Frontiers in Built Environment最新文献

{"title":"Effects of rock types and crushing mechanism on the 3D morphological parameters of manufactured sands: a combination study of 3D scanning and spherical harmonic analysis","authors":"Peiyun Qiu, Huaizhi Wang, Peng Wang, Min Xiao, Jiangxiong Wei","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1393882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1393882","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the effect of rock types, i.e., granite, conglomerate rock, limestone, and crushing mechanism, i.e., Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI) crusher, Horizontal Shaft Impact (HSI) crusher, on the morphology of manufactured sands. By combining the 3D scanning and spherical harmonic analysis, the morphological parameters of manufactured sands such as elongation ratio (EL), flatness ratio (Fl), aspect ratio (AR), edge angle (EA), sphericity (SH), and fractal dimension were quantified. The results indicate limestone is more readily broken into blade-shaped particles without being able to blunt sharp edges through constant abrasion. The proportion of bladed particles in manufactured sand prepared from limestone is 1.91 times higher than the proportion of bladed particles in conglomerates. Additionally, the HSI crusher has a more significant effect on rocks with smaller strength. For the same parent rock, manufactured sand from a VSI crusher contains 30% more spherical and oblate particles than from an HSI crusher.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141106505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of basalt fiber reinforced concrete in protected buildings: a review","authors":"N. I. Vatin, M. Hematibahar, T. Gebre","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1407327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1407327","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates on the impact of basalt fiber reinforcement concrete in protected building and structures. Basalt fibers, derived from the melting of basalt rock at temperatures ranging from 1,500 to 1700°C, are recognized as sustainable and environmentally friendly fiber materials. Various studies have revealed differing optimal percentages of basalt fibers for enhancing the mechanical and chemical properties of concrete. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the effects of basalt fibre reinforcement on mechanical properties like tensile, compressive, and bending strengths. Additionally, performance indicators like void content, water absorption, chloride ion permeability, alkali and slag resistance, temperature stability, shrinkage characteristics, and abrasion resistance will be evaluated. Basalt fibre is typically utilised to increase the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, which has an impact in the effect on protected buildings and structures. The findings indicate that the most effective percentage range for improving mechanical properties lies between 0.1% and 0.3% of basalt fibers. Notably, concrete reinforced with basalt fibers demonstrates superior mechanical and chemical performance in alkaline environments compared to other fiber types. Moreover, the addition of 0.5% basalt fibers to concrete has been shown to significantly reduce chloride ion penetration, as evidenced by a decrease in RCPT load from 2,500 (C) to 1900 (C), indicative of enhanced chloride resistance. Reinforced concrete containing basalt fibers exhibits remarkable temperature resistance, withstanding temperatures exceeding 800°C due to its high-water absorption capacity. Additionally, basalt fibers exhibit resilience at temperatures up to 200°C. However, it is noted that the introduction of 0.14% basalt fibers leads to a slight increase in water absorption from 4.08 to 4.28. In general, basalt fibres are beneficial to many aspects of concrete; they strengthen resistance to temperature, alkali, acid exposure, and chloride while also improving mechanical qualities such as bending and tensile strength. The development of basalt fibres that extend building lifespans and improve concrete quality for structural engineering applications is making encouraging strides, according to all the results.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evaluation of performance of geo-mat system on weak to intermediate subgrade","authors":"Saif Jawad, Jie Han, Hao Liu","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1365890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1365890","url":null,"abstract":"Geo-mat system is considered as an alternative to a flexible or rigid pavement that can be used for fire lanes, parking areas, or roadway shoulders for cars, pickup trucks, utility/delivery trucks, and fire trucks. Also, it can be used to reduce the thickness of the base course in unpaved roads. In this investigation, six cyclic loading tests were conducted to assess the efficacy of the geo-mat system on weak to intermediate subgrade layers, characterized by California Bearing Ratios (CBR) of 2%, 3%, and 4%. Control sections, consisting of a 300-mm thick base course over subgrade layers with CBR values of 2% or 4%, were compared against the test sections comprising a geo-mat system placed atop aggregates of varied thickness (150 or 50 mm) on a geotextile layer over the same subgrade layers. Each test section underwent cyclic loading, progressively increasing from 17.8 to 71.2 kN using a 300-mm diameter steel plate. The results demonstrate that the geo-mat system, particularly when placed over a 150 mm-thick aggregate base, exhibited comparable or superior performance to the control sections with a 300 mm thickness, especially under substantial cyclic loading. This was evidenced by the reduced permanent deformations beneath the loading plate and a wider load distribution. The increase of the subgrade CBR value reduced the permanent deformation significantly. When the intermediate subgrade with a 4% CBR was used, the geo-mat system played a more important role than the aggregate base and the base thickness had a minor effect on the performance.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141115676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Additive manufacturing in construction","authors":"V. Laghi, Pshtiwan Shakor, Biranchi Panda, G. Gasparini","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1411567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1411567","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic amplifications in railway transition zones: performance evaluation of sleeper configurations using energy criterion","authors":"Avni Jain, A. Metrikine, M.J.M.M. Steenbergen, K. N. van Dalen","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1285131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1285131","url":null,"abstract":"Railway transition zones present a major challenge in railway track design mainly due to abrupt jumps in stiffness and differential settlements that result from crossing stiffer structures such as bridges or culverts. Despite numerous efforts to mitigate these transition effects at both the superstructure and substructure levels, a comprehensive solution remains elusive. Substructure-level interventions have demonstrated some effectiveness but are often cost-prohibitive and challenging to implement in existing operational railway transition zones. In contrast, mitigation measures at the superstructure (rail, sleepers, rail-pads, under-sleeper pads) level can be easily installed but have shown limited improvement in site measurements. This study evaluates the influence of different sleeper configurations in transition zones and reduced sleeper spacings on the operation-driven dynamic amplifications in railway transition zones, employing a recently proposed criterion based on the total strain energy in the track-bed layers (ballast, embankment, and subgrade). In addition to this, the influence of the loss of contact between sleepers and ballast (i.e., hanging sleepers), which typically results from the differential settlement, is studied. The first part of the paper provides useful insights regarding the interventions (and/or initial design) in the sleeper configuration and spacing, whereas the second part of the work highlights the need for interventions to deal with the loss of contact between sleeper and ballast. A 2-dimensional finite element model of an embankment-bridge transition was used for the analysis. The results show that it is not possible to mitigate the transition effects completely using the interventions involving sleeper spacing and configuration.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception of drivers toward road safety and factors that cause road accidents in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Khalid Mohammed Almatar","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1367553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1367553","url":null,"abstract":"Injury as a result of road traffic accidents (RTA) is one of the leading causes of death and disability-adjusted life years. Strategies to handle this major public health problem, which has significant consequences for the Saudi economy and families, have been underway for many years but with very little success. This study’s main aim is to determine respondents’ perceptions of traffic safety and the factors that lead to road traffic accidents. It is a cross-sectional study conducted on randomly selected university students, faculty drivers, and visitors using King Saud University’s parking facility. Data were collected from 381 drivers using a pretested questionnaire, which comprises questions intended to attain the study’s objectives. The critical factors affecting traffic safety are public information followed by road maintenance, Garage, vehicle inspection, Road design and equipment, Training of drivers, Sanctions and Police enforcement, Protective devices and vehicle design, and post-accidental care. Road traffic accidents were found to be 39.0% with respondents aged less than 20 years, followed by ages between 20–35 years, which was 34.8%, and only 2.4% above 50 years. The most frequent occurrence of road traffic accidents was angle collision (39.0%) and back collision (18.9%), followed by hitting a fixed object (17.7%). Distraction habits during driving include cell phone usage (56.7%), followed by smoking (24.4%), and eating and drinking (18.9%) while driving. The most common traffic violations were increased speed limit (48.1) and loss of driving license (11.8%). The most common injuries were head (39.0%) and limbs (22.0%). A significant association between drivers’ age during the accident and distraction habits has been found (p < 0.000). The study demonstrated that drinking/eating, cell phone use, and violation of traffic rules are significant reasons for RTA. The findings of this study will contribute to a more comprehensive knowledge of road traffic accidents for the formation of effective strategies and evidence-based policies for the prevention of accidents.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140675293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the maturity of alternative construction materials and their potential impact on embodied carbon for single-family homes in the American Midwest","authors":"Sindhuja Ranganath, Stephen McCord, Volker Sick","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1384191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1384191","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a whole building life cycle assessment for a 265 m2 end-terrace home built in Michigan, United States. The study scrutinized the embodied carbon footprint of conventional construction materials, focusing on high-impact materials like concrete, steel, gypsum, paint, and insulation. Stages from raw material extraction to transportation and processing of the raw materials into finished products and transportation of finished products to the site are considered. The baseline materials contributed to approximately 28,450 kg CO2e, equivalent to 107.35 kg CO2e/m2. A notable reduction in the embodied carbon footprint, ranging from 19% to 39%, was observed by substituting with ‘like-for-like’ alternatives. However, the study highlighted challenges in shifting to low-embodied carbon materials, primarily due to limited market readiness and scalability of some eco-friendly options. The study also assessed the feasibility of these alternatives using the United States Department of Energy’s “Technology Readiness Level” framework, examining their current production capacity, estimating potential future demand, and identifying key development areas to meet net-zero carbon goals effectively. This comprehensive approach underscores the complexity of transitioning to low embodied-carbon building practices while balancing feasibility and environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140685532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects on the compressive strength of cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks with varied content of buffelgrass-based fibers in wet-dry conditions","authors":"Federico Pederson, Reuel Florendo, Saleh Ali Khawaja, Kirk Dimond, Hee-Jeong Kim","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1362254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1362254","url":null,"abstract":"Stabilized rammed earth blocks have been an alternative building material around the world due to their cost efficiency, low embodied energy, and environmental footprints. However, the lower compressive strength and resistance to wearing limits their use in comparison to higher-cost alternatives. The integration of fibers in rammed earth blocks has been a promising technique for enhancing their properties. In this research, the viability of buffelgrass as a reinforcing fiber in stabilized earth blocks was determined. The buffelgrass was incorporated into the mix up to 5% by weight for samples with the increment of 1% for each mix and the durability was determined under wet and dry conditions. In addition, the influence of the buffelgrass on the compressive strength was observed and the optimum content was determined. The morphological characteristics were observed using SEM imaging of the rammed earth and fiber interaction at a fracture surface. The results showed the inclusion of buffelgrass helps the wear resistance of the earth blocks when exposed to wet-dry conditions as well as slightly improving the compressive strength of the material after dry and wet curing.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140682869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic completion of geometric models from point clouds for analyzing historic timber roof structures","authors":"T. Özkan, Norbert Pfeifer, G. Hochreiner","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1368918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1368918","url":null,"abstract":"Laser scanners are being increasingly utilized in the engineering community to collect accurate and dense 3D data on timber roof structures. Point clouds, which are produced by either scanning or photogrammetry, can be subsequently processed using specialized software to create geometric models of individual components of the roof structure manually. Manual modeling of each structural element in a computer-aided-design-based structural analysis software application is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process, whereas automatic modeling typically yields incomplete results in terms of the numbers and sizes of individual beams owing to shortcomings in data acquisition or data processing. In the context of structural assessment, full-scale modeling of each beam is mandatory for a holistic analysis of structural health. This study addresses the gap between automated roof-structure models and preliminary structural assessments through a hierarchical analysis and refinement of the geometric model. The proposed method was applied to two different roof structures, and structural assessments show that it is feasible to import and process the generated models in a structural analysis software application. The resulting structural models indicate that the workflow improves the months of time consumed by optional mistakes from manual contributions to less than a week without the uncertainties caused by human error.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140691811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of flooding events on buried infrastructures: a review","authors":"Ruth Abegaz, Jun Xu, Fei Wang, Jie Huang","doi":"10.3389/fbuil.2024.1357741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1357741","url":null,"abstract":"This review delves into the profound implications of flooding events on buried infrastructures, specifically pipelines, tunnels, and culverts. While these buried infrastructures are vital for community resilience, their susceptibility to damage from flooding, storm surges, and hurricanes poses significant challenges. Unlike the obvious impact on above-ground structures, the effects of flooding on buried infrastructures, being out of sight, are not quickly and easily observable. This review aims to 1) review the state-of-the-art research on the flooding effects on buried structures and summarize causes of failures of buried infrastructures induced by flooding; 2) identify the research gaps on this topic to motivate in-depth investigations; and 3) discuss the future research directions. This review sheds light on how factors contributing to the vulnerability of buried infrastructures are multifaceted and can vary based on the specific characteristics of the infrastructure, the local environment, and the nature of the flood event. Despite the availability of many articles on the topic, this review also highlights a lack of methodologies to assess flooding damage and its impact on the serviceability of buried infrastructures. We suggested three future research directions to bridge this research gap including investigating and distinguishing key factors to quantify flooding damage to buried infrastructures, developing advanced modeling techniques, and exploring the integration of smart technologies in health monitoring of buried infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":37112,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140690481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}