Aerosol Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on the Classification, Uses, Sources of Nanoparticles (NPs) and Their Toxicity on Health","authors":"Laxmi Kant Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Prangya Rath,&nbsp;Moharana Choudhury","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00163-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00163-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanotechnology (NT) refers to the generation and application of nanoparticles (NPs). Research in NT has been ongoing for several decades and has resulted in a wide range of materials at the nano-scale. Globally, NPs serve various domestic, pharmaceuticals, aviation, textiles, and other industrial purposes. These particles are currently used in kitchen utensils, medical applications, energy-related research, aircraft, etc. The future of our planet depends on NT. Numerous molecular indicators of genetic and autoimmune diseases, malignant tumors, and a wide range of other disorders can currently be diagnosed using NPs. Drug delivery to specific tissues and organs with controlled drug release and accumulation parameters is achieved through NPs. In addition, NPs have been used as active components in some cases. For example, photodynamic therapy’s incorporation and heating are photosensitizers and hyper-thermic tumor killing through NPs. Despite numerous beneficiary use and economic success of NPs, their toxic effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have also gained attention. Excessive exposure to NPs in sectors, such as agriculture, industry, etc. has generated negative health effects in humans. The review highlights about NPs in great detail. The paper discusses their sources, usage, toxicity and health effects, transportation, analysis, and treatment. It represents a summary of recent research developments and achievements in the field of NT and substantial gap areas that need to be addressed.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"69 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50446587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative High-Performance Fibers for Nonwoven HEPA Filter Media","authors":"Ivan P. Beckman,&nbsp;Gentry Berry,&nbsp;Heejin Cho,&nbsp;Guillermo Riveros","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00161-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00161-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Continual research, development, and advancement in air filtration technology is important to abate the ever increasing health hazards of air pollution and global pandemics. The purpose of this review is to survey, categorize, and compare mechanical and thermal characteristics of fibers to assess their potential applicability in air filter media. The history of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter development explains how we arrived at the current state of the art nonwoven fibrous borosilicate glass filter paper. This review explores the history and practical uses of particular fiber types and explains fiber production methods in general terms. The thermal and mechanical properties of particular fibers are examined using the codes and standards produced by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to generalize the applicability of fiber categories for HEPA filter units within the nuclear air cleaning industry. This review discusses common measurements for specific strength and tenacity used by the textile and construction industries. Particular fibers are selectively compared for density, tensile strength, tensile stiffness, flexural rigidity, moisture regain, decomposition temperature, and thermal expansion. This review concludes with a subjective assessment of which types of fibers may be appropriate to study for HEPA filtration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"36 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41810-022-00161-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50494678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol Load-Cloud Cover Correlation: A Potential Clue for the Investigation of Aerosol Indirect Impact on Climate of Europe and Africa","authors":"Chukwuma Moses Anoruo,&nbsp;Onyiyechi Caroline Ibe,&nbsp;Kelechi Nnaemeka Ndubuisi","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00160-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00160-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a key parameter in atmospheric pollution and climate processes. In this paper, we compared the aerosol loading (550 nm) from 2000–2001 to 2017–2018 and total cloud cover using seasonal, latitudinal and solar activity cycle data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and determined the spectral optical range from the region of relatively clear air (Europe) to the region of more considerable biomass burning activity (Africa). To remove the large annual cycle influence, the data were deseasonalized, allowing exploration of inter-annual variability. Deseasonalization obtains the time series AOD monthly average anomaly over the years for each grid cell. We employ the solar flux index over the regions by correlating the absolute percentage mean difference of aerosol and cloud interactions and validate the result by modeling aerosol and cloud data from 2020 to 2021 using a neural network. AOD and solar flux for Africa show correlations of − 0.638 for 2000–2001 and − 0.218 for Europe, and at the same time, AOD with cloud cover for Africa shows correlations of − 0.129 and 0.360 for Europe. The analysis confirmed an inverse weak correlation of aerosols with cloud cover. This would help resolve the knowledge gap by demonstrating that aerosol and cloud interactions are not only dependent on region but also more dependent on the solar activity cycle and seasons. We observed dependence by the latitude of the aerosol load and solar flux index.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"23 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50024343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions of PM10 Particles in Selected Areas of Kolkata Metropolitan City, India","authors":"Praveen Tudu,&nbsp;Paramita Sen,&nbsp;Punarbasu Chaudhuri","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00158-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00158-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several anthropogenic (like industries, vehicles, coal-based thermal power plants, etc.) and natural sources (like lightning, degradation of organic matter, etc.) emit a copious amount of primary gaseous pollutants like Sulphur dioxide (SO₂), Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and Ammonia (NH₃), which further contribute in the formation of particulate matters where they are present in the form of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII) like SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, respectively. To assess the conversion of primary gaseous pollutants into dissolved ions in PM₁₀, real-time sampling (24 h average) of PM₁₀ and primary gaseous pollutants (SO₂, NO₂, NH₃) from September 2021 to March 2022 over 13 highly polluted places in Kolkata were performed. Then PM₁₀ was quantified using the gravimetric method, while NO₂ and NH₃ were estimated through chemiluminescence and SO₂ was estimated through the fluorescent spectrometric method. Analysis of WSII species in PM₁₀ was also performed through the spectrophotometric method and then to understand the conversion of the primary gaseous pollutants into WSIIs in PM₁₀, sulphur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and ammonia conversion ratio (NHR) was calculated. The results showed that NO₂ is the most abundant primary gaseous pollutant in the ambient air of Kolkata [highest in Dumdum (73.6 μgm⁻³)] and NO₃^– is the most abundant WSII in PM₁₀ of Kolkata [highest in Bansdroni (3.74 μgm⁻³)] and the SOR and NOR values were significantly higher in Bansdroni and NHR was significantly higher in Santoshpur due to presence of optimum meteorological conditions. Lightning is one of the major natural sources of NO_<i>x</i>. So, due to lightning, atmospheric NOx level increases which then gets associated with particulate matter, increasing the concentration of NO₃⁻ ion in particulate matter due to gas-particle partitioning. This is indicated by strong linear correlation coefficients (<i>R</i>² = 0.746) between a number of flashes on the day of sampling and NO₃⁻ concentration in PM₁₀ aerosol.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"456 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50447182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automation of a Low-Cost Venturi Aerosol Generator","authors":"Justin Curtiss,&nbsp;Eric Languirand,&nbsp;Matthew Collins,&nbsp;Darren Emge","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00156-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00156-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solid particle aerosol generation can be a costly technique that may have limited applications for a researcher. Herein, we discuss a low-cost method of solid aerosol generation for less than $1000 USD. The aerosol generation system was validated with acetaminophen and syloid 244 by studying the aerosolization into a chamber using this lab-built low-cost solid aerosol generator. This method used an inexpensive Venturi aspirator valve to pull the material from a hopper and disperse it into an 85 L chamber, creating a non-recirculating aerosol environment. The demonstrated system is a modification of a previously reported low-cost aerosol generator by the addition of electronic control valves automating the aerosolization process resulting in increased repeatability of air volume ejected into the chamber as well as decreasing the retrograde emission of materials. In each experiment, an initial spike of material was observed on the particle counter with exponential decay of total particles as they fell out of suspension or were consumed by the particle counter. In addition, the lab-built system was directly compared to a more expensive commercially available belt-fed Venturi aerosol generator and our experiments show that both methods produced similar results in regards to the particle distribution and time to create a stable aerosol environment. The addition of inexpensive electronic valves to this simple Venturi aspirator opens the area of solid particle aerosol generation to a larger audience without the high-cost burden normally associated with other commercially available technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"437 - 447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50035445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor PM Characterization and Real-Time Assessment During Cooking in Rural Settings of Kanpur, India","authors":"R. Suresh,&nbsp;Deepti Sharma,&nbsp;Pooja Arora,&nbsp;Ajay Sharma,&nbsp;R. C. Pal","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00153-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00153-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Household air pollution from use of solid biomass fuels (SBF) remains one of the primary causes of health and environmental issues in developing countries. Particulate emissions from SBF combustion exhibit variable physical and chemical properties in different phases of combustion which influences the way exposure to these emissions affects human health. The present study is an attempt to measure and compare cooking time concentrations of particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁), carbon-monoxide (CO) and black carbon (BC) in the kitchen area of households dependent on three different types of biomass-based cookstoves. The variation in PM characteristics in addition to real time CO concentrations in different phases of cooking was also assessed. Observed mean concentrations of PM_2.5, CO and BC for forced draft cookstove (FDC) were 309.3 µg/m³, 4.8 ppm, 5.1 µg/m³ and forced draft mud cookstove (FDMC) was 355.2 µg/m³, 6.5 ppm and 5.3 µg/m³, respectively. Comparison with a traditional biomass cookstove showed that FDC resulted in higher reductions in PM mass concentrations (&gt; 50%) compared to FDMC; however, BC the reduction was almost similar, i.e., 35% and 32% for FDC and FDMC, respectively. Temporal variation of PM, CO and BC were found to peak during the kindling phase (KP) for all the cookstoves followed by a decline during flaming phase (FP) and smoldering phase (SF). The total particle number concentration (PNC) for all combustion phases was 45.6 and 62.3% lower in FDC and FDMC, respectively, compared to TCS. However, fraction of PNC in total PM was higher in FDC and FDMC compared of TCS. Based on a ranking method which involved both technical and non-technical (such as ease of use) stove performance parameters showed user inclination more toward FDMC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"400 - 413"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50482825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Decadal Aerosol Trends over Oceanic Regions Surrounding Indian Landmass","authors":"Manu Mehta,&nbsp;Richa Khushboo","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00157-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00157-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Knowledge of aerosol distribution and trends in the total atmospheric column as well as at different vertical levels of the atmosphere can provide crucial inputs to understand the role of aerosols in the changing climatic scenario. Indian region is one of the major aerosol hotspots and it is therefore important to have a continuous monitoring of varying aerosol trends over both land and surrounding water bodies. Several studies have been already carried out to investigate the aerosol changes over Indian mainland. This study provides insight into the columnar and vertical distribution as well as trends of aerosols over six oceanic zones surrounding the Indian region over the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) waters during winters and post-monsoons (2010–2019). The work has been carried out using the Level 2 aerosol datasets from space-borne Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP) onboard Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission, Dark Target algorithm data products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Aqua sensor as well as the model reanalysis products from Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application–2 (MERRA-2) Reanalysis. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) back trajectory frequency cluster analysis has also been carried out to explore the possible sources of aerosols. The variability of planetary boundary layer height from European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis–5 (ECMWF ERA 5) Reanalysis products in connection with changes in aerosol distribution has also been discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"448 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50024009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enrichment Factor and Chemical Composition of Size Separated Airborne Particulate Matter of Singrauli Coalfield, India","authors":"Akhilesh Kumar Yadav,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar Sahoo,&nbsp;Aditi Chakrabarty Patra,&nbsp;Virender Kumar Thakur,&nbsp;Jay Singh Dubey,&nbsp;Sarjan Singh,&nbsp;Pradyumna Lenka,&nbsp;Vivekanand Jha,&nbsp;Aerattukkara Vinod Kumar,&nbsp;Saba Shirin,&nbsp;Aarif Jamal","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00155-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00155-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A sequential extraction guideline and protocol procedures were applied to specify and analyze major and trace elements, and water-soluble inorganic ions in size-separated atmosphere particulate matter. Quality control and quality of analysis were assured using standard reference materials and standards like NIST, USA. Enrichment of various elements was estimated. The enrichment factor of Co, Cu, Br, As, Zn, and H were found to be 5–150, indicating that these elements originate from sources of anthropogenic emission. A higher enrichment factor of N and Se in PM_2.5 was also observed and can be attributed to industrial sources such as coal-related industry and coal storage areas near the monitoring station. The high correlation of NO₃⁻ with Cl⁻, F⁻, NO₂⁻, SO₄²⁻, and Mg²⁺ indicates that these ions are likely to be originating from the same source, such as biomass burning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"414 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41810-022-00155-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50464182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term (2013–2018) Relationship of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ionic Species of PM2.5 with Ammonia and Other Trace Gases in Delhi, India","authors":"Garima Kotnala,&nbsp;S. K. Sharma,&nbsp;T. K. Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00154-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00154-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water-Soluble Ionic Components (NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻) of PM_2.5 and trace gases (NH₃, NO, NO₂, SO₂, HNO₃) were monitored simultaneously to examine the relationship of ambient NH₃ in the formation of secondary aerosols in Delhi, India from January 2013 to December 2018. During the monitoring period, the average levels of NH₃, NO, NO₂, SO₂ and HNO₃ were 19.1 ± 3.8, 20.8 ± 4.3, 17.9 ± 4.2, 2.45 ± 0.47 and 1.11 ± 0.35 ppb, respectively. The levels of all trace gases (NH₃, NO, NO₂ and SO₂) were higher during the post-monsoon season (except HNO₃ which was higher in the winter season), whereas the concentrations of ionic components (NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺) in PM_2.5 were estimated higher in the winter season. Significant annual variation in mixing ratio of NH₃ was observed during the study period with maxima (24.4 ± 4.5 ppb) in 2014 and minima (15.9 ± 9.1 ppb) in 2016. The correlation matrix of trace gases reveals that the ambient NH₃ neutralises the acid gases (NO, NO₂ and SO₂) at the study site. The study reveals the abundance of particulate NH₄⁺ present in PM_2.5 samples at the study site neutralised the SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ particles during most of the seasons. The result reveals that the formation of NH₄NO₃ was higher during winter season due to favourable meteorological condition (lower temperature and higher relative humidity) and forward reaction of NH₃ and HNO₃.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"349 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41810-022-00154-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50054216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Cost Air Purifier Prototype Using a Ventilating Fan and Pump Against Haze Pollution","authors":"Arnon Jumlongkul","doi":"10.1007/s41810-022-00152-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41810-022-00152-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to focus on the design and development of low-cost do-it-yourself (DIY) air purifiers, using a ventilating fan, air pump, water pump, and an ultrasonic generator that can be used during the haze pollution. Six types of household air purifiers were fabricated. The amount of particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels were recorded at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min (min), then, repeated 3 times. After 10 min of the 3rd experiment of each study, the last measurement of air pollution would be recorded. The results showed at 60 min, the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and electrostatic fiber was the best technique regarding reduction of PM and CO₂ levels. The highest PM reduction rate had occurred at 30 min using an air pump procedure (99.330 to 100%). The CO₂ levels of all experiments had fluctuated at different times. After 10 min of a closed machine, PM levels of all air purifier systems were decreased, except HEPA filter and electrostatic fiber types. In conclusion, the best method for reducing particulate matter and cost without taking humidity into account is an air pump technique, whereas the HEPA filter and electrostatic fiber method is the best choice for lowering PM levels without increasing humidity and vapor production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36991,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol Science and Engineering","volume":"6 4","pages":"391 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50038639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}