Aerosol Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Urban Aerosols, the Microbiome, and the Rise of \"Urban Atopy\"","authors":"Timoth Mkilima","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00331-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00331-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Respiratory health in urban populations is increasingly threatened by exposure to diverse and understudied non-industrial air pollutants. While the role of industrial emissions in air pollution has been well documented, growing evidence points to a significant contribution from urban sources such as vehicular traffic, construction activities, agriculture, and biomass burning. Motivated by the rising incidence of chronic respiratory conditions in cities, this review investigated how complex urban aerosols influence immune function and respiratory health. Drawing on recent epidemiological, immunological, and microbiome-based studies, the review identified key mechanisms linking aerosol exposure to microbial imbalances, immune dysregulation, and chronic inflammation. These disruptions are associated with increased risks of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory infections, as well as broader systemic impacts such as neuroinflammation and metabolic disorders. The review concludes by proposing an integrated framework for urban air quality management that incorporates health-focused assessments, microbiome-targeted interventions, and policy strategies such as green infrastructure and pollution mitigation. These insights offer a foundation for future research and guide evidence-based policies aimed at improving respiratory health in urban settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 5","pages":"785 - 820"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity of Tropospheric Ozone-NO2-HCHO and the Meteorological Influence Over Mega-Mining Region (Jharkhand), India, Under Three COVID-19 Impelled Contrasting time Zones","authors":"Shalini Priya,&nbsp;Jawed Iqbal","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00330-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00330-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study leverages satellite observation to reveal the impact of lockdown on the behaviour of tropospheric ozone (vertically and horizontally) and its tropospheric precursors, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and formaldehyde (HCHO), along with meteorology. Overcoming the present restricted in-situ monitoring networks, both TROPOMI-NO₂ and TROPOMI-HCHO data having high resolution (0.01°× 0.01°) from the Sentinel-5P satellite and Tropospheric Aqua/AIRS-ozone data (1°× 1°) from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder are incorporated for its quick assessment, using Google Earth Engine and Giovanni platform. Jharkhand state, India, which has diverse terrain (dense forest and undulating hills to the largest mineral-wealth-producer), is targeted for the present research covering three conflicting periods (2019-2020-2021). The spatially averaged annual mean of the pollutants above was found to be lower in 2020 in contrast to 2019 and 2020. This may be attributed to the positive influence of lockdown and its meteorological role. The polynomial model of order six performed superbly (R² = 0.78–0.96) for its monthly dataset. Statistically significant (p-value &lt; 0.05), strong negative correlation existed for relative humidity with both Aqua/AIRS- ozone (R = ~ 0.97) and TROPOMI-HCHO (R = ~ 0.89) are reported. Positively skewed, bell-shaped, and negatively skewed for TROPOMI-NO₂, TROPOMI -HCHO &amp; Aqua/ AIRS- ozone, respectively, over land classes based on interpretation Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) 10-meter land cover map. The research findings can be generalised for new conditions for determining tropospheric ozone levels and their precursors without ground data for better mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 5","pages":"766 - 784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on the Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols Using High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry: Techniques, Applications, and Perspectives","authors":"Yue Lin,&nbsp;Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Lijuan Li,&nbsp;Zhiyu Li,&nbsp;Rui Wang,&nbsp;Shuyan Xing,&nbsp;Yuemei Han","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00332-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00332-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Orbitrap MS achieves mass accuracy below 1 ppm and mass resolution over 240,000 for organic aerosol characterization.</p><p>Employing different inlet systems offers extensive insights into aerosol chemistry and meets specific analytical needs.</p><p>Future applications and directions are proposed to address atmospheric research challenge and advance current knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 5","pages":"821 - 837"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deposition of Particulate Matter on Roadside Plant Leaves in Urban Environment (New Delhi): Implications to Plant Health","authors":"Supreet Kaur,&nbsp;Neha Gandhi,&nbsp;Sumit Kumar Mishra,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Goswami,&nbsp;Vikas Goel,&nbsp;Mamta Devi,&nbsp;Kartika Pandey","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00318-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00318-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particulate matter (PM) deposition on leaves affects plant physiology at the physical, chemical, and biological levels. The present study investigates the morphological and chemical characteristics of dry deposited particulate matter (DDPM) accumulated on the adaxial surfaces of roadside plant leaves and explores their potential implications for plant health. A total of 600 particles were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and ImageJ software. The particle size distribution revealed that 69.9% of the particles were in the range of 2–5 µm, 27% were &lt; 2 µm, and 3.1% were &gt; 5 µm in diameter. Approximately 60% of particles had a Surface Equivalent Radius (SER) between 0.80–1.60 µm, while 60% exhibited a Volume Equivalent Radius (VER) &gt; 3.20 µm. Among the studied species, <i>Polyalthia longifolia</i> captured the highest proportion of fine particles (&lt; 2 µm, 91.9%), indicating its strong potential for ultrafine PM retention. In contrast, <i>Ficus virens</i> retained the highest proportion of coarse particles (&gt; 5 µm, 40.4%), suggesting its effectiveness in trapping larger particulates. Morphologically, 48% of the particles had an Aspect Ratio between 1.00–1.40, confirming the predominance of irregular forms. FE-SEM imaging revealed diverse particle morphologies: irregular, elongated, pentagonal, angular, flaky, amorphous, rod-shaped, and crystalline. Elemental analysis identified carbon as the dominant constituent, with traces of Si, Fe, Na, Al, Mg, and S. Given the stomatal aperture range (15–25 µm), particles may intrude into stomatal cavities, potentially interfering with physiological functioning. These findings underscore the significance of DDPM characterization in assessing air pollution impacts on urban vegetation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 4","pages":"591 - 602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Wintertime Atmospheric PM1 in a Megacity in the Yangtze River Delta, China: A Comparative Study of 2015 and 2022","authors":"Haifeng Meng,&nbsp;Yuanlong Huang,&nbsp;Shiyue Yang,&nbsp;Shijie Cui,&nbsp;Yangzhou Wu,&nbsp;Ning Zhang,&nbsp;Liangyu Feng,&nbsp;Xinlei Ge,&nbsp;Mindong Chen,&nbsp;Junfeng Wang,&nbsp;Eleonora Aruffoa","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00327-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00327-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the impact of air pollution control measures on particulate matter (PM) is essential for developing effective environmental policies and improving public health. This study compares the chemical composition and size distribution of <i>submicron particulate matter</i> (PM₁) in Nanjing, a typical city in the Yangtze River Delta, during the winters of 2015 and 2022. The findings indicate that the PM₁ concentration in Nanjing decreased by around 33% in 2022 <i>compared</i> to 2015. Sulfate concentrations decreased by 50%, while reductions were also observed in refractory black carbon (<i>r</i>BC), ammonium, and chloride. The overall average mass concentration of PM₁ decreased from 46 <i>μg</i>^{<i>− 3</i>} in 2015 to 31 <i>µg m</i>^{<i>− 3</i>} in 2022, representing a significant reduction of 33%. The study highlights a shift in the dominant secondary inorganic aerosols from sulfates in 2015 to nitrates in 2022, attributed to changes in primary precursor emissions and enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity. The results underscore the effectiveness of the <i>Clean Air Action Plan (CAA)</i> in reducing primary pollutant emissions and provide insights into the evolving role of secondary aerosol formation in urban air quality. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring to further elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes and to support ongoing air quality improvement efforts. These distinctions are evident not only in pollutant concentrations but also in the types and distribution characteristics of the pollutants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 5","pages":"733 - 743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Variation of Outdoor Bioaerosol Transport and the Attendant Health Risks at High Traffic Density in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria","authors":"Idongesit S. Ambrose,&nbsp;Tyoyima John Ayua,&nbsp;Nsikak A. Abraham,&nbsp;Uzochukwu K. Chukwu,&nbsp;Imoh Ekpa,&nbsp;Ioryue I. Silas,&nbsp;Unyime S. Udoette","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00326-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00326-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to investigate the seasonal variations in outdoor bioaerosol concentrations and transport of bioaerosols in Port Harcourt City (PHC), Nigeria. Bioaerosol samples were collected at locations with high and low traffic density by means of a two-stage Anderson air sampler and standard procedures were used to identify the isolates. The values recorded showed that the PHC atmosphere was more contaminated during the dry season with ranges from 1.6 × 10³ ± 3.6 CFU/m³ to 2.12 × 10³ ± 3.5 CFU/m³ and 1.8 × 10³ ± 3.0 CFU/m³ to 2.27 × 10³ ± 6.5 CFU/m³ respectively for bacteria and fungi as against 7.0 × 10² ± 1.7 CFU/m³ to 1.22 × 10³ ± 2.9 CFU/m³ and 6.5 × 10² ± 2.0 CFU/m³ to 1.22 × 10³ ± 1.2 CFU/m³ recorded during the wet season. <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> had the highest percent occurrence of 82% followed by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (73%) during the dry season while Proteus species with 18% recorded the least occurrence rate. For fungi, <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> had the highest percent (73%) occurrence followed by <i>Candida tropicalis</i> (64%) and <i>Pichia sp</i>. (55%) while <i>Erotium sp</i>. recorded the least 18%. The temperature recorded a strong positive and significant correlation with fungi (0.83), bacteria (0.77), a weak positive correlation with pressure (0.44) and a negative correlation with relative humidity (−0.050). Relative humidity was observed to have recorded a negative, but significant correlation with all other parameters. On the other hand, pressure recorded a positive and significant correlation with other parameters. However, fungi and bacteria recorded the strongest and most significant correlation (0.96). The potential health risks associated with the identified bioaerosols were reviewed based on their health effects and exposure levels. This study will contribute to the understanding of the bioaerosol burden in Port Harcourt city and its potential impact on public health. In addition the results may assists policy-makers in developing targeted interventions to reduce exposure to harmful bioaerosols and improve air quality, particularly in areas with high traffic densities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 5","pages":"717 - 732"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size Dependent Charge Measurement of Atmospheric Relevant Aerosol Species and the Implication Towards Deposition Dynamics","authors":"Mariam,&nbsp;Manish Joshi,&nbsp;Pallavi Khandare,&nbsp;Amruta Nakhwa,&nbsp;Arshad Khan,&nbsp;B. K. Sapra","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00323-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00323-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Measurement of charge is important for understanding the dynamics of aerosol particles during generation, evolution and deposition phase. The effect of chemical species on the charge acquired during generation from nebulization has a significance toward laboratory and atmospheric implications. This study measures and interprets the behaviour of charge acquired by different chemical species viz. NaCl, NaNO₃, Na₂CO₃, KI, KCl, KNO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, (NH₄)₂C₂O₄, CsI and Cs₂CO₃ during nebulization process. The measurements of size segregated net charge reveal that one group of the above chemical species has linearly increasing trend of net unipolar charge/particle with the particle diameter and other group of species have been found to acquire charges of both the polarity. As a representative test case, deposition efficiencies for the charged particles have been estimated from the measurement data. The overall behaviour of charged chemical species translated in terms of deposition efficiency showed significant difference e.g. a factor of 9.3 for (NH₄)₂C₂O₄ compared to NaCl at 0.13 μm. The study shows that charge acquired by the particle depends on chemical species and ignoring the same may result in inaccurate estimation of depositional effect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 4","pages":"669 - 680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41810-025-00323-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148459017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household Air Pollution and Associated Health Burden of Biomass Using Rural Women in India","authors":"Choudhury Saiful Islam,&nbsp;Pradip Mitra,&nbsp;Sukanta Nayek,&nbsp;Utpal Dan,&nbsp;Naba Kumar Mondal","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00324-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00324-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Burning of biomass is one of the significant contributors to indoor air pollution (IAP). Nowadays, IAP is a serious health concern for women who spend most of their time indoors.Present work was performed to measure indoor pollutants and their effects on rural women. Air quality was measured using a real-time monitor and characterization of the pollutants was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Results revealed that the fine and ultrafine particulate matter, CO, and formaldehyde (HCHO) exceeded the standard limit in biomass using rural kitchens. The FTIR spectra indicate the presence of organic compounds in biomass-using kitchens. Similarly, risks of hypertension, lung abnormalities, diabetes, and upper and lower respiratory symptoms are more prevalent among biomass fuel users. Moreover, correlation study revealed that pollutants like HCHO, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), CO, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM_1.0 were correlated with lung parameters, blood pressure parameters, and heart rate and were statistically significant. Prevalence stage-1 hypertension was 26%, 22% of biomass users have stage-2 hypertension, and 32% have elevated hypertension.Prevalence of miscarriage and prevalence of stillbirth were also noticed among biomass users than LPG users.We find from the result that 12% of biomass users are diabetic and 32% are prediabetes whereas 2% of LPG participants are diabetic and 6% are prediabetic. Therefore, some effective strategies are urgently required to reduce indoor air pollution and its adverse health effects.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 4","pages":"681 - 699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol Characteristics Over an Eastern Indian City Using Sun Photometer Observations and Machine Learning Frameworks","authors":"Jagabandhu Panda,&nbsp;Ankan Sarkar,&nbsp;Vaibhav Pandey,&nbsp;Asmita Mukherjee","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00320-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00320-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on aerosol properties and their classification in the eastern Indian city of Rourkela, using six years of Microtops II sun photometer data. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) exhibits unique increasing trends from 2017 to 2022, irrespective of seasons. The Ångström Exponent (AE) values indicate the predominance of fine-mode aerosols in winter, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon months due to high fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions. However, a marginal drop in the AE values is seen during monsoon due to the long-range transport of coarse-mode natural aerosols from the neighboring oceans and arid regions. The single scattering albedo (SSA) values reveal a dominance of absorbing aerosols during winter and post-monsoon months, while indicating a mix of particle types in the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods. The dominance of sea salt aerosols and wet removal of finer absorbing particles during monsoon season result in higher SSA values. A shift in fine particle dominance is found in the inter-annual variabilities, wherein these particles are gradually acquiring scattering characteristics aligning with the regional trend in recent times. Aerosols are classified into urban, biomass-burning, desert, and marine types based on AOD-AE variability. The existence of biomass-burning aerosols is found to dominate over Rourkela, irrespective of seasons. While urban aerosols are usually dominant in winter and post-monsoon due to anthropogenic activities, transported desert dust aerosols show dominance during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Long-range transport across different atmospheric levels are realized to play important role in modulating aerosol variability. The forecasted values realized through the ‘Linear Regression’ model also indicated a similar trend for the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. However, the winter AOD values are expected to increase in the succeeding years. The research sheds light on aerosol properties, their origins, and interactions with the prevailing meteorology, and future projection, providing useful information for urban air quality management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 4","pages":"617 - 638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air Quality Study of Three Non-attainment Zones of West Bengal: A Modelling Approach","authors":"Sanchari Sarkar,&nbsp;Sanghamitra Sanyal,&nbsp;Moitreyee Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1007/s41810-025-00321-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-025-00321-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>West Bengal has seven of 132 air pollution non-attainment zones identified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 2019. This study examines Paschim Bardhaman, comprising three of these industrial areas. Data was collected on Particulate Matter (PM₁₀), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), and Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂) from West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB) for Asansol, Raniganj, Benachity, Angadpur, and PCBL More. Time series forecasting was performed using Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA), Exponential Smoothing (ETS), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Trigonometric Seasonality, Box-Cox Transformation, ARMA Errors, and Trend and Seasonal Components (TBATS). Best-fit model was determined through Time Series Cross-Validation (TSCV) and Hold-out validation methods, ANN was identified as the optimal model for all study sites. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) comparisons validated the accuracy of ANN. Normalized Mean Squared Error (NMSE) values for PM₁₀ ranged from 0.153 to 0.489, for NO₂ from 0.118 to 0.347, and for SO₂ from 0.009 to 0.318 across the sites. Results highlight superiority of ANN due to its minimal overprediction and underprediction. Raniganj exhibited the highest PM₁₀ levels, followed by Benachity. Projections indicate Benachity will have the highest NO₂ levels, followed by Asansol and Raniganj. SO₂ concentrations were within acceptable limits. PM₁₀ is the primary pollutant at all sites, with significant variations in concentrations across the cities, none of which meet prescribed levels of CPCB. This highlights the immediate need for effective mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"10 4","pages":"639 - 652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}