigricollis</em>, and <em>Dendroaspis polylepis</em>. The results indicated that adding more venoms to the immunogen did not significantly enhance the neutralization of the lethal effect of viperid venoms (except for <em>Bitis nasicornis</em>) or of venoms of spitting cobras (except for <em>Naja katiensis</em>). However, incorporating additional venoms from non-spitting neurotoxic <em>Naja</em> spp. and <em>Dendroaspis</em> spp. improved the neutralization scope of EchiTAb-plus-ICP against these neurotoxic venoms. The antivenom generated showed a wider anti-lethal neutralizing scope, as compared to the standard EchiTAb-plus-ICP antivenom and constitutes a good candidate to be tested in clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stress levels, hematological condition, and productivity of plasma-producing horses used for snake antivenom manufacture: A comparison of two industrial bleeding methods 用于制造蛇毒血清的产血马的应激水平、血液状况和生产率：两种工业化放血方法的比较

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100212

Ana Margarita Arias-Esquivel , Edwin Moscoso , Deibid Umaña , Mauricio Arguedas , Daniela Solano , Gina Durán , Aarón Gómez , José María Gutiérrez , Guillermo León

{"title":"Stress levels, hematological condition, and productivity of plasma-producing horses used for snake antivenom manufacture: A comparison of two industrial bleeding methods","authors":"Ana Margarita Arias-Esquivel , Edwin Moscoso , Deibid Umaña , Mauricio Arguedas , Daniela Solano , Gina Durán , Aarón Gómez , José María Gutiérrez , Guillermo León","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The immunization and industrial bleeding of horses are essential stages for producing snake antivenoms. In Costa Rica, the traditional method involves stimulating the antibody response of horses by periodically injecting venoms, collecting hyperimmune plasma over three consecutive bleeding days, and repeating this process every eight weeks. While this method does not cause major physical or hematological issues in horses, the associated stress has not been evaluated. We compared this traditional method with an alternative method that involves injecting venoms, collecting hyperimmune plasma in a single bleeding day, and repeating the process every two weeks. We assessed stress (via serum and fecal cortisol levels and an ethological study), hematological parameters (hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration), and plasma productivity over eight months. Serum cortisol levels remained within the normal range for both methods throughout the immunization/bleeding cycle. However, serum and fecal cortisol levels were significantly higher in horses subjected to the traditional method compared to those in the alternative method. Neither method caused significant hematological alterations. Notably, the alternative method yielded a higher volume of plasma. We concluded that adopting the alternative method ensures horse welfare while improving industrial bleeding productivity. This approach may reduce costs and improve the availability of this essential treatment for vulnerable populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diagnosis of human envenoming by terrestrial venomous animals: Routine, advances, and perspectives 陆生有毒动物致人类中毒的诊断：常规、进展和前景

IF 3.6

Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100211

Joeliton S. Cavalcante , Sabrina Santana Toledo Arruda , Pedro Marques Riciopo , Manuela Pucca , Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior

引用次数: 0