Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences最新文献

{"title":"الشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص في الصناعة الدوائية في العراق الشركة العامة لصناعة الأدوية /سامراء حالة دراسية","authors":"محمد علي داخل جلاب, أ. م. د منى يونس حسين","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.7","url":null,"abstract":"The new trends in Iraq’s economic policy by adopting the market mechanism in the economy after 2003, which necessitated the integration between the role of the state represented by the public sector and the role of the private sector in the process of economic and social development that depends on mobilizing the community’s potential for various economic sectors and civil society institutions in institutional organizations that undertake, establishing and operating projects after the separate economic sectors faced challenges and difficulties in achieving development goals at the targeted levels. Therefore, many developed and developing countries sought to create institutions that adopt participatory organizations in which the public and private sectors contribute to directing, managing and operating projects, developing and developing them in order to serve Its objectives are based on a participatory basis, good governance, transparent accountability and mutual benefit, as the relationship between the partnership parties is characterized by an integrative and substitutionary nature at the same time, with a dynamic nature that depends on the size, nature and importance of the role that each sector plays in the development process, according to the prevailing economic system, and its stages of development up to faster rates of economic and social development, and the pharmaceutical industry is one of the Industries that require increased spending on research and development programs to produce patents within the pharmaceutical preparation processes for a new product, as well as flexibility in dealing with these expenses and their impact on the level of pricing and marketing of the pharmaceutical product. Most economic studies go to the fact that spending on research may reach more than 10 % of the value of pharmaceutical sales to obtain a therapeutic product using advanced technology. In this regard, we find that there is a difference in the use of technology in the pharmaceutical industry in both developed and developing countries, as pharmaceutical technology in developed countries depends on training and innovation, while pharmaceutical technology depends in developing countries, including Iraq, on improving manufacturing methods and quality control only. The research has been strengthened by highlighting the pharmaceutical partnership approved by the State Company for the Pharmaceutical Industry / Samarra as a reformist factor in economic activity, as well as supporting and encouraging the private sector and activating its role by emphasizing on building partnerships between the public and private sectors in the pharmaceutical manufacturing sector, and giving way to foreign pharmaceutical companies , the pharmaceutical industry market needs foreign investment to obtain financing sources as well as modern technology according to the formulas of cooperation or concession or contribution to the establishment of new pharmaceutical factories. The ","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"63 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116259572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"دور استثمار الفرص وتبني المخاطرة في الاداء المصرفي","authors":"أفراح رشيد شندل, أ .م . أمل محمود علي","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.8","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on analyzing the impact of the characteristics of the pioneering behavior of senior management on the performance of the banking organization represented by (creativity, proactivity, investing opportunities, strategic vision, adopting risk) and clarifying the role of investing opportunities and adopting risk in banking performance, according to four indicators of banking performance (adequacy indicator Capital, profitability indicator, liquidity indicator, and activity indicator) in achieving entrepreneurship in banks. The SPSS statistician for the purpose of analysis, the research was chosen for a sample of Iraqi banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for a period of time. (2015-2019)","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113999446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"تحليل تأثيرات النزاع التجاري الامريكي – الصيني على الاقتصادات العربية مع اشارة خاصة الى العراق","authors":"هاني منعم دحام, أ.د هناء عبد الغفار حمود","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.10","url":null,"abstract":"The trade conflict between the United States of America and China has affected the global economy in general and the economy of a large number of countries in particular. The economic war is a real test of the theoretical frameworks that talk about the economic approach to hegemony, as well as the assumptions of the balance of global forces and the data of the multipolar world, the nature of international interactions and the position of China in them, and the extent of a transformation in the global system based on American supremacy. This research deals with analyzing the impact of the ongoing trade conflict between them on the Arab economies and on Iraq in particular, identifying the repercussions and their causes, and setting possible ways to avoid or mitigate the harm of this conflict on the Iraqi economy. The Arab countries, especially the oil ones, have been affected by the trade conflict between the United States of America and China in many directions due to the fact that these countries are exposed to the global economy and have economic relations with the two parties to the conflict, and this is what calls the Arab countries to change their economic and trade policies to reduce the impact of this conflict. In addition to the importance of Iraq following a policy of economic and commercial diversification in a way that enhances the country's political independence, and the need to seize the useful and available opportunities from its relations with both the United States of America and China.","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114285177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"تحليل مؤشرات بطالة الخريجين الجامعيين في العراق بعد عام 2003","authors":"كوثر جبار فهد, أ. م. د عبد الزهرة فيصل يونس","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.6","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of the research emerges from the fact that it discusses the most prominent problems that Iraqi society suffers from, which is unemployment, especially among university graduates, given the danger of its continuation and the difficulties it may bring in light of the imbalance between education outputs and the requirements of the labor market, as the rapid expansion of university education, especially after the year 2003 and the drop in investment rates as a result of poor planning, unstable security and political conditions, as well as financial and administrative corruption, are the compound reasons for the increase in graduate unemployment rates and the inability of the labor market to absorb their increasing numbers. We proceeded in our research from the hypothesis that: “The failure of the higher education system to be guided by market data and to adapt to its needs led to a severe dissonance between its outputs and the inputs required for the continuation and development of economic activity, which led to the expansion of the phenomenon of unemployment and the intertwining of its threads, turning from a problem into a dilemma. The development vision, increasing the intensity of work and starting to build major projects, in addition to activating the role of the private sector in investment and production. Finally, the research aims to shed light on the analysis of graduates’ unemployment and how to rehabilitate and develop the educated category of young people to serve the requirements of the labor market and respond to the needs of comprehensive development.","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128082154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"دور أدوات السياسة المالية في ردم فجوة الناتج دراسة تحليلية في عينة من الدول للمدة 2000-2020","authors":"ا. د صبحي حسون عباس","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.3","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of the research and its distinction from the previous research lies not in dealing with the ability of fiscal policy tools, i.e., government spending and taxes, to bridge the output gap, but also in it calculating the required amount of spending and taxes to close the output gap, as long as there is some amount of spending and taxes more or less than that. The required limit may cause damage to the economy, i.e., the outbreak of inflation or recession. Consequently, this research is considered as a guide for policy makers to know the required change in government spending and taxes accurately to avoid economic problems and achieve economic stability. The output gap, whether positive or negative, is a non-positive case, as long as it generates damage to the economy, represented by inflation or recession. Fiscal policy, with its various tools, may be unable to close the output gap due to the deficiency in the performance of these tools, which requires monetary policy assistance. The research problem is also indicated that when there is a recession, an expansionary fiscal policy (increasing government spending and reducing taxes) is necessary. But when there is inflation, a contractionary policy should be followed (reducing spending and raising taxes). However, the problem is that if the exact amount of government spending and taxes changes is not determined, severe damages are generated, such as an inaccurate drug dose. This is not to mention the slowdowns or lags in the transmission of the impact of fiscal policy measures to the targeted variables. The research chose a time frame that extended from 2000 to 2020. As for the spatial aspect, it was represented in a sample from different continents in order to make a successful comparison between them. These countries are the United States, Germany, Japan and Iraq. The research found that in all countries of the research sample, the government spending gap was positive, which means that it is at a level higher than the level required to bridge the output gap, perhaps because there are other items for spending on it other than closing the output gap, as is the case for the tax gap, which exceeded the required limit to eliminate Output gap, excluding Iraq.","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"381 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116482059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"واقع التعليم الجامعي الحكومي والاهلي في العراق مع اشارة خاصة لمحافظة بغداد للمدة 2003 ـ 2018","authors":"سناء سالم حميد, أ. م. د ستار جابر عمران","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.14","url":null,"abstract":"Education in general and university education in particular, is one of the basic production factors and the labor force that plays an influential role in economic development. The importance of the research is to know the reality of private university education, in preparation for supporting and enhancing the positive aspects, and knowing the negatives and addressing them. The problem of the research lies in the fact that public and private university education in Iraq has faced a great quantitative development in recent times. It is necessary to note the extent of the contribution of private university education to economic development, and through this, questions began about the role of private university education, is the expansion of the role of this sector in the activity The economy will lead to more growth, or vice versa? Noting that the graduates of this sector will cause additional pressure on the labor market, The research aims to identify the efficiency of the outputs of universities and colleges (governmental and private) qualitative and quantitative, according to the needs of the Iraqi labor market. Among the most important conclusions reached by the researcher, the private university education absorbed the surplus of students who did not enroll in public universities and not the distinguished among them, as the acceptance rates in the scientific, engineering and even humanitarian departments in the colleges investigated were low compared to their counterparts in government colleges. Also, one of the most important recommendations that I reached is the necessity of the commitment of the Central Admission Department in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to accept the planned numbers sent by private universities and not to add additional numbers; This leads to a defect in the application of quality standards, and this negatively affects the efficiency of the graduate.","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122318393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"التعليم في العراق بين الاقتصاد المعرفي والتنمية البشرية","authors":"م. د حافظ عبد الامير امين","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.4","url":null,"abstract":"Education plays an important role in the progress of societies and the awareness and upbringing of generations to be able to build a prosperous future for a society in which security, stability, progress and advancement are achieved in all fields. Investing in human capital through quality education and knowledge is one of the most important requirements for achieving sustainable human development in its broad sense in the countries of the world. Knowledge represents the clear and sure basic characteristic of society, through which profound transformations are achieved in all aspects of life. Through investing in human capital, it has become the main engine of economic competition, increasing productivity, and the demand for new technologies and ideas, as well as adding great values to economic products and goods. Therefore, the means of knowledge should be invested correctly, efficiently and effectively by integrating skills, technical knowledge tools, innovative and advanced technology. It constitutes a real addition to the national economy and an important base for the transition to a knowledge-based economy in order to achieve sustainable human development. From here, the research started from five axes, the first talked about the basics of education and its types, the second talked about the concept of knowledge and the knowledge economy and its characteristics, the third talked about human development and its indicators, the fourth talked about education and economic growth in Iraq, and the fifth and final dealt with the role of sustainable human development in building a knowledge society and sustainable education . Finally, the most important conclusions and recommendations made by the research were mentioned.","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123355330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"أهمية تقدير المخاطر لنظام الرقابة الداخلية و فاعليته دراسة تطبيقية في الهيئة العامة للضرائب وفقاً للدليل الارشادي (INTOSAIGOV9100)","authors":"غياث صائب طعيمه, أ. م. د فاطمة صالح مهدي الغربان","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.13","url":null,"abstract":"The internal control system is an indispensable necessity for all economic units, including the public sector units that are established by society and allocate the necessary material and human resources to achieve the goals and provide the public benefits for which it was established. The internal control system is effective if it is able to reduce the risks expected from internal sources. and external factors that may prevent the achievement of the objectives of economic units and the attainment of the required levels of performance, by placing those risks within the acceptable levels specified for them, which provides reasonable assurance on the achievement of the general objectives of those units. This research deals with the study and analysis of the extent to which the internal control standards for the component of risk assessment are applied in one of the most important economic units in the public sector that have an impact in the economic, financial and behavioral fields of society, which is the General Tax Authority, because the outputs of this component are of great importance as they constitute the input to other components in its work towards reducing the expected risks, the research also deals with the concept and conditions for the effectiveness of the internal control system from the perspective of the integrated framework (COSO 2013). The research relied on the guiding guide for internal control standards in public sector units (INTOSAIGOV9100) as a means of measurement, as INTOSAI established it on the basis of the integrated framework of internal control issued by the Committee (COSO1992) and adapted it to suit the characteristics of public sector units. The researchers formulated a questionnaire that contained (73) questions that covered the standards of the five components of the internal control system, built according to the guideline (INTOSAIGOV9100), and distributed to a sample consisting of (50) employees within the upper, middle and lower management levels, including (12) questions that included standards The risk assessment component that was mentioned in the guideline, the answers of the studied sample were collected and a statistical analysis was conducted, which showed that there was a total non-application of the criteria for the risk assessment component amounted to (78.05%). The research recommended the importance of issuing binding government legislation for units in the public sector that provides a complete system of internal control similar to the countries that preceded in this field, such as the Republic of Indonesia within Law No. (60) of (2008), and the United States in accordance with the legislation issued in (2014) [Standards for internal control in the federal government [GAO2014]], and the need for the authority’s management to start developing remedial measures to implement an organized and continuous process to identify and estimate the expected risks on achieving goals from internal and external ","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"115 31","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113944870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"تأثير التضخم في ربحية أسهم قطاعات سوق العراق للأوراق المالية للمدة (2004-2018)","authors":"عبدالله ضياء عباس, أ. م. د يوسف عبدالله عبد","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.9","url":null,"abstract":"The research aims to measure and analyze the impact of inflation on the profitability of the shares of the Iraqi stock market sectors for the period (2004-2018) using the NARDL model, as well as knowing the extent of the impact of an inflation shock on the rates of profitability of the Iraqi stock market sectors for the period (2004-2018). The research concluded that there is an inverse, non-linear, long-term equilibrium relationship between inflation and the profitability of the shares of the Iraqi stock market sectors, in addition to the fact that the investment sector in the Iraqi stock market is one of the sectors most affected (resilient) by fluctuations in the inflation rate in Iraq, as the inflation rate changes by certain profits will be affected by more than ninety percent of this change.","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130394421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"أهمية الاستثمار في الاقتصاد الكويتي","authors":"أ.م ناجي ساري فارس","doi":"10.31272/ijes2022.72.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/ijes2022.72.2","url":null,"abstract":"There is no doubt that investment is important in the development and development of infrastructure, represented by various service facilities, power stations, water and sewage networks, and roads. Also, investment in the development of the industrial sector and the increase of sectoral interactions contribute to achieving human development and developing the skills of workers in the various economic sectors. Accordingly, the Kuwaiti economy is one of the most important economies in the regional region in the Middle East, as Kuwait is one of the oil-exporting countries. As the Kuwaiti economy enjoys many prominent components and factors that have contributed to attracting foreign direct investment. The reader should know that most of the natural and mineral resources that exist in Kuwait are exploited through investments, which are characterized by containing huge amounts of these resources, but most of these investments are focused on the oil sector. Therefore, investment contributes to the transfer and localization of advanced technology to Kuwait by attracting foreign investments, especially direct, which the Kuwaiti government seeks to encourage investors to invest through privileges and guarantees offered to investors, as well as the security and political stability that Kuwait enjoys. In addition to providing stimulating policies and procedures to advance the Kuwaiti economic reality. This is what makes the importance of investment in the development of the Kuwaiti economy, which depends in the characteristic of its economy on the export of crude oil.","PeriodicalId":369484,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123828197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}