Toxicon: X最新文献

{"title":"Phytotoxicity effect of a highly toxic isolate of Alternaria alternata metabolites from Iran","authors":"Atefeh Sedighi,&nbsp;Abbas Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Alternaria</em> species produce several mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin (ATX), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). This research aimed to isolate and identify mycotoxins from highly toxic <em>Alternaria alternata</em> (w19) and <em>A</em>. <em>tennuisima</em> isolates and their phytotoxicity effects. Fungal metabolites were extracted from 21-day cultures of <em>Alternaria</em> in a Czapek broth medium with the organic solvent chloroform/acetone and identified using the HPLC method. <em>Alternaria</em> metabolites were infiltrated <em>in vivo</em> into several plant leaves for phytotoxicity detection. The study investigated the impact of temperature, time, and metabolite concentration on phytotoxicity using the detached leaf infiltration technique. Five mycotoxins (TTX, TeA, ALT, AOH, and AME) were detected in <em>A. alternata</em> W19 isolate with 959.24, 102.03, 24.01, 9.04, and 2.44 ppm, respectively. <em>A. tennuisima</em> produce these toxins in a lower concentration. Infiltration of fungal metabolites induced leaf chlorosis and necrosis, which differs based on temperature, concentration and plant species. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of <em>Alternaria</em> mycotoxins in Iran and a highly toxic isolate of <em>A. alternata</em> with rapid phytotoxicity on a wide range of susceptible hosts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171024000031/pdfft?md5=53ea310677808485ce94516569a05a41&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171024000031-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139883425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of commercially available snake antivenoms reveals high contents of endotoxins in some products","authors":"Gabriela Solano ,&nbsp;Stuart Ainsworth ,&nbsp;Adriana Sánchez ,&nbsp;Mauren Villalta ,&nbsp;Paola Sánchez ,&nbsp;Gina Durán ,&nbsp;José María Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Guillermo León","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As injectable therapeutics, snake antivenoms must meet specifications for endotoxin content. The <em>Limulus</em> amebocyte lysate (LAL) test was used to evaluate the endotoxin content in several commercially available antivenoms released for clinical use. It was found that some products have endotoxin concentrations higher than the accepted limit for these contaminants. These results emphasize the need to include endotoxin determination as part of the routine evaluation of antivenoms by manufacturers and regulatory agencies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171024000043/pdfft?md5=522794276dbbe073ace369bf7ea55737&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171024000043-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139885271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-content fluorescence bioassay investigates pore formation, ion channel modulation and cell membrane lysis induced by venoms","authors":"Simon Kramer ,&nbsp;Charan Kotapati ,&nbsp;Yuanzhao Cao ,&nbsp;Bryan G. Fry ,&nbsp;Nathan J. Palpant ,&nbsp;Glenn F. King ,&nbsp;Fernanda C. Cardoso","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Venoms comprise highly sophisticated bioactive molecules modulating ion channels, receptors, coagulation factors, and the cellular membranes. This array of targets and bioactivities requires advanced high-content bioassays to facilitate the development of novel envenomation treatments and biotechnological and pharmacological agents. In response to the existing gap in venom research, we developed a cutting-edge fluorescence-based high-throughput and high-content cellular assay. This assay enables the simultaneous identification of prevalent cellular activities induced by venoms such as membrane lysis, pore formation, and ion channel modulation. By integrating intracellular calcium with extracellular nucleic acid measurements, we have successfully distinguished these venom mechanisms within a single cellular assay. Our high-content bioassay was applied across three cell types exposed to venom components representing lytic, ion pore-forming or ion channel modulator toxins. Beyond unveiling distinct profiles for these action mechanisms, we found that the pore-forming latrotoxin α-Lt1a prefers human neuroblastoma to kidney cells and cardiomyocytes, while the lytic bee peptide melittin is not selective. Furthermore, evaluation of snake venoms showed that Elapid species induced rapid membrane lysis, while Viper species showed variable to no activity on neuroblastoma cells. These findings underscore the ability of our high-content bioassay to discriminate between clades and interspecific traits, aligning with clinical observations at venom level, beyond discriminating among ion pore-forming, membrane lysis and ion channel modulation. We hope our research will expedite the comprehension of venom biology and the diversity of toxins that elicit cytotoxic, cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects, and assist in identifying venom components that hold the potential to benefit humankind.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171024000018/pdfft?md5=636876b40909b155d8ee038d2d6ca166&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171024000018-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139749598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrageneric cross-reactivity of monospecific rabbit antisera against venoms of mamba (Elapidae: Dendroaspis spp.) snakes","authors":"Aarón Gómez,&nbsp;Andrés Sánchez,&nbsp;Gina Durán,&nbsp;Mauren Villalta,&nbsp;Álvaro Segura,&nbsp;Mariángela Vargas,&nbsp;María Herrera,&nbsp;Melvin Sánchez,&nbsp;José María Gutiérrez,&nbsp;Guillermo León","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease posing a high toll of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Polyspecific antivenoms of broad effectiveness and specially designed for this region require a detailed understanding of the immunological features of the mamba snake (<em>Dendroaspis</em> spp.) venoms for the selection of the most appropriate antigen combination to produce antivenoms of wide neutralizing scope. Monospecific antisera were generated in rabbits against the venoms of the four species of mambas. The toxic effects of the immunization scheme in the animals were evaluated, antibody titers were estimated using immunochemical assays, and neutralization of lethal activity was assessed. By the end of the immunization schedule, rabbits showed normal values of the majority of hematological parameters tested. No muscle tissue damage was noticed, and no alterations in most serum chemical parameters were observed. Immunological analyses revealed a variable extent of cross-reactivity of the monospecific antisera against the heterologous venoms. The venoms of <em>D. jamesoni</em> and <em>D. viridis</em> generated the antisera with broader cross-reactivity by immunochemical parameters. The venoms of <em>D. polylepis</em> and <em>D. viridis</em> generated the antisera with better cross-neutralization of lethality, although the neutralizing ability of all antisera was lower than 0.16 mg venom/mL antiserum against either homologous or heterologous venoms. These experimental results must be scaled to large animal models used in antivenom manufacture at industrial level to assess whether these predictions are reproducible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000358/pdfft?md5=48c19a83c02fe7e56566189241acd1e4&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171023000358-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139108887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical and temporal distribution of Megalopygidae in the United States and Puerto Rico","authors":"Emilio Peruzzi Sancio ,&nbsp;Chris Alice Kratzer ,&nbsp;John C. Carlson","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The venom of Megalopygidae caterpillars causes inflammation and pain. Understanding geographic and temporal variation in exposure will help physicians and the public understand when and where the species in this family may be encountered.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Photographs uploaded by community scientists to the iNaturalist database were reviewed and identified. GIS data points were used to model distribution of species based on geographic variables at the location of photographs for each group. Data on temporal abundance was also noted.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Maps were created predicting the geographic range for 11 species of Megalopygidae. Peak larval abundance for the most abundant species, <em>Megalopyge opercularis</em>, was determined as September in the southeastern United States and October in south-central US.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Geographic and temporal distributions, based on community science observations, allow for more accurate predictions on the likelihood of encountering venomous Megalopygidae caterpillars.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000334/pdfft?md5=d44c65c2bbf9e0b44af729b0bd5bb1fe&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171023000334-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139108886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential of Brazilian Amazonian scorpion venoms: A comprehensive review of research from 2001 to 2021","authors":"Joel Ramanan da Cruz ,&nbsp;Philippe Bulet ,&nbsp;Cléria Mendonça de Moraes PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Amazon biome is home to many scorpion species, with around two hundred identified in the region. Of these, forty-eight species have been reported in Brazil so far and six of them are of medical importance: <em>Tityus apiacas, T. metuendus, T. obscurus, T. raquelae, T. silvestris</em>, and T<em>. strandi</em>. Three non-medically important species have also been studied: <em>Opisthanthus</em> <em>cayaporum</em>, <em>Brotheas amazonicus</em> and <em>Rhopalurus laticauda</em>. The venom of the scorpion <em>T. obscurus</em> is the most studied, followed by <em>O. cayaporum</em>. We aim to update the study of these Amazonian scorpion species. We will explore the harmful and beneficial properties of scorpion venom toxins and how they could be applied in drug development. This systematic review will focus on collecting and analyzing venoms from scorpions in Brazil. Only papers on Amazonian scorpion venom studies published between 2001 and 2021 (scientific articles, theses, and dissertations) were selected, based on the lists of scorpions available in the literature. Species found in the Amazon but not confirmed to be Brazilian were omitted from the review. Theses and dissertations were chosen over their derived articles. We found 42 eligible studies (13 theses, 27 articles and 2 patents) out of 17,950 studies and a basic statistical analysis was performed. The literature showed that <em>T. obscurus</em> was the most studied venom with 28 publications, followed by <em>O. cayaporum</em> with seven articles, <em>B. amazonicus</em> with four articles, <em>T. metuendus</em> with two article and <em>R. laticauda</em> with one article. No publication on the characterization of <em>T. silvestris</em> and <em>T. apiacas</em> venoms were found during the reviewed period, only the clinical aspects were covered. There is still much to be explored despite the increasing number of studies conducted in recent years. Amazonian scorpions have promising potential for pharmaceutical and clinical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000346/pdfft?md5=fa68806b6b8be5d6593299f0ec11a4dc&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171023000346-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139193725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snake venom cysteine-rich secretory protein from Mojave rattlesnake venom (Css-CRiSP) induces acute inflammatory responses on different experimental models","authors":"Emelyn Salazar ,&nbsp;Abcde Cirilo ,&nbsp;Armando Reyes ,&nbsp;Martha Barrientos ,&nbsp;Jacob Galan ,&nbsp;Elda E. Sánchez ,&nbsp;Montamas Suntravat","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Snake venoms contain various molecules known for activating innate immunity and causing local effects associated with increased vascular permeability, such as vascular leakage and edema, common symptoms seen in snakebite envenomings. We have demonstrated that snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins (svCRiSPs) from North American pit vipers increase vascular permeability. This study aimed to explore the functional role of CRiSP isolated from Mojave rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus</em>) venom (Css-CRiSP) on the activation of inflammatory responses in different models. We measured the release of inflammatory mediators in cultured human dermal blood endothelial cells (HDBEC), lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after treatment with Css-CRiSP (1 μM). We also determined the acute inflammatory response in BALB/c mice 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of the toxin (2 μg/mouse). Css-CRiSP induced the production of IL-8 and IL-6, but not TNF-α, in HDBEC and HDLEC in a time-dependent manner. In addition, Css-CRiSP significantly enhanced the production of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1β in MDM. Moreover, it caused a remarkable increase of chemotactic mediators in the exudates of experimental mice. Our results reveal that Css-CRiSPs can promote a sustained release of inflammatory mediators on cell lines and an acute activation of innate immunity in a murine model. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the involvement of svCRiSPs in the augmentation of envenomation effects, specifically, the role of svCRiSPs in inducing vascular dysfunction, initiating early inflammatory responses, and facilitating the activation of leukocytes and releasing mediators. These findings will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of envenoming by Mojave rattlesnakes, allowing the development of more efficient therapeutic strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000322/pdfft?md5=2996a61efc3449d9d3d3a67739741ee1&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171023000322-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138559001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A plethora of rodents: Rattlesnake predators generate unanticipated patterns of venom resistance in a grassland ecosystem","authors":"Neil R. Balchan ,&nbsp;Cara F. Smith ,&nbsp;Stephen P. Mackessy","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Predation has the potential to impart strong selective pressures on organisms within their environments, resulting in adaptive changes in prey that minimize risk of predation. Pressures from venomous snakes present an exceptional challenge to prey, as venom represents a unique chemical arsenal evolutionarily tailored to incapacitate prey. In response, venom resistance has been detected in various snake prey species, and to varying degrees. This study analyzes venom resistance in an eastern Colorado grassland habitat, where the Prairie Rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus viridis</em>) and Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake (<em>Sistrurus tergeminus edwardsii</em>) co-occur with a suite of grassland rodents. We test for venom resistance across rodent and snake pairings using two geographically distant field sites to determine the role of 1) predation pressure and trophic ecology, and 2) sympatric and allopatric patterns of venom resistance. Resistance was measured using serum-based metalloproteinase inhibition assays to determine potential inhibition of proteolytic activity, augmented by median lethal dose (LD₅₀) assays on rodent species to assess toxicity of crude venoms. Resistance is present in several rodent species, with strong resistance present in populations of Eastern Woodrat (<em>Neotoma floridana</em>), Ord's Kangaroo Rat (<em>Dipodomys ordii</em>), and Northern Grasshopper Mouse (<em>Onychomys leucogaster</em>). Resistance is less developed in other species, including the House Mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>) and Plains Pocket Mouse (<em>Perognathus flavescens</em>). An unexpected differential is present, where Lincoln County Kangaroo Rats are highly resistant to venom of co-occurring Prairie Rattlesnakes yet are sensitive to an allopatric population of Prairie Rattlesnakes in Weld County. Lincoln Co. Northern Grasshopper Mice also demonstrate extremely elevated resistance to Weld Co. Prairie Rattlesnake venoms, and they may possess resistance mechanisms for myotoxin a, an abundant component of Weld Co. <em>C. v viridis</em> venoms. This study illustrates the complexity of venom resistance in biological communities that can exist when incorporating multiple species interactions. Future studies aimed at characterizing resistance mechanisms at the molecular level will provide a more detailed physiological context for understanding mechanisms by which resistance to venoms occurs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000310/pdfft?md5=12a7fb810b26ed79386c802f246b66f8&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171023000310-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138483871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic variation in the clinical features of Mohave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) envenomations reported to the North American Snakebite Registry","authors":"Spencer Greene ,&nbsp;Matthew Gilbert ,&nbsp;Brian Wolk ,&nbsp;Sharan Campleman ,&nbsp;Anne-Michelle Ruha ,&nbsp;on behalf of the ToxIC Snakebite Study Group","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The geographic variation of Mohave rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus scutulatus</em>) venom is well established. We reviewed all the Mohave rattlesnake bites reported to the Toxicology Investigators Consortium's North American Snakebite Registry between January 1, 2015 and 12/31/2021. Data reviewed for this study included details regarding the snake encounter, patient demographics, signs and symptoms, treatment, and outcomes. Our objective was to describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of Mohave rattlesnake envenomations using prospective data from two geographically distinct sites. There were 20 subjects, including eight nonpregnant females. Ages ranged from seven to 75 years, median age 48. Nine of the bites were managed in Arizona and 11 in California. In Arizona, all envenomated patients had local swelling. None had neurological toxicity. In California, swelling was present in nine patients. Neurological effects were observed in five subjects. Four Arizona patients and one California patient had hypotension requiring treatment. Each site had one patient with thrombocytopenia. An Arizona patient who sustained a bite to the face was intubated. Rhabdomyolysis occurred in two California patients. All envenomated patients received antivenom. Mohave rattlesnakes have the potential to cause significant local and/or systemic toxicity. Neurotoxicity was not observed in envenomations from Mohave rattlesnakes that presumably lack Mohave toxin, but hypotension and gastrointestinal signs were more common than in bites from snakes believed to possess Mohave toxin. Neurological toxicity was limited to paresthesias and fasciculations. Significant skeletal or respiratory muscle weakness was not observed in our study population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000231/pdfft?md5=a8133692af30c022c247dd874ae3f932&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171023000231-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135614451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhabdomyolysis due to unidentified jellyfish envenomation in west Malaysian waters","authors":"Jia Shyi Loy ,&nbsp;Chyi Chyi Khoo ,&nbsp;Tilagavahti Arumugam ,&nbsp;Geok Hoon Ngian ,&nbsp;Ahmad Khaldun Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Jellyfish envenomation is a common marine injury. We report a case of a 9-year-old boy who developed muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis after a jellyfish sting. He was stung on the face, hands, and feet. He sustained immediate pain and numbness; however no immediate action was taken. He was taken to a primary health clinic and discharged with syrup Paracetamol 15mg/kg/dose and syrup Chlorpheniramine maleate 0.1mg/kg/dose for symptomatic relief. Over the next several days, the pain became generalized involving upper and lower limbs, aggravated by movement, and not alleviated by analgesia nor antihistamine. His condition worsened with the development of weakness of upper and lower limbs and ‘tea-colored’ urine from day 3 of illness. He received treatment for rhabdomyolysis at a district hospital. Maintaining hydration and urine output and symptomatic relief are central to treatment. His muscle pain and weakness improved. He was discharged well and remained asymptomatic at follow up.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71728446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}