{"title":"Sub Sea Versus Surface Developments in Arctic Waters","authors":"O. Gudmestad, S. Løset","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-163","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on a comparison of sub sea and surface petroleum developments and discusses the application of sub sea developments in Arctic waters. The paper highlights the benefits of sub sea developments and compares these to the benefits of surface developments. Among important parameters to consider are the water depths at the sites and the ice conditions, as well as the regularity of the operations. Reference are given to developments on the Canadian Shelf offshore Newfoundland and to recent developments in the Barents Sea where the Snøhvit development represents the first full field sub sea development in the Arctic. The potential for extension of the Snøhvit technology to deepwater Arctic gas condensate fields is discussed. It is emphasized that the ice conditions have to be taken into account when selecting field development concepts for the Arctic offshore.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132966014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oil Exploration and Production Offshore Sakhalin Island","authors":"I. C. Reed","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-124","url":null,"abstract":"Sakhalin Energy have been operating on Sakhalin Island since 1998 and have been producing oil from a caisson structure drilling rig since 1999. Production is via an undersea pipeline to a Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM) and then to a Floating Storage and Offtake unit (FSO). In order to maximize the length of the production season, ice management is used to enable an early start and a late end to production.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122444567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Keinonen, Maxwell Shirley, G. Liljeström, R. Pilkington
{"title":"Transit and Stationary Coring Operations in the Central Polar Pack","authors":"A. Keinonen, Maxwell Shirley, G. Liljeström, R. Pilkington","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-125","url":null,"abstract":"It is a rare opportunity to be part of performing an operation which is a first, that has not been performed before. This paper presents the efficiency of ship transit and station keeping operations, their performance in the central polar pack, in high concentration of multi year ice. This successful operation, demonstrating successful station keeping in thick moving ice was successful over 90% of time keeping a coring vessel stationary in high concentration moving central Polar Pack. The operation took place with icebreakers Sovetskiy Soyuz, Oden and Vidar Viking, the last one used as a drilling vessel, August – September 2004, at about 88o N.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132437371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment: The Arctic Council’s Response to Changing Marine Access","authors":"L. Brigham","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-165","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic Council Ministers in November 2004 requested that PAME (Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group) conduct a comprehensive Arctic marine shipping assessment (AMSA) with Canada, Finland and the United States as lead countries. The Arctic Council acted because the Arctic sea ice cover is undergoing an unprecedented transformation (sea ice thinning, extent reduction, and a reduction in the area of multi-year ice in the central Arctic Ocean). Sea ice simulations for the 21st century indicate increasing ice-free areas and suggest plausible increases in marine access throughout the Arctic Ocean. AMSA’s initial task will be to conduct an inventory/survey of the Arctic shipping or marine activity; shipping is defined broadly in AMSA to include all possible ship activities and types: tankers, container ships, bulk carriers, fishing vessels, drilling ships, research ships, offshore supply/support vessels, and others. AMSA will assess the current (2004) and future (2020 & 2050) social, economic and environmental impacts of these Arctic marine activities on Arctic communities, large marine ecosystems (LMEs), and all Arctic coastal states. The final AMSA effort will be development of a suite of strategic directions and recommendations from the findings for use by the Arctic Council member states, all Arctic stakeholders, and the global maritime community.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"66 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117156564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Linear Wave Response of a Very Large Floating Body Modelled by a Plate based on Kirchhoff and Mindlin Plate Theories","authors":"Cynthia D. Wang, C. Wang","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-157","url":null,"abstract":"It has been a general practice to model a very large, mat-like, floating body (such as ice floes and mega-floats) by an elastic thin plate with free edges. However, the classical thin plate (Kirchhoff) theory has a limitation when the wavelengths are less than ten times the body thickness. This is because it neglects the effects of transverse shear deformation and the rotary inertia of the plate. To overcome this drawback, we propose the use of the first-order shear deformable plate (Mindlin) theory to represent floating bodies. In this paper we present the comparison of both plate theories when used to calculate the effect of waves on a large floating body.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124988341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Siberian Arctic Ocean Highway – Redefining the World’s Trading Patterns","authors":"J. Femenia","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-129","url":null,"abstract":"Over the centuries, the world’s trading patterns have changed due to population migration and growth, climate changes, politics and technological advances. Some trading patterns and routes have declined and others have emerged. This paper will investigate the technical, environmental and economic potential of using an Arctic Ocean route as a substitute for present day northern hemisphere, long-haul, container shipping routes. Issues such as the impact of climate changes on the potential for using the Arctic as an ocean highway will be noted. Proposed routes and ports of call as well as various model containerships movements will be investigated. Issues such as basic ship and terminal design, transit times, and ship induced emissions will also be addressed. The use of nuclear power for ship propulsion will be considered.\u0000 The paper will concentrate on discussing the shipment of containers to and from the East and West Coasts of the United States, Western Europe, and the Far East with large containerships in liner service using the Arctic Ocean highway and smaller feeder ships moving the containers from four, specifically selected, ports to final destination ports. Winter shipping conditions as well as summer shipping conditions will be considered. Problems, advantages and limitations of the proposed system will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114465383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marine Ice Profiling: Future Directions","authors":"J. Marko, D. Fissel","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-166","url":null,"abstract":"Upward-looking sonars moored on the sea floor have contributed to our qualitative and quantitative understandings of ocean ice covers by enabling quasi-continuous measurements of ice draft along curvilinear tracks to accuracies as great as 0.05 m. The capabilities of ASL’s own IPS4 instrument to acquire and store such data has been demonstrated in well over 100 deployments in polar and sub-polar ice-infested regions. Data obtained from these deployments has providing ice property and characterization information for platform and operations design, planning, navigation support and for scientific ice and climate studies. Results obtained with recent use of the IPS4 and a sister instrument specialized to shallow water applications have motivated both the development of new deployment methodologies and suggested applications additional to simple ice draft measurements. Particular potential uses such as detecting unconsolidated ice content in lower portions of ice keels as well as the prevalence of loose and/or frazil ice under ice covers and in shallow water areas are discussed. Perceived future needs in both conventional draft profiling and in these and other new applications are used to guide developing requirements for a new generation of IPS instrumentation offering new performance capabilities and additional user-specific configurability. ASL’s vision of this instrumentation and progress toward prototype construction is described.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122710074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Six Years in Sakhalin Offshore Oil – Management of Risk, Operations in Ice","authors":"A. Keinonen, R. Browne, Erik Lam, W. Jolles","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-105","url":null,"abstract":"A Russian pioneering project, operated by Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Limited has produced oil in its first six years, from the bottom founded structure, Molikpaq, and taken the oil to an FSO and exported from it using export tankers. The operation has used basically an open water system. The FSO and the buoy for oil export have been upgraded for limited ice operations for the beginning and end of the ice season. A significant amount of oil production and export have also been performed in the presence of ice, safely and successfully. These operations in ice have been feasible through the use of high level intelligence in respect to ice, risk evaluations and management techniques, specifically developed for this project including the use of icebreakers in defense of the operations.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127700283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vessels for Subsea Intervention in the Arctic – from Field Development to Inspection, Maintenance and Repair","authors":"E. Hovland, O. Gudmestad","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-101","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on marine assets for subsea intervention operations in regions with harsh environmental conditions, from field development to inspection, maintenance and repair (IMR) during the production stage of the field. Topics treated are typical environmental conditions, remoteness and distances of transportation, desired vessel functional requirements and characteristics, as well as examples of operations and discussions about vessels.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133287588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Pilkington, A. Keinonen, V. Tambovsky, Sergey Ryabov, V. Pishchalnik, I. Sheikin, A. Brovin
{"title":"Ice Monitoring Program in Support of Sakhalin Energy’s Offshore Oil Production","authors":"G. Pilkington, A. Keinonen, V. Tambovsky, Sergey Ryabov, V. Pishchalnik, I. Sheikin, A. Brovin","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-106","url":null,"abstract":"Since the summer of 1999, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC) has been producing oil at the Molikpaq platform in 30m of water 15km off the east coast of Sakhalin Island. The paper in this conference by Reed (2006) covers the project description, the paper by Keinonen et al (2006b) covers the operations in ice and risk management, and Tambovsky et al (2006) covers the environmental conditions, in more detail. The monitoring program described in this paper has been specifically designed to provide extensive ice and environmental data to support the risk management and allow the planning of safe oil production operations using a Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM), Floating Storage and Offloading System (FSO), and export tankers in ice. The paper covers two major aspects of the in-ice operations: Ice management to protect the offshore loading operation on a minute by minute basis in moving ice, and also ice forecasting, to determine when any unmanageable ice might approach the tanker loading site and cause the shut down of operations in the fall and during the startup of operations in the spring. The forecasting of ice drift, ice formation and growth in the fall and ice decay in the spring are discussed. Also discussed is the forecasting of episodic events that are unique to the NE coast of Sakhalin Island.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131572032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}