Toxicon: X最新文献

{"title":"From association to inference: polyvalent antivenom and response-based algorithms in the Craspedocephalus malabaricus complex","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100244","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147327557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute toxic effects of Bothrops atrox venom on calcium homeostasis and bone tissue in mice","authors":"Hatem Kallel ,&nbsp;Latifa Hamdaoui ,&nbsp;Malek Elerou ,&nbsp;Marwa Lakhrem ,&nbsp;Stephanie Houcke ,&nbsp;Majed Kammoun ,&nbsp;Dabor Resiere ,&nbsp;Tarek Rebai ,&nbsp;Jean Marc Pujo ,&nbsp;Ibtissem Ben Amara","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bothrops atrox</em> is a terrestrial pit viper inhabiting the Amazon region. The venom of <em>B. atrox</em> acts almost immediately at the site of the bite, leading to significant tissue damage, but also affects different organs. The present study investigated the acute impact of intraperitoneally administered <em>B. atrox</em> venom on bone tissue integrity and calcium homeostasis in mice. Plasma, bone homogenate, and urine samples from adult male and female Swiss mice (30 ± 2 g/mouse) were analyzed to assess calcium and phosphorus levels. Additionally, we examined bone oxidative stress parameters alongside histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Our findings showed that <em>B. atrox</em> envenoming results in profound phosphocalcic homeostasis disturbances with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and decreased calcium and phosphorus bone content. We also observed increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and consumption of antioxidants. Histological examination and SEM of bone tissue revealed thinning and discontinuity of trabecular bone and a significant reduction in intertrabecular links. In conclusion, <em>B. atrox</em> envenoming profoundly impacts bone metabolism and structural integrity in mice. The venom induces substantial alterations in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, elevates oxidative stress, and disrupts the antioxidant defense system. Histological and SEM analyses reveal extensive damage to the trabecular bone architecture, reinforcing the harmful effects of the venom on skeletal health. These results underscore the need for further research to better understand the acute and long-term implications of <em>B. atrox</em> envenoming, particularly regarding its potential impact on human bone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel, non-invasive cnidarian venom extraction device","authors":"Phillip J. Robinson ,&nbsp;Steven A. Trim ,&nbsp;Carol M. Trim","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cnidaria represent one of the most ancient venomous lineages with thousands of extant species and their toxins have long been known to signify a source of therapeutic potential. Despite this recognition, cnidarian toxin research has progressed relatively slowly when compared to other taxa. One of the major factors for this slow development pertains to the difficulties involved with obtaining samples, particularly from benthic species which are sessile, where dissected tissues have historically been required. Additionally, the instability of marine venoms has further hindered progression of cnidarian venom research. The research presented aimed to address these issues through the design and development of a novel, non-invasive, venom extraction device that works on a range of cnidarian species. The device functioned underwater at depths ranging from 50 mm down to 5 m whilst scuba diving and was able to successfully obtain venom samples from all 12 species tested. These species were from three taxonomic groups Actiniaria (sea anemones), Scleractinia (corals) and Scyphozoan (Jellyfish) with four species from each. These venom samples revealed the expected phospholipase A2 activity but also the four Scleractinia venoms demonstrated phospholipase A2 inhibitory properties. This is the first description of phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity in cnidarian venoms and further work is required for full characterisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro-in vivo discord: A preclinical study of AZD2716 and its racemate with comparison to varespladib for the development of snake venom sPLA2 inhibitors","authors":"James L. Hearth ,&nbsp;Yulia Surovtseva ,&nbsp;Zuzana Karjala ,&nbsp;Nicholas R. Casewell ,&nbsp;Kate Giang ,&nbsp;Matthew R. Lewin","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We evaluated a family of repurposed sPLA2 inhibitors as novel candidate snakebite envenoming therapeutics. Stereospecific (<em>R</em>)-7 AZD2716 and its racemic mixture were compared to varespladib in an <em>in vitro</em> sPLA2 assay against a sample of 26 venoms from medically important snake species from five continents. All compounds demonstrated potent nano-to picomolar IC₅₀ values, comparable to the benchmark inhibitory profile of varespladib. Surprisingly, however, this <em>in vitro</em> efficacy did not translate to survival in an <em>in vivo</em> mouse model under GLP standard conditions at an independent third party laboratory. In animal rescue studies evaluating both oral and IV dosing against the same four high sPLA2 venoms, varespladib demonstrated more consistent survival duration versus the chirally separated AZD2716 enantiomer and racemate following single-dose intravenous or two-dose oral drug administration. Additionally, the stereospecific AZD2716 did not provide the same survival advantage as the racemic mixture and neither molecule resulted in the same survival advantage as varespladib <em>in vivo</em> (p &lt; 0.05), despite similar <em>in vitro</em> potency. These findings highlight the importance of following <em>in vitro</em> inhibition assays with preclinical studies in drug candidate selection for lead compounds and advancement to clinical development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147285436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effect of Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides and Salvadora persica extracts against Androctonus finitimus envenomation","authors":"Samima Asad Butt ,&nbsp;Hafiz Muhammad Tahir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Mohsin Ahsan ,&nbsp;Aamir Ali ,&nbsp;Ayesha Muzamil ,&nbsp;Muniba Tariq ,&nbsp;Dilawar Abbas ,&nbsp;Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz Alamri ,&nbsp;Saeedah Almutairi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Androctonus finitimus</em> (Pocock, 1897; Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a highly venomous scorpion species that poses a substantial threat to humans and livestock, often resulting in severe envenomation incidents and even fatalities. Medicinal plants, rich in secondary metabolites, represent a valuable source of compounds with diverse pharmacological and therapeutic potential. Current study investigated the venom neutralization potential of <em>Prosopis cineraria</em>, <em>Salvadora oleoides</em> and <em>Salvadora persica</em> using Swiss albino mice as model. The lethal dose (LD₉₉) of <em>A. finitimus</em> venom for mice was 1.5 μg/g. Methanolic extract of <em>P. cineraria</em> showed 100 % venom neutralization, followed by <em>S. persica</em> (72 %) and <em>S. oleoides</em> (50 %). The values of liver function markers including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and bilirubin; muscle damage markers including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and renal function markers including creatinine and urea were significantly higher in negative control group which did not receive any treatment after exposing with the venom as compared to positive control and plant extract's treated groups. The major active compounds found in <em>P. cineraria, S. persica</em> and <em>S. oleoides</em> were palmitic acid, neophytadiene and octadecamethyl-cyclononasiloxane respectively. The current study provides some empirical basis for the traditional use of <em>P. cineraria</em> in treating scorpion envenomation and may have potential for development into anti-venom medicines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vascular insufficiency in the extremities following jellyfish-sting envenomation in Malaysia","authors":"Nur Afiqah Kamsani ,&nbsp;Lay Tin Tan ,&nbsp;Mohamad Muhyiddin Khalid ,&nbsp;Ahmad Khaldun Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Vascular insufficiency is an uncommon but potentially limb-threatening complication of jellyfish envenomation, with limited documentation in Southeast Asia. This study characterizes its epidemiology, clinical course, and response to targeted vasodilator therapy in Malaysia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cohort review was conducted for confirmed jellyfish-sting cases complicated by vascular insufficiency reported to the Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2017 to 2022. Demographic, geographic, clinical, and management data were extracted from RECS consultation logs. Serial Doppler ultrasound findings and treatment responses were analysed descriptively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 105 jellyfish sting consultations, four (3.8 %) cases of vascular insufficiency were identified, all occurring in coastal Penang and affecting children aged 7–12 years. All primary stings involved the upper limbs; two had concurrent lower limb lesions. The onset of peripheral numbness and cyanosis occurred on day three post-sting. Doppler ultrasonography revealed subcutaneous oedema, reduced arterial calibre, and diminished flow velocities consistent with arterial vasospasm. All patients received intravenous iloprost (0.5–2 ng/kg/min) with gradual tapering, guided by clinical and Doppler parameters. Rapid improvement in perfusion was documented in all cases, with minimal adverse effects (vomiting, dyspnoea, haematuria). Hospitalization lasted 12–32 days. Three patients achieved full functional recovery; one had residual scarring and contracture. No deaths occurred.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Delayed-onset arterial vasospasm can complicate paediatric jellyfish stings, particularly in the upper limb. Early recognition of evolving ischemic signs and timely initiation of iloprost with structured tapering may avert tissue loss. Broader drug availability and standardized treatment algorithms are needed to optimize outcomes in resource-limited coastal settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Epidemiological and geodemographic patterns of scorpionism in Ecuador: A nationwide analysis (2021–2024)” [Toxicon X 26(2025) 1–6/100218]","authors":"Jorge Vasconez-Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy ,&nbsp;Camila Miño ,&nbsp;María de Lourdes Noboa-Lasso ,&nbsp;Esteban Ortiz-Prado","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147449089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic analysis of FACS-enriched whole nematocysts from the colonial hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus","authors":"Anna M.L. Klompen ,&nbsp;Kevin Ferro ,&nbsp;Cassandra G. Kempf ,&nbsp;Laurence Florens ,&nbsp;Matthew C. Gibson ,&nbsp;Paulyn Cartwright","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cnidarians possess a cell-based venom system in the form of nematocytes or “stinging cells” that are found across various tissues. The scattered distribution of these venom-containing cells makes isolation difficult, particularly for proteomic studies. These challenges can be circumvented in laboratory systems with efficient culturing conditions and robust molecular resources for downstream validation, such as exists for <em>Hydra</em> and <em>Nematostella.</em> The colonial hydrozoan <em>Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus</em> is an established laboratory model and an emerging candidate for functional studies of the venom system. Here, we present a proteome derived from a fluorescence-activated cell sorted cell population of developing and mature nematocytes from an established <em>Hydractinia</em> transgenic line. We detected a total of 8,470 proteins, of which 2,232 could be statistically quantified across two different fluorescence-activated cell sorting gating strategies. We found that 165 proteins were enriched within a more lenient, low-cell bias strategy while 760 proteins were enriched using a more stringent gating strategy with greater predicted cell viability. We compared this dataset to a previously assembled nematocyst-enriched transcriptome, as well as two different single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets for <em>Hydractinia,</em> to validate the enrichment of protein candidates in the nematocyte lineage. Furthermore, we evaluated orthologous clusters shared between our <em>Hydractinia</em> proteome, a well-established nematocyst proteome from <em>Hydra,</em> and nematocyst-enriched proteomes from two other cnidarians. Through these comparisons, we revealed substantial shared clusters across these four cnidarian species as well as multiple hydrozoan-specific clusters. Overall, our proteomic analysis provides an integral, complementary resource to the established molecular and laboratory tools available in <em>Hydractinia,</em> advancing its utility as a functional venom systems model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147327520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency detoxification of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 by laccase Lac-W with ABTS","authors":"Kun Xu ,&nbsp;Ding Zhang ,&nbsp;Chang Geng ,&nbsp;Xuehui Wang ,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Harmer ,&nbsp;Jingya Yang ,&nbsp;Jingyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Wenbo Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Type B fumonisins (FBs), including fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), fumonisin B₂ (FB₂) and fumonisin B₃ (FB₃), are common mycotoxins in cereal and food products. FBs contamination causes substantial social impacts and economic losses. Effective control of FBs contamination is essential for human and animal health. Laccase Lac-W has the unique property of degrading a variety of mycotoxins in the absence of mediators. Nevertheless, the degradation rates are low. In this study, a laccase mediator system (LMS), Lac-W-2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (Lac-W-ABTS), was constructed by screening different mediators, which can improve the degradation rate of FB₁ (34.70 %) within 2 h. By optimizing the reaction conditions (static conditions, pH 7.0, 40 °C, 0.5 U/mL Lac-W, 5 mM ABTS), 1 μg/mL FB₁ was effectively degraded within 24 h (88.25 %), and FB₂ (93.16 %) and FB₃ (78.24 %) were degraded efficiently. The degradation products of FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ failed to generate cell death of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Additionally, two detoxification products (hydrolysed FB₁ (HFB₁) and tricarboxylic acid) of FB₁ were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. Finally, the mechanism by which ABTS acts as a more efficient electron acceptor and thus promotes Lac-W degradation of FB₁ was explained using molecular docking. This work highlights an eco-friendly bio-enzyme method that degrade FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ simultaneously and efficiently using only one enzyme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge structure and evolution of masked mycotoxin research in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and network analysis approach","authors":"Chimwemwe Chilenga ,&nbsp;William Kasapila ,&nbsp;Kingsley Masamba ,&nbsp;Tinnah Manani ,&nbsp;Victor Munkhuwa ,&nbsp;Brown Ndhlovu ,&nbsp;Kennedy Machira","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Masked mycotoxins are modified forms of mycotoxins that escape conventional detection, posing underexplored risks to food safety. Despite their potential public health risks, research on these compounds remains limited in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study systematically reviewed 22 publications, analyzing research trends, geographic focus, and knowledge gaps using network analysis to assess the evolution and structure of masked mycotoxin research in SSA. Studies began in 2013, grew slowly with one study per year from 2014 to 2017, and modestly increased to 2–4 studies annually between 2018 and 2024. Geographically, research efforts are concentrated in a few countries, particularly Nigeria (47.6 % of publications), with Ethiopia, South Africa, Kenya, and Namibia contributing sporadically. The findings reveal that only 13.6 % of the studies had masked, modified, emerging, or hidden mycotoxins as part of the primary focus of the study objectives, while the majority included them as ancillary findings. The most prevalent masked mycotoxins identified are derivatives of aflatoxins and fumonisins, which pose significant risks to food safety and public health. Emerging challenges include the limited detection capabilities and weak regulatory frameworks on masked mycotoxins, with many studies failing to capture the full extent of their impact. Notably, no systematic reviews were found to focus exclusively on masked mycotoxins, indicating a major research gap. The field remains fragmented and underdeveloped, with significant limitations in analytical capacity and geographic scope. Addressing these gaps requires enhanced regional collaboration, increased funding for targeted research, and the integration of masked mycotoxin monitoring into national food safety policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}