Korean Journal of Neurotrauma最新文献

{"title":"Surgical Treatment of Pathologic Spinal Fractures in Osteoporosis: Two Clinical Cases.","authors":"Nurzhan Abishev, Talgat Kerimbayev, Daryn Borangaliyev, Alimkhan Yelubayev, Makar Solodovnikov, Mariya Dmitriyeva, Medet Toleubayev","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e34","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e34","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporotic spine fractures are among the most prevalent fractures in patients with osteoporosis and pose significant challenges to surgical treatment. Achieving stable fixation of osteoporotic bone is technically challenging and has become an increasing concern in spinal neurosurgery in the aging global population. Numerous studies have described the biomechanical benefits of fixation devices and techniques; however, no standard of care has been identified to provide distinct spinal stabilization in these patients. This study reviews the existing evidence and explores the complexities related to the treatment of pathologic spinal fractures in the context of systemic osteoporosis. Description of clinical cases: We present 2 cases of pathologic osteoporotic spinal fractures with spinal canal compression treated surgically using a modified method that incorporates cemented cannulated transpedicular screws and interbody spondylodesis with cage placement. Patients were followed up for 24 months after surgery. The Visual Analog Scale score improved significantly, decreasing from 7.3 points before surgery to 1.2 points immediately after surgery and to 0.5 points at the end of the follow-up. Similarly, the Oswestry Disability Index improved from 69% before surgery to 41% immediately after surgery and to 20% after 2 years. The Cobb angle improved from 38.0° preoperatively to 29.0° immediately after surgery. No bone resorption around the screws was observed during follow-up. The combination of transpedicular fixation with vertebroplasty is safe and effective for treating osteoporotic spinal fractures. This approach yields satisfactory clinical and radiographic results.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"268-278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuum of Irreversible and Potentially Reversible Traumatic Brain Injury Sequelae: Axonal Injury and Hydrocephalus.","authors":"Pablo Alfredo Vargas-Ardila, Manuela Rondón, María Camila Bonilla-Lersundy, Andrés Felipe Vargas-Ardila, Leonardo Andrés Chacón-Zambrano","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e32","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy linked to repetitive head trauma and definitively diagnosed postmortem. Its proposed clinical correlate in living patients is traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES). Within this spectrum, diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) represent interacting mechanisms contributing to long-term neurocognitive decline after traumatic brain injury (TBI). While DAI reflects largely irreversible axonal damage, PTH constitutes a potentially reversible disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Their coexistence and pathophysiological interplay remain underrecognized. Understanding this continuum is essential to guide therapeutic strategies targeting both structural injury and CSF circulation abnormalities. A narrative review of PubMed-indexed literature (1980-2025) was conducted, focusing on pathophysiological correlations, neuroimaging features, and management strategies for CTE/TES, DAI, and PTH. Case series, clinical trials, and review articles addressing post-traumatic CSF disturbances were prioritized. A total of 100 records were identified (85 via database search, 15 through citation tracking). After screening, 32 were excluded, and 62 articles were included following full-text review. No duplicates were identified. Studies not relevant to pathophysiology, diagnosis, or management were excluded. Persistent ventriculomegaly after TBI is frequently misinterpreted as cerebral atrophy rather than hydrocephalus, leading to missed opportunities for surgical intervention. Advanced neuroimaging improves differentiation between DAI-related atrophy and treatable PTH. Selected patients demonstrate meaningful functional recovery following CSF diversion procedures, including programmable shunts and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. This continuum highlights the importance of recognizing reversible components of post-traumatic injury. Early identification and appropriate management of PTH may significantly improve functional outcomes in patients with chronic TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"182-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-Dead Organ Donation in Neurosurgical Care: Roles of Neurosurgeons and Collaboration With the Korea Organ Donation Agency (KODA).","authors":"Kyoungmin Kim, Jaesook Oh, Hyunjin Kang, Samuel Lee","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e33","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e33","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organ transplantation is the ultimate treatment that extends and improves the quality of life for patients with end-stage organ failure, and among these, brain-dead organ donation enables life-sustaining heart and lung transplants. Since the first kidney transplantation from a brain-dead donor in Korea in 1979, the Organs Transplant Act was enacted in 1999 and comprehensively revised in 2010. This amendment marked a shift in the national framework from \"Preventing Organ Trafficking and Ensuring Fair Allocation\" toward \"Establishing an Active Organ Procurement System\" to promote donation. The number of brain-dead donors increased every year from 2010 to 2016 following the comprehensive amendment of the Organs Transplant Act. Since 2017, however, this trend has plateaued and subsequently declined, raising concerns about the widening gap between organ supply and demand, increasing reliance on living donation, and prolonged waiting times and mortality among transplant candidates. The major underlying causes of brain death, including traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, and hypoxic brain injury, are frequently encountered in neurocritical care. Therefore, neurosurgeons play a crucial role in the brain-dead organ donation pathway. This review examines the institutional framework and current status of brain-dead organ donation in Korea. It also discusses the major clinical conditions leading to brain-dead organ donation and explores the role of neurosurgeons, as well as points of collaboration with the Korea Organ Donation Agency.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"163-181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrence of the Chronic Subdural Hematoma After Burr-Hole Trephination With or Without Intra-Operative Saline Irrigation.","authors":"Young Hwan Kim, Hak Sung Kim, Jae Ho Kim, Jong Gyu Kim, Chang Il Ju","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e31","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common condition in the elderly population, usually treated by burr-hole trephination and hematoma drainage. Although various surgical techniques have been described, the optimal surgical method remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the recurrence rate of CSDH after burr-hole drainage with or without intraoperative saline irrigation to identify the more effective surgical approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From January 2019 to December 2021, a total of 126 patients who underwent burr-hole trephination for CSDH were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, operative records of 145 procedures were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether intraoperative saline irrigation was performed (n=91) or not (n=54). Demographic characteristics, medical history, radiologic findings, and recurrence or reoperation rates were compared between the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 145 procedures, recurrence occurred in 33 cases (22.76%), and reoperation was required in 6 cases (4.14%). The recurrence rate was significantly lower in the irrigation group (14.81%) compared to the non-irrigation group (27.47%). The reoperation rate was also lower with irrigation (1.85% vs. 5.49%). Univariate analysis identified male sex, non-homogeneous hematoma type, and anticoagulation use as significant risk factors for recurrence. Multivariate analysis confirmed intraoperative saline irrigation as a significant independent protective factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that intraoperative saline irrigation during burr-hole drainage for CSDH significantly reduces the rates of recurrence and reoperation, showing favorable clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"243-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Shunt Catheter Injury From Repeated Insulin Injections in a Diabetic Patient.","authors":"Woo Sel Kim, Yu Shik Shim","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e30","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e30","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mechanical failure of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter due to repeated external trauma is an extremely rare complication. We report a 72-year-old male with type 2 diabetes who developed a purely subcutaneous fluid collection along the catheter tract after 4 years of habitual subcutaneous insulin injections near the shunt path. Notably, despite self-administering insulin daily, the patient was completely unaware of the necessity to avoid the catheter pathway, highlighting a critical gap in routine post-operative counseling. He presented with localized abdominal swelling and erythema without systemic infection. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated a kinked catheter within a subcutaneous fluid collection, whereas the deeper peritoneal course and distal tip remained completely intact. The distal catheter was externalized, and at revision surgery, the fluid collection was completely excised. The shunt system was replaced using an alternative upper abdominal midline approach via the linea alba, remote from the prior injection zone. This case underscores 2 vital lessons: first, proactive patient education regarding injection site rotation away from implanted hardware is essential; second, in patients requiring lifelong daily abdominal injections, neurosurgeons should prioritize alternative entry sites like the linea alba to ensure long-term shunt integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"279-284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing Neurotrauma Knowledge Across Diverse Healthcare Environments.","authors":"Suk-Hyung Kang","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e29","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"161-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of Surgical Versus Conservative Management in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (GCS 3-4) With Evacuable Mass Lesions: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Hanuman Prasad Prajapati, B K Ojha, Jason Golmei","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e28","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) presenting with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 3-4 and surgically evacuable intracranial hematomas remains controversial because of perceived futility and poor outcomes. This study compared outcomes of surgical versus conservative management in this patient population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study included patients with TBI (GCS 3-4) and surgically evacuable intracranial mass lesions admitted to a tertiary care centre between December 2015 and December 2023. Among 3,657 TBI admissions, 752 patients met inclusion criteria: 568 underwent surgical management and 184 were treated conservatively. Clinical and radiological variables were analysed. Outcomes were assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Favorable outcome was defined as GOS 3-5, given the high mortality in this cohort. Subgroup analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six-month mortality was significantly lower in the surgical group (79.2% vs. 94.5%). Surgery was associated with shorter intensive care unit stay (<i>p</i>=0.001) and fewer systemic complications (<i>p</i>=0.003). Favourable outcomes were significantly more frequent following surgery in patients aged <40 years, with extradural hematoma, unilateral or bilateral pupillary dilation, and intervention within 6 hours of injury (all <i>p</i><0.05). On adjusted analysis, surgical management was significantly associated with favorable outcome (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-6.8; <i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite an overall poor prognosis, surgical evacuation of mass lesions in TBI patients with GCS 3-4 was associated with improved survival and functional outcomes in selected patients, although causality cannot be inferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"200-209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443170/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of Contusion Morphology and Volume With Functional Recovery and in Hospital Mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury.","authors":"Rajnish Kumar, Aamir Hussain Hela, Kaiser Karim, Mohsin Fayaz, Aizul Khursheed","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e24","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Traumatic cerebral contusions are one of the most clinically significant parenchymal lesions and contribute to great morbidity and mortality. Early identification of radiological factors associated with poor outcome can be helpful in early surgical intervention. To identify the association between contusion morphology and contusion volume and functional outcome and in-hospital mortality of patients suffering from traumatic cerebral contusions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective observational cohort study included 50 patients with traumatic brain injury and radiologically confirmed cerebral contusions. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was used and functional outcome at 6-month follow-up was measured as the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Contusions were evaluated on non-contrast computed tomography for morphology, anatomical location, depth, and volume. Associations between clinical and radiological variables and outcomes were reported using Spearman correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test, χ² test, and Fisher's exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 32.2±11.5 years and 64.0% of patients were male. Fracture-associated contusions occurred in 54.0%, coup contusions in 66.0%, and herniation contusions in 20.0%. The frontal lobe was most commonly involved (22.0%). The mean contusion volume was 12.8±5.5 mL and the average admission GCS was 8.4±3.0. Decompressive craniectomy was also performed in 48.0% of the patients. Median GOS at follow-up was 3.0 and in-hospital mortality was 16.0%. Contusion volume was significantly associated with GOS (<i>r</i>=-0.760, <i>p</i><0.001) and mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In patients with traumatic cerebral contusions, a large volume of lesion, herniation-type appearance, and an unfavorable anatomical location were associated with poor functional outcome and in-hospital mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"230-242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinically Relevant Blood Pressure Elevation During Apnea Testing for Brain Death Determination: Association With Circulating Catecholamines.","authors":"Geon Hwee Jeon, Dong-Keun Hyun","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e27","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize hemodynamic changes during apnea testing for brain death determination and evaluate their clinical relevance while exploring associations with circulating catecholamines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 27 patients who underwent apnea testing between January 2020 and March 2024. Each patient underwent two apnea tests, during which heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at baseline and within 1-7 minutes after testing. Peak post-test values were compared with baseline values. Plasma catecholamines were measured before and after the first test in a subset of 13 patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both apnea tests were associated with significant increases in cardiovascular parameters. Median SBP increased from 123.5 mmHg (interquartile range [IQR], 109.2 to 142.0) to 147.5 mmHg (IQR, 128.0 to 178.8; <i>p</i><0.001). Median HR increased from 81.0 beats/min (IQR, 72.0 to 96.0) to 90.0 beats/min (IQR, 75.2 to 102.2), and DBP increased from 70.0 mmHg (IQR, 62.0 to 81.0) to 82.5 mmHg (IQR, 70.5 to 99.0) (all <i>p</i><0.001). Post-test SBP exceeded 140 mmHg and 160 mmHg in 61.1% and 38.9% of tests, respectively. Peak mean arterial pressure increased to 105.5 mmHg (IQR, 89.3 to 125.7), exceeding 90 mmHg and 100 mmHg in 72.2% and 57.4% of tests, respectively. In subset analysis, epinephrine increased modestly, whereas norepinephrine and dopamine remained unchanged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Apnea testing consistently induced clinically relevant increases in blood pressure and HR without corresponding elevations in circulating catecholamines, suggesting additional mechanisms may contribute to these hemodynamic responses during apnea testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"220-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes: The Intersection of Clinical Signs, Laboratory Indicators and Radiology.","authors":"Zoya Sehar, Junaid Rashid Dar, Aamir Hussain Hela","doi":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e26","DOIUrl":"10.13004/kjnt.2026.22.e26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our primary objective was to evaluate various factors (clinical, radiological and laboratory) associated with poor outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. We studied 80 TBI patients in this prospective observational study and were followed for 6 months to assess their Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Admission pulse rate, blood pressure, saturation, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), pupillary reactivity, non-contrast computerized tomography head and laboratory parameters like hemogram, blood gas analysis, blood glucose were studied and correlated with outcome (Intensive care unit mortality). Data was analyzed using χ² test and Haldane-Anscombe correction. The <i>p</i>-value of less than 0.05 or 0.01 was considered as significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age of patients suffering from TBI was 41 years with male predominance (7:1). Univariate analysis showed hypoxemia, tachycardia, low GCS, non-reacting pupils, hypernatremia and Marshall grade IV was associated with poor outcomes (<i>p</i><0.05). Multivariate analysis showed low GCS, non-reacting pupils and hypoxemia as major determinants of poor outcome. Low GCS also correlated with prolong hospital stay and poor GOS (I-III).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The strong statistical significance of oxygen saturation, low GCS, non-reacting pupils, tachycardia, hypernatremia and Marshall grade IV underscores the critical importance of preventing secondary brain injury and triage in TBI patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":36879,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"22 3","pages":"210-219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13443019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}